A new approach to flux deposition for brazing aluminium by low pressure cold spraying

[1] Fabian R. Vacuum technology: practical heat treating and brazing. ASM International; Ohio, 1993. FabianR Vacuum technology: practical heat treating and brazing ASM International Ohio 1993 Search in Google Scholar

[2] Singh M, Ohji T, Asthana R. Green and sustainable manufacturing of advanced material. Oxford (UK): Elsevier; 2015. SinghM OhjiT AsthanaR Green and sustainable manufacturing of advanced material Oxford (UK) Elsevier 2015 Search in Google Scholar

[3] Shah RK. Advances in automotive heat exchanger technology. SAE Int. 2003;112: 631–41. ShahRK Advances in automotive heat exchanger technology SAE Int 2003 112 631 41 Search in Google Scholar

[4] Mirski Z, Pabian J. Modern trends in production of brazed heat exchangers for automotive industry. Weld Technol Rev. 2017;89(8): 5–12. MirskiZ PabianJ Modern trends in production of brazed heat exchangers for automotive industry Weld Technol Rev 2017 89 8 5 12 Search in Google Scholar

[5] Mirski Z, Pabian J, Wojdat T, Hejna J. Significance of the brazing gap in the brazing of aluminium heat exchangers for automotive industry. Weld Technol Rev. 2020;92(4): 7–14. MirskiZ PabianJ WojdatT HejnaJ Significance of the brazing gap in the brazing of aluminium heat exchangers for automotive industry Weld Technol Rev 2020 92 4 7 14 Search in Google Scholar

[6] Woods R. CAB brazing metallurgy. 12th annual international invitational aluminum brazing seminar. Michigan (MI), USA: AFC Holcroft, NOVI; 2007. WoodsR CAB brazing metallurgy 12th annual international invitational aluminum brazing seminar Michigan (MI), USA: AFC Holcroft, NOVI 2007 Search in Google Scholar

[7] Kuczmaszewski J, Zalewski K. Machining of aluminum and magnesium alloys. Lublin, Poland: Lublin University of Technology; 2015. KuczmaszewskiJ ZalewskiK Machining of aluminum and magnesium alloys Lublin, Poland Lublin University of Technology 2015 Search in Google Scholar

[8] Orman L, Swidersky HW, Lauzon D. Brazing of aluminium alloys with higher magnesium content using non-corrosive fluxes. Alum Brazing. 2014;52: 24–9. OrmanL SwiderskyHW LauzonD Brazing of aluminium alloys with higher magnesium content using non-corrosive fluxes Alum Brazing 2014 52 24 9 Search in Google Scholar

[9] Zhao H, Woods R. 10 – Controlled atmosphere brazing of aluminum. In: Dušan P Sekulić (ed.) Woodhead publishing series in welding and other joining technologies. Adv Brazing. Woodhead Publishing; Sawston (UK), 2013. p. 280–23. ZhaoH WoodsR 10 – Controlled atmosphere brazing of aluminum In: SekulićDušan P (ed.) Woodhead publishing series in welding and other joining technologies. Adv Brazing Woodhead Publishing Sawston (UK) 2013 280 23 Search in Google Scholar

[10] Mirski Z, Granat K, Misiek A. Brazing of aluminum heat exchangers in the automotive industry. Spajanie materiałów konstrukcyjnych. 2015;28(2): 32–4. MirskiZ GranatK MisiekA Brazing of aluminum heat exchangers in the automotive industry Spajanie materiałów konstrukcyjnych 2015 28 2 32 4 Search in Google Scholar

[11] Hu J, Zhang Q. Investigation of pseudo-ternary system AlF3–KF–KCl. Thermochim Acta. 2003;404(1–2): 3–7. HuJ ZhangQ Investigation of pseudo-ternary system AlF3–KF–KCl Thermochim Acta 2003 404 1–2 3 7 Search in Google Scholar

[12] Markovits T, Takács J, Lovas A, Belt J. Laser brazing of aluminium. J Mater Process Technol. 2003;143–144: 651–5. MarkovitsT TakácsJ LovasA BeltJ Laser brazing of aluminium J Mater Process Technol 2003 143–144 651 5 Search in Google Scholar

