Induction of embolisms |
Bench dehydration |
The sample is dried down in the air |
High/low |
Air injection |
Pressurization of the sample in a pressure collar |
Low/medium |
Centrifugation |
Rotation of the sample in a modified centrifuge* |
Low/medium |
|
Measurements of conductivity loss |
Hydraulic method |
Gravimetric measurements of flow through the sample under a known pressure head |
Medium/low |
Acoustic method |
Recording of acoustic emissions induced by cavitation |
Medium/medium |
Cryo-SEM |
Snap freezing of the sample, sectioning, and observation with a cryo-SEM microscope |
High/high |
Magnetic resonance imaging |
The sample is scanned with magnetic resonance to visualize the water content in conduits |
High/high |
Micro tomography |
X-ray scan of the sample and visualization of functional and nonfunctional conduits |
High/high |
Optical method |
The embolism propagation is monitored with scanners or cameras |
Low/low |