[[1] Achmerov, A. K. (1959): Fish acanthocephalans of the Amur River. Tr. GELAN, 9: 23–44 ]Search in Google Scholar
[[2] Achmerov, A. K., Dombrowskaja-Achmerova, O. S. (1941): New Acanthocephala in fishes of the Amur River. Dokl. Akad. Nauk USSR, 31: 517–520 ]Search in Google Scholar
[[3] Amin, O. (1985): Classification. In CROMPTON, D. W. T. and NICKOL, B. B. (Eds): Biology of the Acanthocephala. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge ]Search in Google Scholar
[[4] Andryuk, L.V. (1979): The life cycle of Acanthocephalus anguillae. Zool. Zh., 58: 168–174 ]Search in Google Scholar
[[5] Bachvarov, G. (1977): Catalogue of the amphibian helminths in Bulgaria. Plovdiv Univ. “P. Khilendarski”, Plovdiv ]Search in Google Scholar
[[6] Bachvarov, G. (1982a): Contribution to the knowledge of helminth fauna of anuran amphibians (Anura — Ecaudata) in North-West Bulgaria. Nauch. Tr. Plovdiv. Univ. “P. Khilendarski”, Biol., 20: 239–254 ]Search in Google Scholar
[[7] Bachvarov, G. (1982b): Contribution to the knowledge of helminth fauna of anuran amphibians (Anura — Ecaudata) from the middle part of West Bulgaria. Nauch. Tr. Plovdiv. Univ. “P. Khilendarski”, Biol., 20: 255–270 ]Search in Google Scholar
[[8] Bachvarov, G. (1983): Contribution to the knowledge of helminth fauna of anuran amphibians (Anura — Ecaudata) from the Struma Valley. Nauch. Tr. Plovdiv. Univ. “P. Khilendarski”, Biol., 21: 373–380 ]Search in Google Scholar
[[9] Bachvarov, G. (1984): Contribution to the knowledge of helminth fauna of anuran amphibians (Amphibia — Anura) — class Nematoda and class Acanthocephala from South-East Bulgaria (Part II). Nauch. Tr. Plovdiv. Univ. “P. Khilendarski”, Biol., 22: 125–130 ]Search in Google Scholar
[[10] Bachvarov, G., Chochev, B., Petrov, P. (1976): Contribution to the knowledge of helminth fauna of anuran amphibians (Anura — Ecaudata) from North Bulgaria. Nauch. Tr. Plovdiv. Univ. “P. Khilendarski”, Biol., 14: 29–39 ]Search in Google Scholar
[[11] Bachvarov, G., Petrov, P. (1978): Contribution to the knowledge of helminth fauna of anuran amphibians (Anura — Ecaudata) from the Sredna Gora Mountains. Nauch. Tr. Plovdiv. Univ. “P. Khilendarski”, Biol., 16: 251–260 ]Search in Google Scholar
[[12] Ben’kovskiy, L. M., Golovina, T. I., Tcherbina, R. D. (1973): On the problem of studying the diseases and parasites of the otter in the Sakhalin Island. Vestn. Zool., 6: 21–24 ]Search in Google Scholar
[[13] Bozhkov, D. (1969): Postcyclic parasitism and postcyclic hosts of helminths. Izv. Zool. Inst. Muz., 29: 183–189 ]Search in Google Scholar
[[14] Bozhkov, D. (1980): Experimental studies on the passage of mature helminths from Rana ridibunda Pall. to Bufo viridis Laur. Khelminthologiya, 10: 24–28 ]Search in Google Scholar
[[15] Bozhkov, K. D. (1982): Helminths. Life cycles and their evolution. Publ. House Nauka i izkustvo, Sofia ]Search in Google Scholar
[[16] Brown, A. F., Chubb, J. C., Veltkamp, C. J. (1986): A key to the species of Acanthocephala parasitic in British freshwater fishes. J. Fish Biol., 28: 327–334 http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1986.tb05169.x10.1111/j.1095-8649.1986.tb05169.x]Search in Google Scholar
[[17] Čanković, M., Delić, S., Kiškarolj, M., Rukavina, J. (1968): Parasitic fauna of freshwater fishes in Bosna and Herzegovina. Djela Akad. Nauka i Umjetn. Bosne i Hercegovine, Od. Pr. i Mat. Nauka, 33: 1–159 ]Search in Google Scholar
[[18] Chiriac, E., Barbu, P. (1968): Contribution to the knowledge of helminth fauna of mammals from family Mustelidae (ord. Carnivora) in Romania. St. si Cerc. Biol., Ser. Zool., 20: 273–281 ]Search in Google Scholar
[[19] Dimitrova, Z. M. (1998): Avian acanthocephalans in Bulgaria: morphological, taxonomic and faunistic investigations. PhD Thesis. Thracian University, Stara Zagora ]Search in Google Scholar
