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Green supply chain drivers and their implementation on LEED-certified projects in India

Pawan Koul
Pawan Koul
, 
Ranjit Roy Ghatak
Ranjit Roy Ghatak
 and 
Kunal Sinha
Kunal Sinha
   | Sep 14, 2023
Organization, Technology and Management in Construction: an International Journal's Cover Image
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Article Category: Research Paper
Published Online: Sep 14, 2023
Page range: 122 - 135
Received: Sep 06, 2022
Accepted: May 23, 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/otmcj-2023-0009
Keywords
© 2023 Pawan Koul et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Fig. 1:

Process flow of activities in the real estate project. Source: GSCM, an empirical investigation of the construction sector (Balasubramanian and Shukla 2017).
Process flow of activities in the real estate project. Source: GSCM, an empirical investigation of the construction sector (Balasubramanian and Shukla 2017).

Fig. 2:

BIM process flow diagram. Source: Using BIM capabilities to improve existing BEM practices (Gerrish et al. 2017). BEM, building energy modelling; BIM, building information modelling.
BIM process flow diagram. Source: Using BIM capabilities to improve existing BEM practices (Gerrish et al. 2017). BEM, building energy modelling; BIM, building information modelling.

Fig. 3:

Framework for BEM based on BIM capabilities for designing real estate projects. Source: Using BIM capabilities to improve existing building energy modelling practices (Gerrish et al. 2017). BEM, building energy modelling; BIM, building information modelling.
Framework for BEM based on BIM capabilities for designing real estate projects. Source: Using BIM capabilities to improve existing building energy modelling practices (Gerrish et al. 2017). BEM, building energy modelling; BIM, building information modelling.

T-test results.

S. no. Driver Companies using green supply chain practices and companies not using green supply chain practices Perception of companies whose people are involved in decision-making regarding the use of green supply chain practices and whose people are not involved in decision-making
T Sig (2 Tailed) T Sig (2 Tailed)
1 Impact of Top Management 3.62 0 2.332 0.021
2 Impact of Developer 5.88 0 3.161 0.002
3 Impact of Government Regulations 5.63 0 2.961 0.004
4 Impact of Green Professionals 5.37 0 2.293 0.023
5 Impact of BIM 4.16 0 1.547 0.124
6 Impact of BEM 4.16 0 1.547 0.124
7 Impact of PPMOF 4.02 0 1.72 0.088
8 Impact of Architect 4.05 0 2.141 0.034
9 Impact of Orientation 2.51 0 1.784 0.076
10 Impact of Green Design 5.87 0 2.901 0.004
11 Impact of Green Supplier 0.15 0.88 0.922 0.358
12 Impact of Recycling of material 3.28 0 1.894 0.06
13 Impact of Green Transportation 2.78 0.01 2.117 0.036

j.otmcj-2023-0009.tab.004

Cronbach’s alpha Cronbach’s alpha based on standardised items No. of items
0.887 0.891 13

Multiple regression analysis.

Hypothesis Response variable Predictor variable R-square Coefficient of regression F value P value Decision
H3 Overall impact on project completion 13 variables 0.836 0.914 58.14 0.00 Supported
H4 Overall impact on project cost overrun 13 variables 0.849 0.922 64.2 0.01 Supported
H5 Overall impact on the project quality 13 variables 0.87 0.933 76.52 0.00 Supported

Green drivers as per literature review concerning LEED credit points.

S. no. Drivers LEED credit points
1 Top management Site selection, community development
2 Developer Site selection, community development
3 Government regulations Site selection, community
4 Green professionals Green professionals
5 BIM Green building design
6 BEM Green building design
7 PPMOF Green building design
8 Architect Green building design
9 Orientation Site selection
10 Building design Green building design
11 Material procurement Proper use of materials and resources
12 Reverse logistics Improving energy efficiency and atmosphere
13 Transportation Improving energy efficiency and atmosphere

Credits availed by the developer for the green building mall project.