[13] Pabian J. Analysis of erosion phenomena in brazing of aluminum heat exchangers. Scientific seminar. Wrocław, Poland: Wroclaw University of Technology; 2018. PabianJ Analysis of erosion phenomena in brazing of aluminum heat exchangers. Scientific seminar Wrocław, Poland Wroclaw University of Technology 2018 Search in Google Scholar

[14] Orman L. Quality tests of brazed plate heat exchangers using paint flux technology. Internal Report for Valeo. Valeo, Skawina, Poland; 2017. OrmanL Quality tests of brazed plate heat exchangers using paint flux technology Internal Report for Valeo Valeo, Skawina, Poland 2017 Search in Google Scholar

[15] European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization (CENELEC). Refrigerating systems and heat pumps - Safety and environmental requirements - Part 2: design, construction, testing, marking and documentation. Brussels: CENELEC; 2017. Standard No. SIST EN 378–2:2017. European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization (CENELEC) Refrigerating systems and heat pumps - Safety and environmental requirements - Part 2: design, construction, testing, marking and documentation Brussels CENELEC 2017 Standard No. SIST EN 378–2:2017. Search in Google Scholar

[16] Nastic A, Jodoin B, Legoux JG, Poirier D. Particle impact characteristics influence on cold spray bonding: investigation of interfacial phenomena for soft particles on hard substrates. J Therm Spray Technol. 2021;30: 2013–33. NasticA JodoinB LegouxJG PoirierD Particle impact characteristics influence on cold spray bonding: investigation of interfacial phenomena for soft particles on hard substrates J Therm Spray Technol 2021 30 2013 33 Search in Google Scholar

[17] Yin S, Suo X, Liao H, Guo Z, Wang X. Significant influence of carrier gas temperature during the cold spray process. Surf Eng. 2014;30(6): 443–50. YinS SuoX LiaoH GuoZ WangX Significant influence of carrier gas temperature during the cold spray process Surf Eng 2014 30 6 443 50 Search in Google Scholar

[18] Singh S, Raman RKS, Berndt CC, Singh H. Influence of cold spray parameters on bonding mechanisms: a review. Metals. 2021;11: 2016. SinghS RamanRKS BerndtCC SinghH Influence of cold spray parameters on bonding mechanisms: a review Metals 2021 11 2016 Search in Google Scholar

[19] Brusentseva T, Shikalov V, Lavruk S, Fomin V. Simulation of thermoplastic powder cold spraying. J Sib Fed Univ Math Phys. 2021;14(6): 726–34. BrusentsevaT ShikalovV LavrukS FominV Simulation of thermoplastic powder cold spraying J Sib Fed Univ Math Phys 2021 14 6 726 34 Search in Google Scholar

[20] Haban I, Sun Y, Veysset D, Nelson KA, Schuh CA. The effect of substrate temperature on the critical velocity in microparticle impact bonding. Appl Phys Lett. 2021;119: 011903 HabanI SunY VeyssetD NelsonKA SchuhCA The effect of substrate temperature on the critical velocity in microparticle impact bonding Appl Phys Lett 2021 119 011903 Search in Google Scholar

[21] da Silva FS, Bedoya J, Dosta S, Cinca N, Cano IG, Guilemany JM, et al. Corrosion characteristics of cold gas spray coatings of reinforced aluminum deposited onto carbon steel. Corros Sci. 2017;114: 57–71 da SilvaFS BedoyaJ DostaS CincaN CanoIG GuilemanyJM Corrosion characteristics of cold gas spray coatings of reinforced aluminum deposited onto carbon steel Corros Sci 2017 114 57 71 Search in Google Scholar

[22] Winnicki M, Baszczuk A, Jasiorski M, Borak B, Małachowska A. Preliminary studies of TiO₂ nanopowder deposition onto metallic substrate by low pressure cold spraying. Surf Coat Technol. 2019;371: 194–202 WinnickiM BaszczukA JasiorskiM BorakB MałachowskaA Preliminary studies of TiO₂ nanopowder deposition onto metallic substrate by low pressure cold spraying Surf Coat Technol 2019 371 194 202 Search in Google Scholar