[[20] Dimitrova, Z., Georgiev, B.B., Genov, T. (2000): Review of the avian acanthocephalans from Bulgaria. Acta Zool. Bulg., 52: 3–22 ]Search in Google Scholar
[[21] Fairley, J. S. (1972): Food of otters (Lutra lutra) from Co. Galway, Ireland, and notes on other aspects of their biology. J. Zool., 166: 469–474 ]Search in Google Scholar
[[22] Fairley, J. S., Wilson, S. C. (1972): Autumn food of otters (Lutra lutra) on the Agivey River, County Londonderry, Northern Ireland. J. Zool., 166: 468–469 ]Search in Google Scholar
[[23] Georgiev, D. G. (2006): Diet of the otter Lutra lutra in different habitats of South-Eastern Bulgaria. IUCN Otter Spec. Group Bull., 23: 5–11 ]Search in Google Scholar
[[24] Golvan, Y. J. (1969): Systématique des Acanthocéphales (Acanthocephala Rudolphi, 1801). L’ordre des Palaeacanthocephala Meyer, 1931. La super-famille des Echinorhynchoidea (Cobbold, 1876) Golvan et Houin, 1963. Mem. Mus. Nat. Hist. Natur., Ser. A, Zool., 57: 1–373 ]Search in Google Scholar
[[25] Golvan, Y. J. (1994): Nomenclature of the Acanthocephala. Res. Rev. Parasitol., 54: 135–205 ]Search in Google Scholar
[[26] Görner, M., Hachethal, H. (1987): Säugetiere Europas. Beobachten und bestimmen. Neumann Verlag, Leipzig-Radebeul ]Search in Google Scholar
[[27] Grabda-Kazubska, B. (1962): On the validity of the species Acanthocephalus falcatus (Frölich, 1789). Acta Parasitol. Pol., 10: 377–394 ]Search in Google Scholar
[[28] IUCN (2007): 2007 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 〈www.iucnredlist.orgt〉 ]Search in Google Scholar
[[29] Janchev, Y. (1987): On the morphology, taxonomy and distribution of Euryhelmis squamula (Rudolphi, 1819) (Trematoda: Heterophiidae) in some Mustelidae in Bulgaria. Khelminthologiya, 23: 50–58 ]Search in Google Scholar
[[30] Jefferies, D. J., Hanson, H. M., Harris, E. A. (1990): The prevalence of Pseudoterranova decipiens (Nematoda) and Corynosoma strumosum (Acanthocephala) in otters Lutra lutra from coastal sites in Britain. J. Zool., 221: 316–321 http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1990.tb04003.x10.1111/j.1469-7998.1990.tb04003.x]Search in Google Scholar
[[31] Kakacheva-Avramova, D. (1972): Contribution to the knowledge of helminth fauna of fishes from the River Tundzha. Izv. Tsentr. Khelmintol. Lab., 15: 89–107 ]Search in Google Scholar
[[32] Kakacheva-Avramova, D. (1973): Helminth fauna of fishes in the rivers from the Central and Eastern part of the Balkan Mountains. Izv. Tsentr. Khelmintol. Lab., 16: 87–110 ]Search in Google Scholar
[[33] Kakacheva-Avramova, D. (1977): Study on the helminths of fishes from the Bulgarian part of the Danube. Khelminthologiya, 3: 20–45 ]Search in Google Scholar
[[34] Kakacheva-Avramova, D. (1983): Helminths of freshwater fishes in Bulgaria. Publ. House Bulg. Acad. Sci., Sofia ]Search in Google Scholar
[[35] Kennedy, C. R. (1999): Post-cyclic transmission in Pomphorhynchus laevis (Acanthocephala). Folia Parasitol., 46: 111–116 ]Search in Google Scholar
[[36] Khokhlova, I. G. (1986): Acanthocephalans of terrestrial vertebrates from the fauna of USSR. Publ. House Nauka, Moscow ]Search in Google Scholar
[[37] Kirin, D. A. (2000): Ecologofaunistical study of the helminthological communities of Leuciscus cephalus L. from Maritsa River. Nauch. Tr. Sayuz Uch., Plovdiv, 1: 405–408 ]Search in Google Scholar
[[38] Kirin, D. A. (2001a): Helminth parasites of Leuciscus cephalus L., 1758, and Barbus meridionalis petenyi Heckel, 1847 (Osteichthyes, Cyprinidae) from the Mesta River, Bulgaria. C. R. Acad. Bulg. Sci., 54: 101–104 ]Search in Google Scholar
[[39] Kirin, D. A. (2001b): Biodiversity and ecology of the helminths fauna in Leuciscus cephalus from the Maritsa River, Bulgaria. Nauch. Tr. Plovdiv. Univ. “P. Khilendarski” — Anim., 37: 79–84 ]Search in Google Scholar
