Original article. Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and association of serum vitamin D level with anthropometric and metabolic factors in metabolic syndrome patients

1. Eckel RH, Grundy SM, Zimmet PZ. The metabolic syndrome. Lancet. 2005; 365:1415-28.10.1016/S0140-6736(05)66378-7Search in Google Scholar

2. Ford ES. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome defined by the International Diabetes Federation among adults in the US. Diabetes Care. 2005; 28: 2745-9.10.2337/diacare.28.11.274516249550Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

3. Holick MF. Vitamin D: A millennium perspective. J Cell Biochem. 2003; 88:296-307.10.1002/jcb.1033812520530Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

4. Holick MF. McCollum Award Lecture: Vitamin D-new horizons for the 21st century. Am J Clin Nutr. 1994; 60: 619-30.10.1093/ajcn/60.4.6198092101Search in Google Scholar

5. Holick MF. Sunlight and vitamin D for bone health and prevention of autoimmune diseases, cancers, and cardiovascular disease. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004; 80: 1678s-88s.10.1093/ajcn/80.6.1678S15585788Search in Google Scholar

6. Mathieu C, Gysemans C, Giulietti A, Bouillon R. Vitamin D and diabetes. Diabetologia. 2005; 48: 1247-57.10.1007/s00125-005-1802-715971062Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

7. Pittas AG, Dawson-Hughes B, Li T, Van Dam RM, Willett WC, Manson JE, et al. Vitamin D and calcium intake in relation to type 2 diabetes in women. Diabetes care. 2006; 29:650-6.10.2337/diacare.29.03.06.dc05-196116505521Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

8. Grandi NC, Breitling LP, Brenner H. Vitamin D and cardiovascular disease: systematic review and metaanalysis of prospective studies. Prev Med. 2010; 51: 228-33.10.1016/j.ypmed.2010.06.01320600257Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

9. Muldowney S, Kiely M. Vitamin D and cardiometabolic health: a review of the evidence. Nutr Res Rev. 2011; 24:1-20.10.1017/S095442241000025921118613Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

10. Ford ES, Ajani UA, McGuire LC, Liu S. Concentrations of serum vitamin D and the metabolic syndrome among US adults. Diabetes Care. 2005; 28:1228-30.10.2337/diacare.28.5.122815855599Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

11. Liu S, Song Y, Ford ES, Manson JE, Buring JE, Ridder PM. Dietary calcium, vitamin D, and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in middle-aged and older US women. Diabetes Care. 2005; 28:2926-32.10.2337/diacare.28.12.292616306556Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

12. Pittas AG, Lau J, Hu FB, Dawson-Hughes B. The role of vitamin D and calcium in type 2 diabetes. A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007; 92: 2017-29.10.1210/jc.2007-0298208523417389701Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

13. Kayaniyil S, Vieth R, Harris SB, Retnakaran R, Knight JA, Geratein HC, et al. Association of 25(OH)D and PTH with metabolic syndrome and its traditional and nontraditional components. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011; 96:1-8.10.1210/jc.2010-143920980431Search in Google Scholar

14. Reis JP, Von Muhlen D, Kritz-Silverstein D, Wingard DL, Barrett-Connor E. Vitamin D, parathyroid hormone levels, and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in community-dwelling older adults. Diabetes Care. 2007; 30: 1549-55.10.2337/dc06-243817351276Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

15. Reis JP, von Muhlen D, Miller ER. Relation of 25- hydroxyvitamin D and parathyroid hormone levels with metabolic syndrome among US adults. Eur J Endocrinol. 2008; 159:41-8.10.1530/EJE-08-007218426812Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

16. Lu L, Yu Z, Pan A, Hu FB, Franco OH, Li H, et al. Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration and metabolic syndrome among middle-aged and elderly Chinese individuals. Diabetes Care. 2009; 32:1278-83.10.2337/dc09-0209269970919366976Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

17. Lee DM, Rutter MK, O’Neil TW, Boonen S, Vanderschueren D, Bouillon R, et al. Vitamin D, parathyroid hormone and the metabolic syndrome in middle-aged and older European men. Eur J Endocrinol. 2009; 161:947-54.10.1530/EJE-09-049619773367Search in Google Scholar