[23] Baszczuk A, Jasiorski M, Winnicki M. Low-temperature transformation of amorphous Sol–Gel TiO₂ powder to anatase during cold spray deposition. J Therm Spray Tech. 2018;27: 1551–62. BaszczukA JasiorskiM WinnickiM Low-temperature transformation of amorphous Sol–Gel TiO₂ powder to anatase during cold spray deposition J Therm Spray Tech 2018 27 1551 62 Search in Google Scholar

[24] Winnicki M. Advanced functional metal-ceramic and ceramic coatings deposited by low-pressure cold spraying: a review. Coatings. 2021;11: 1044. WinnickiM Advanced functional metal-ceramic and ceramic coatings deposited by low-pressure cold spraying: a review Coatings 2021 11 1044 Search in Google Scholar

[25] European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization (CENELEC). Aluminium and aluminium alloys - Chemical composition and form of wrought products - Part 3: chemical composition and form of products. Brussels: CENELEC; 2014. Standard No. EN 573–3:2014. European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization (CENELEC) Aluminium and aluminium alloys - Chemical composition and form of wrought products - Part 3: chemical composition and form of products Brussels CENELEC 2014 Standard No. EN 573–3:2014. Search in Google Scholar

[26] European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization (CENELEC). Welding consumables: wire electrodes, wires and rods for welding of aluminium and aluminium alloys: classification. Brussels: CENELEC; 2016. Standard No. EN ISO 18273:2016. European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization (CENELEC) Welding consumables: wire electrodes, wires and rods for welding of aluminium and aluminium alloys: classification Brussels CENELEC 2016 Standard No. EN ISO 18273:2016. Search in Google Scholar

[27] Massalski TB. Binary alloys phase diagrams. ASM International. Vol. 1; Ohio, 1992. MassalskiTB Binary alloys phase diagrams ASM International 1 Ohio 1992 Search in Google Scholar

[28] Eustathopoulos N, Nicholas M, Drevet B. Wettability at high temperatures. Pergamon materials series. Pergamon, Oxford (UK). Vol. 3; 1999. EustathopoulosN NicholasM DrevetB Wettability at high temperatures. Pergamon materials series Pergamon Oxford (UK) 3 1999 Search in Google Scholar

[29] Schwartz MM. Brazing, second edition. Mel M. Schwartz (Ed.) In: The materials informations society. Ohio (OH), USA: ASM International; 2003. SchwartzMM Brazing second edition SchwartzMel M. (Ed.) In: The materials informations society Ohio (OH), USA ASM International 2003 Search in Google Scholar

[30] Roberts P. Industrial brazing practice. 2nd ed. London: CRC Press. Taylor and Francis Group; 2013. RobertsP Industrial brazing practice 2nd ed. London CRC Press. Taylor and Francis Group 2013 Search in Google Scholar

[31] Swiderski HW, Lauzon D. Myths about aluminium brazing with non-corrosive fluxes NOCOLOK: Flux Brazing Technology. Materials of Solvay Flux GmbH. May 2001, Aachen, Germany. Available from: http://www.aluminium-brazing.com/sponsor/nocolok/Files/PDFs/31390.pdf SwiderskiHW LauzonD Myths about aluminium brazing with non-corrosive fluxes NOCOLOK: Flux Brazing Technology. Materials of Solvay Flux GmbH May 2001 Aachen, Germany Available from: http://www.aluminium-brazing.com/sponsor/nocolok/Files/PDFs/31390.pdf Search in Google Scholar

[32] Swidersky HW, Ottmann A, Belt H. Comparison of flux characteristics and flux transfer systems in electrostatic NOCOLOK® flux application for aluminum brazing. Invitational aluminum brazing seminar: Thermal Alliance Internationl; Detroit, 1999. SwiderskyHW OttmannA BeltH Comparison of flux characteristics and flux transfer systems in electrostatic NOCOLOK® flux application for aluminum brazing Invitational aluminum brazing seminar: Thermal Alliance Internationl Detroit 1999 Search in Google Scholar

[33] Milani SAAH. Effect of NOCOLOK flux dry-off temperature on mechanical properties of brazed joint for automotive aluminum-based heat exchangers. Eng Res Express. 2020;2: 025003. MilaniSAAH Effect of NOCOLOK flux dry-off temperature on mechanical properties of brazed joint for automotive aluminum-based heat exchangers Eng Res Express 2020 2 025003 Search in Google Scholar