[[40] Kirin, D. A. (2002a): Biodiversity and ecological characteristics of the helminth communities in Barbus tauricus cyclolepis from Luda Yana River, Bulgaria. C. R. Acad. Bulg. Sci., 55: 97–102 ]Search in Google Scholar
[[41] Kirin, D. A. (2002b): Biodiversity and ecology of the helminth communities in Leuciscus cephalus from Arda River. C. R. Acad. Bulg. Sci., 55: 89–94 ]Search in Google Scholar
[[42] Kirin, D. A. (2002c): Ecological study of the intestinal helminth communities of Leuciscus cephalus (L., 1758) and appraisal of the conditions of the studied freshwater ecosystems from the Chepelarska River, Bulgaria. Acta Zool. Bulg., 54: 73–85 ]Search in Google Scholar
[[43] Kirin, D. A. (2003a): Biodiversity and ecological particulars of the helminth communities in Rana ridibunda Pallas, 1771 from the districts of town of Saedinenie, Bulgaria. Ex. Pathol. Parasitol., 6: 31–36 ]Search in Google Scholar
[[44] Kirin, D. A. (2003b): Biological diversity and ecological measurements of the helminth communities of Rana ridibunda from districts of town of Vidin. Exp. Pathol. Parasitol., 6: 37–43 ]Search in Google Scholar
[[45] Kirin, D. A. (2003c): Biodiversity and ecological evaluation of the helminth communities of Barbus cyclolepis and Alburnus alburnus from Arda River, Bulgaria. Exp. Pathol. Parasitol., 6: 44–50 ]Search in Google Scholar
[[46] Kirin, D. A. (2006): Biodiversity of the helminth species and helminth communities of Esox lucius (L., 1758) from Maritsa River, Bulgaria. In Sci Papers Fac. Anim. Sci., Bucharest, The 35
th
Int. Sci. Commun. Ses. Fac. Anim. Sci, Bucharest, Romania, 135–140 ]Search in Google Scholar
[[47] Kirin, D. A., Bachvarov, G., Kuzmanov, N., Koev, K. (2003): Biological diversity and ecological evaluation of the fresh water ecosystems from the Arda River. J. Environ. Protect. Ecol., 4: 550–556 ]Search in Google Scholar
[[48] Kirin, D. A., Koev, K., Ivanova, D., Kuzmanov, N. (2005): Biodiversity and ecological appraisal for conditions of the Stryama River, Bulgaria. J. Environ. Protect. Ecol., 6: 69–82 ]Search in Google Scholar
[[49] Lewin, J., Grabda-Kazubska, B. (1997): Parasites of Vipera berus L. in Poland. Acta Parasitol., 42: 92–96 ]Search in Google Scholar
[[50] Lühe, M. (1911): Acanthocephalen. In Brauer, A. (Ed.): Süsswasserfauna Deutschlands. Eine Exkursionsfauna. Gustav Fischer, Jena, 16: 1–116 ]Search in Google Scholar
[[51] Lundström, L. A. (1942): Die Acanthocephalen Schwedens, mit Ausnahme der Fischacanthocephalen von Süsswasserstandorten. C. W. Lindström, Lund ]Search in Google Scholar
[[52] Macdonald, D., Barrett, P. (1993): Mammals of Britain & Europe. Collins Field Guide. Harper Collins Publishers, London ]Search in Google Scholar
[[53] Machida, M. (1973): Heterosentis plotosi (Acanthocephala: Arhythmacanthidae) from Japanese otter. Res. Bull. Meguro Parasitol. Mus., 7: 24–25 ]Search in Google Scholar
[[54] Margaritov, N. (1966): Helminths of the digestive tract and body cavity of fishes from the Bulgarian part of the Danube. Izv. Zool. Inst. Muz., 20: 157–173 ]Search in Google Scholar
[[55] McCarthy, T. K., Hassett, D. J. (1993): Cryptocotyle lingua (Creplin) (Digenea: Heterophyidae) and other parasites of a costal otter Lutra lutra (L.). Ir. Nat. J., 24: 280–282 ]Search in Google Scholar
[[56] McCormick, A. L., Nickol, B. (2004): Postcyclic transmission and its effect on the distribution of Paulisentis missouriensis (Acanthocephala) in the definitive host Semotilus atromaculatus. J. Parasitol., 90: 103–107 http://dx.doi.org/10.1645/GE-317010.1645/GE-317015040674]Search in Google Scholar
[[57] Meyer, A. (1933): Acanthocephala. In Bronns, H. G. (Ed.): Klassen und Ordnungen des Tierreichs. Bd. 4. Abt. 2. Buch 2. Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft M.B.H., Leipzig ]Search in Google Scholar