18. Gannage-Yared MH, Chedid R, Khalife S, Azzi E, Zoghbi F, Halaby G. Vitamin D in relation to metabolic risk factors, insulin sensitivity and adiponectin in a young Middle-Eastern population. Eur J Endocrinol. 2009; 160: 965-71.10.1530/EJE-08-095219289535Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

19. Kim MK, Kang MI, Oh KW, Kwon HS, Lee JH, Lee WC, et al. The association of serum vitamin D level with presence of metabolic syndrome and hypertension in middle-aged Korean subjects. Clin Endocrinol. 2010; 73: 330-8.10.1111/j.1365-2265.2010.03798.x20184597Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

20. Soontrapa S, Soontrapa S, Chailurkit L. The prevalence and the calcidiol levels of vitamin D deficiency in the elderly Thai women in municipality of Khon Kaen province, Thailand. Srinagarind Med J. 2002; 17:231-8.Search in Google Scholar

21. Athisakul S, Songmuang SB, Buddhari W. Prevalence of hypovitaminosis D in heart failure patients at King Chulalongkorn Memorial hospital. Thai Heart Journal. 2010; 23:154-63.Search in Google Scholar

22. Grundy SM, Cleeman JI, Daniels SR, Donato KA, Eckel RH, Franklin BA, et al. Diagnosis and management of the metabolic syndrome: an American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Scientific Statement. Circulation. 2005; 112: 2735-52.10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.16940416157765Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

23. Garnier L’Oreal Thailand Company Limited. The skin color scale. [online] [cited 2011 Dec 12]; Available from: URL: http://www.garnierthailand.com//index.html.Search in Google Scholar

24. DiaSorin Inc. 1951 Northwestern Ave - Stillwater, MN 55082 - USA. Manual of LIAISON 25 OH Vitamin D total assay (310600).Search in Google Scholar

25. Holick MF, Binkley NC, Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Gordon CM, Hanley DA, Heaney RP, et al. Evaluation, treatment, and prevention of vitamin D deficiency: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011; 96:1911-30.10.1210/jc.2011-038521646368Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

26. Botella-Carretero JI, Alvarez-Blasco F, Villafruela JJ, Balsa JA, Vazquez C, Escobar-Morreale HF. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with the metabolic syndrome in morbid obesity. Clin Nutr. 2007; 26:573-80.10.1016/j.clnu.2007.05.00917624643Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

27. Pinelli NR, Jaber LA, Brown MB, Herman WH. Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D and insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, and glucose intolerance among Arab Americans. Diabetes Care. 2010; 33:1373-5.10.2337/dc09-2199287545720332348Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

28. Devaraj S, Jialal G, Cook T, Siegel D, Jialal I. Low vitamin D levels in northern American adults with the metabolic syndrome. Horm Metab Res. 2011; 43: 72-4.10.1055/s-0030-126848521110290Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

29. Wortsman J, Matsuoka LY, Chen TC, Luz, Holick MF. Decreased bioavailability of vitamin D in obesity. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000; 72:690-3.10.1093/ajcn/72.3.69010966885Search in Google Scholar

30. Arunabh S, Pollack S, Yeh J, Aloia JF. Body fat content and 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in healthy women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003; 88:157-61.10.1210/jc.2002-02097812519845Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

31. Bell NH, Epstein S, Greene A, Shary J, Oexmann MJ, Shaw S. Evidence for alteration of the vitamin Dendocrine system in obese subjects. J Clin Invest. 1985; 76:370-3.10.1172/JCI1119714237852991340Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

32. Shi H, Norman AW, Okamura WH, Sen A, Zemel MB. 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 modulates human adipocyte metabolism via nongenomic action. FASEB J. 2001; 15:2751-3.10.1096/fj.01-0584fje11606486Search in Google Scholar

33. Parikh SJ, Edelman M, Uwaifo GI, Freedman RJ, Semega-Janneh M, Reynolds J, et al. The relationship between obesity and serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D concentrations in healthy adults. J Clin Endocrinol. 2004; 89:1196-9.10.1210/jc.2003-03139815001609Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

34. Konradsen S, Ag H, Lindberg F, Hexeberg S, Jorde R.. Serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D is inversely associated with body mass index.. Eur J Nutr. 2008; 47:87-91.10.1007/s00394-008-0700-418320256Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

35. Human skin color [Internet] 2011. Available from: URL:http//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid= 449873303, 2011.Search in Google Scholar