[34] Wang Z, Cai S, Jin K, Wang X, Chen W. In-flight aggregation and deposition behaviour of particles in low pressure cold spray. Surf Coat Technol. 2021;409: 126875. WangZ CaiS JinK WangX ChenW In-flight aggregation and deposition behaviour of particles in low pressure cold spray Surf Coat Technol 2021 409 126875 Search in Google Scholar

[35] Alonso L, Garrido MA, Poza P. An optimisation method for the cold-spray process: on the nozzle geometry. Mater Des. 2022;214: 110387. AlonsoL GarridoMA PozaP An optimisation method for the cold-spray process: on the nozzle geometry Mater Des 2022 214 110387 Search in Google Scholar

[36] Buhl S, Breuninger P, Antonyuk S. Optimization of a laval nozzle for energy-efficient cold spraying of microparticles. Mater Manuf Processes. 2018;33(2): 115–22. BuhlS BreuningerP AntonyukS Optimization of a laval nozzle for energy-efficient cold spraying of microparticles Mater Manuf Processes 2018 33 2 115 22 Search in Google Scholar

[37] Winnicki M, Piwowarczyk T, Małachowska A. General description of cold sprayed coatings formation and of their properties. Bull Pol Acad Sci Techn Sci. 2018;66(3): 301–10. WinnickiM PiwowarczykT MałachowskaA General description of cold sprayed coatings formation and of their properties Bull Pol Acad Sci Techn Sci 2018 66 3 301 10 Search in Google Scholar

[38] Baranowski M, Bober M, Kudyba A, Sobczak N. The effect of surface condition on wetting of hastelloy® X by brazing filler metal of Ni-Pd-Cr-B-Si system. J Mater Eng Perform. 2019;28: 3950–9. BaranowskiM BoberM KudybaA SobczakN The effect of surface condition on wetting of hastelloy® X by brazing filler metal of Ni-Pd-Cr-B-Si system J Mater Eng Perform 2019 28 3950 9 Search in Google Scholar

[39] Chung CL, Moon KS, Wong CP. Influence of flux on wetting behavior of lead-free solder balls during the infrared-reflow process. J Electron Mater. 2005;34: 994–1001. ChungCL MoonKS WongCP Influence of flux on wetting behavior of lead-free solder balls during the infrared-reflow process J Electron Mater 2005 34 994 1001 Search in Google Scholar

[40] Yao Z, Xue S, Zhang J. Comparative study on the activity of GaF₃ and Ga₂O₃ nanoparticle-doped CsF-AlF₃ flux for brazing 6061 Al/Q235 steel joints. Crystals. 2020;10: 498–508. YaoZ XueS ZhangJ Comparative study on the activity of GaF₃ and Ga₂O₃ nanoparticle-doped CsF-AlF₃ flux for brazing 6061 Al/Q235 steel joints Crystals 2020 10 498 508 Search in Google Scholar

[41] Nylén M, Gustavsson U, Hutchinson W, Karlsson Å, Johansson H. Mechanisms of erosion during brazing of aluminium alloys. Mater Sci Forum. 2002;396–402: 1585–90. NylénM GustavssonU HutchinsonW KarlssonÅ JohanssonH Mechanisms of erosion during brazing of aluminium alloys Mater Sci Forum 2002 396–402 1585 90 Search in Google Scholar

[42] Krystek K, Krzanowska K, Wierzbińska M, Motyka M. The effect of selected process conditions on microstructure evolution of the vacuum brazed joints of hastelloy X nickel superalloy sheet. Arch Metall Mater. 2022;67(4): 1551–61. KrystekK KrzanowskaK WierzbińskaM MotykaM The effect of selected process conditions on microstructure evolution of the vacuum brazed joints of hastelloy X nickel superalloy sheet Arch Metall Mater 2022 67 4 1551 61 Search in Google Scholar

[43] Lacaze J, Tierce S, Lafont M-C, Thebault Y, Pébère N, Mankowski G, et al. Study of the microstructure resulting from brazed aluminium materials used in heat exchangers. Mater Sci Eng A. 2005; 413–414: 317–21. LacazeJ TierceS LafontM-C ThebaultY PébèreN MankowskiG Study of the microstructure resulting from brazed aluminium materials used in heat exchangers Mater Sci Eng A 2005 413–414 317 21 Search in Google Scholar