[[58] Moor, D. V. (1946): Studies on the life histiry and development of Moniliformis dubius Meyer, 1933. J. Parasitol., 32: 257–271 http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/327267910.2307/3272679]Search in Google Scholar
[[59] Nickol, B. (2003): Is postcyclic transmission underestimated as an epizootiological factor for acanthocephalans? Helminthologia, 40: 93–95 ]Search in Google Scholar
[[60] Petrochenko, V. I. (1956): Acanthocephalans of domestic and wild animals. Vol. 1. Publ. House Acad. Sci. USSR, Moscow ]Search in Google Scholar
[[61] Petrochenko, V. I. (1958): Acanthocephalans of domestic and wild animals. Vol. 2. Publ. House Acad. Sci. USSR, Moscow ]Search in Google Scholar
[[62] Popov, V., Sedefchev, A. (2003): The mammals in Bulgaria. A guide. Geosoft, Sofia ]Search in Google Scholar
[[63] Prokopič, J., Genov, T. (1974): Distribution of helminths in micromammals (Insectivora and Rodentia) under different ecological and geographical conditions. Studie ČSAV, 9: 1–159 ]Search in Google Scholar
[[64] Reitter, S. (2001): Untersuchungen zum Parasitenspektrum beim Fischotter (Lutra lutra Linnu 1758). 〈http://www.arcs.ac.at/DissDB/diss/VW/trn100161〉 ]Search in Google Scholar
[[65] Rokicki, J. (1970): A contribution to the knowledge of the helminth fauna of vimba, Vimba vimba (L.), in the River Vistula. Acta Parasitol. Pol., 18: 71–79 ]Search in Google Scholar
[[66] Schmidt, G. D. (1969): Paracanthocephalus rauschi sp. n. (Acanthocephala: Paracanthocephalidae) from grayling, Thymallus arcticus (Pallas), in Alaska. Can. J. Zool., 47: 383–385 ]Search in Google Scholar
[[67] Schmidt, G. D. (1985): Development and life cycles. In Crompton, D. W. T. and Nickol, B. B. (Eds): Biology of the Acanthocephala. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge ]Search in Google Scholar
[[68] Sharpilo, B. P. (1976): Parasitic worms of reptiles from the fauna of USSR. Publ. House Naukova Dumka, Kiev ]Search in Google Scholar
[[69] Sharpilo, B. P. (1979): On the biological nature of the paratenic parasitim and its significans for the evolition of the life cycles of the helminths. Vestn. Zool., 1: 3–13 ]Search in Google Scholar
[[70] Sharpilo, B. P., Tkach, B. B., Lisitsina, O. I. (1996): The paratenic parasitism and ‘trap host’. Mat. Yubil. Konf. UKTP, 16–17 travnya, 1995, Kiev, 111–118 ]Search in Google Scholar
[[71] Shimalov, V. V., Shimalov, V. T. (2000): Helminth fauna of snakes (Reptilia, Serpentes) in Belorussian Polesye. Parasitol. Res., 86: 340–341 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436005005510.1007/s00436005005510780747]Search in Google Scholar
[[72] Shimalov, V. V., Shimalov, V. T. (2001): Helminth fauna of the American mink (Mustela vison Schreber, 1777) in Belorussian Polesie. Parasitol. Res., 87: 886–887 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436010046110.1007/s00436010046111688898]Search in Google Scholar
[[73] Taraschewski, H. (2000): Host-Parasite interactions in Acanthocephala: a morphological approach. Adv. Parasitol., 46: 2–179 ]Search in Google Scholar
[[74] Torres, J., Feliu, C., Fernández-Morán, J., Ruízolmo, J., Rosoux, R., Santos-reis, M., Miquel, J., Fons, R. (2004): Helminth parasites of the Eurasian otter Lutra lutra in southwest Europe. J. Helminthol., 78: 353–359 http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/JOH200425310.1079/JOH200425315575995]Search in Google Scholar
[[75] Vismanis, K., Ozolins, J. (1998): Preliminary data on parasites of European otter (Lutra lutra) in Latvia. Proc. VIIth International Otter Colloquium, March 14–19, 1998, Trebon, Czech Republic, 374–378 ]Search in Google Scholar
[[76] Weber, J.-M. (1991): Gastrointestinal helminths of the otter, Lutra lutra, in Shetland. J. Zool., 224: 341–346 ]Search in Google Scholar
[[77] Yamaguti, S. (1963): Systema helminthum. Vol. 5. Acanthocephala. Interscience Publ., New York ]Search in Google Scholar