Credit no Credit name Comments
Points available Budget cost (in lakhs INR)
Orientation of building
1.0 Site selection and development density and community connectivity 2 0 An inherent feature of project
Green transportation
2.0 Green transportation, refuelling and alternative transportation 3 3 Cost of additional 15 amp plug points for an electric charging station in the parking
Building design
3.0 Management of stormwater, heat effect and roof effect 5 60 The additional cost of the sand pit to be incorporated in the building design, reflective paint and China mosaic tiles add to the roof effect
A. Water efficiency
3.1 Landscaping and irrigation, Air conditioning system, wastewater management 6 0 STP water is used for irrigation as per design guidelines
B. Energy and atmosphere
3.2 Commissioning and energy performance optimisation 12 797 Commission agent fees and using energy performance techniques
Waste management and recycling
3.3 Waste management and recycling 6 0 PMC will sell the waste generated on the project site
Indoor environmental quality
3.4 Indoor and outdoor air quality and increased ventilation as well as smoke control 3 100 Incorporation of CO2 sensors in building design. Increasing ventilation by 30% above ASHRAE standards
Green sourcing
4.1 Low-emission materials, paints, carpet and Agri fibre 3 5 Architect and PMC to assure compliance for this credit and the associated additional cost
Green professionals
4.2 LEED accredited professionals 2 10 Additional cost for demonstration of green features
Additional cost 42 955
Consultancy fees for LEED certification 45
Total cost including consultancy fees (in INR lakh) 1,000

Drivers and their use and impact using the Likert scale.

Drivers Use of drivers Impact of drivers
Top management developer 1 – not considering, 2 – planning to consider, 3 – consider it currently, 4 – initiating implementation and 5 – implemented successfully 1 – not at all, 2 – insignificant, 3 – slightly significant, 4 – significant and 5 – highly significant
Government regulations green professionals BIM
BEM PPMOF
Architect orientation building design
Material procurement
Reverse logistics transportation

j.otmcj-2023-0009.tab.005

Cronbach’s alpha Cronbach’s alpha based on standardised items No. of items
0.951 0.951 13

Demographic profile of respondents.

Profession (%) Position in project (%) Educational background (%) Association with real estate industry (%)
Electrical engineer 21 Director 19 Higher than a master’s degree 8 0–5 years 0.4
Mechanical engineer 36 Project manager 73 Master’s degree 16 5–10 years 0.6
Civil engineer 19 Manager 4 Bachelor’s degree 72 10–15 years 8
Architect 19 Engineer 4 HSC 2 15–20 years 3
Quantity surveyor 5 SSC 2 >20 years 88

RII of use of green supply drivers in construction.

Use of green drivers RII Mean
Support top management 0.795 3.952
Support of developer 0.749 3.725
Support of government 0.74 3.678
Use of green design 0.737 3.665
Use of green procurement 0.696 3.458

RII of the impact of green supply drivers on construction.

Impact of green drivers RII Mean
Impact of top management 0.787 3.912
Impact of sourcing 0.780 3.879
Impact of recycling material 0.772 3.838
Impact of developer 0.769 3.825
Impact of fuel-efficient trucks 0.767 3.824

Green supply chain drivers.

S. no. Clubbed driver Principal drivers Reference
1 D1 top management Top management commitment Al-Ma’aitah (2018) and Karaduman et al. (2020)
Green human resource
Green culture
Green values
2 D2 developer Role of contractor Balasubramanian and Shukla (2017)
Role of architect
Role of subcontractor
3 D3 government regulations Green financing Qian et al. (2016)
Additional floor area ratio
Green bonds Maltais and Nykvist (2021)
4 D4 green professionals Managing environment Karaduman et al. (2020), Ahmad (2015) and Shafaei et al. (2020)
Managing sustainable use of resources
5 D5 BIM Integration of building services Mohammed (2021), Edirisinghe (2018) and Alhamami et al. (2020).
6 D6 BEM Cost reduction Gerrish et al. (2017)
Energy modelling
7 D7 PPMOF Prefabrication Lavikka et al. (2021)
Preassembly
Modularisation
Offsite fabrication
8 D8 architect Green design Lee and Kim (2008), Mohammed (2021) and Ghaffarianhoseini et al. (2016)
9 D9 orientation Building plan Hammad et al. (2018)
Orientation of windows
10 D10 building design HVAC Cecere et al. (2019) and Ghaffarianhoseini et al. (2016)
Lighting
Air quality
Green ICT
11 D11 material procurement Green supplier Willar et al. (2020), Ali et al. (2019) and Karaduman et al. (2020)
Green warehousing
Green logistics
12 D12 reverse logistics Recovery of construction waste Vargas et al. (2021)
13 D13 transportation Fuel efficient vehicles Ying et al. (2021)
Truck full loads
Green transportation
eISSN:
1847-6228
Language:
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