36. Jablonski Nina G, Jablonski G, Chaplin. The evolution of human skin coloration. J Hum Evol. 2000; 39: 57-106.10.1006/jhev.2000.040310896812Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

37. Liu E, Meigs JB, Pittas AG, Mc Keown NM, Economos CD, Booth SL, et al. Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D is associated with markers of the insulin resistant phenotype in nondiabetic adults. J Nutr. 2009; 139: 329-34.10.3945/jn.108.093831264620819106328Search in Google Scholar

38. Martins D, Wolf M, Pan D, Zadshir A, Tareen N, Thadhani R, et al. Prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors and the serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in the United States: data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Arch Intern Med. 2007; 167:1159-65.10.1001/archinte.167.11.115917563024Search in Google Scholar

39. Cigolini M, Iagulli MP, Miconi V, Galiotto M, Lombardi S, Targher G. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 concentrations and prevalence of cardiovascular disease among type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes Care. 2006; 29:722-4.10.2337/diacare.29.03.06.dc05-214816505539Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

40. Chiu KC, Chu A, Go VL, Saad MF. Hypovitaminosis D is associated with insulin resistance and beta cell dysfunction. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004; 79:820-5.10.1093/ajcn/79.5.82015113720Search in Google Scholar

41. Slominski A, Zjawiony J, Wortsman J, Semak I, Stewart J, Pisarchik A, et al. A novel pathway for sequential transformation of 7-dehydrocholesterol and expression of the P450 system in mammalian skin. Eur J Biochem. 2004; 271:4178-88.10.1111/j.1432-1033.2004.04356.x120149715511223Search in Google Scholar

42. McGill AT, Stewart JM, Lithander FE, Strik CM, Poppitt SD. Relationships of low serum vitamin D3 with anthropometry and markers of the metabolic syndrome and diabetes in overweight and obesity. Nutr J. 2008; 7: 1-5.10.1186/1475-2891-7-4226573818226257Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

43. Maki KC, Rubin MR, Wong LG, McManus JF, Jensen CD, Marshall JW, et al. Serum 25- hydroxyvitamin D is independently associated with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and the metabolic syndrome in men and women. J Clin Lipidol. 2009; 3:289-96.10.1016/j.jacl.2009.07.00321291826Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

44. Scagg R, Sowers MF, Bell C. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D, ethnicity, and blood pressure in the third national health and nutrition examination survey. Am J Hypertens. 2007; 20:713-9.10.1016/j.amjhyper.2007.01.01717586404Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

45. Judd SE, Nanes MS, Ziegler TR, Wilson PF, Tangpricha V. Optimal vitamin D status attenuates the age-associated increase in systolic blood pressure in white Americans: results from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008; 87:136-41.10.1093/ajcn/87.1.13618175747Search in Google Scholar

46. Ullah MI, Uwaifo GI, Nicholas WC, Koch CA. Does vitamin D deficiency cause hypertension? current evidence from clinical studies and potential mechanisms. Int J Endocrinol. 2010: doi: 10.1155/2010.579640.Search in Google Scholar

47. Li YC, Kong J, Wei M, Chen ZF, Liu SQ, Cao LP. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 is a negative endocrine regulator of the renin-angiotensin system. J Clin Invest. 2002; 110:229-38.10.1172/JCI0215219Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

48. Silverberg S. Vitamin D deficiency and primary hyperparathyroidism. J Bone Miner Res. 2007; 22 (supplement 2):100-4.10.1359/jbmr.07s20218290710Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

49. Sambrook PN, Chen CS, March L. High bone turnover is an independent predictor of mortality in the frail elderly. J Bone Miner Res. 2006; 21:549-55.10.1359/jbmr.06010416598375Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

50. Jorde R, Svartberg J, Sundsfjord J. Serum parathyroid hormone as a predictor of increase in systolic blood pressure in men. J Hypertens. 2005; 23:1639-44.10.1097/01.hjh.0000179764.40701.3616093907Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

51. Benjamin SM, Valdez R, Geiss LS, Rolka DB, Narayan KM. Estimated number of adults with prediabetes in the US in 2000: opportunities for prevention. Diabetes Care. 2003; 26:645-9.10.2337/diacare.26.3.64512610015Open DOISearch in Google Scholar