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Structure and properties of laser-cladded Inconel 625-based in situ composite coatings on S355JR substrate modified with Ti and C powders

Tomasz Poloczek
Tomasz Poloczek
, 
Aleksandra Lont
Aleksandra Lont
 and 
Jacek Górka
Jacek Górka
   | Mar 07, 2023
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Published Online: Mar 07, 2023
Page range: 14 - 27
Received: Dec 20, 2022
Accepted: Jan 08, 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/msp-2022-0039
Keywords
© 2022 Tomasz Poloczek et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Fig. 1

Vickers hardness lines scheme. (A) Measurements across the multi-pass coating. (B) Measurements from the coating surface toward the substrate material
Vickers hardness lines scheme. (A) Measurements across the multi-pass coating. (B) Measurements from the coating surface toward the substrate material

Fig. 2

Penetrant test results of laser-cladded coatings: (A) P1-1; (B) P1-2; (C) P1-3; (D) P2-1; (E) P2-2; (F) P2-3; (G) P3-1; (H) P3-2; and (I) P3-3. Note: Designations are according to Table 3
Penetrant test results of laser-cladded coatings: (A) P1-1; (B) P1-2; (C) P1-3; (D) P2-1; (E) P2-2; (F) P2-3; (G) P3-1; (H) P3-2; and (I) P3-3. Note: Designations are according to Table 3

Fig. 3

Macrographs of laser-cladded coatings: (A) P1-1; (B) P1-2; (C) P1-3; (D) P2-1; (E) P2-2; (F) P2-3; (G) P3-1; (H) P3-2; and (I) P3-3. Note: Designations are according to Table 3
Macrographs of laser-cladded coatings: (A) P1-1; (B) P1-2; (C) P1-3; (D) P2-1; (E) P2-2; (F) P2-3; (G) P3-1; (H) P3-2; and (I) P3-3. Note: Designations are according to Table 3

Fig. 4

SEM microstructure of the representative metallic Inconel 625 laser-cladded coating, magnification. (A) Lower magnification. (B) Higher magnification. SEM, scanning electron microscopes
SEM microstructure of the representative metallic Inconel 625 laser-cladded coating, magnification. (A) Lower magnification. (B) Higher magnification. SEM, scanning electron microscopes

Fig. 5

SEM microstructure of the laser-cladded in situ composite coatings, magnification 5000×. (A) P1-1; (B) P1-2; (C) P1-3; (D) P2-1; (E) P2-2; and (F) P2-3. Note: Designations are according to Table 3. SEM, scanning electron microscopes
SEM microstructure of the laser-cladded in situ composite coatings, magnification 5000×. (A) P1-1; (B) P1-2; (C) P1-3; (D) P2-1; (E) P2-2; and (F) P2-3. Note: Designations are according to Table 3. SEM, scanning electron microscopes

Fig. 6

SEM microstructure of the representative laser-cladded in situ composite coating, magnification. (A) Lower magnification. (B) Higher magnification. SEM, scanning electron microscopes
SEM microstructure of the representative laser-cladded in situ composite coating, magnification. (A) Lower magnification. (B) Higher magnification. SEM, scanning electron microscopes

Fig. 7

XRD patterns of (A) representative in situ composite coating and (B) metallic Inconel 625 coating. XRD, X-ray diffraction
XRD patterns of (A) representative in situ composite coating and (B) metallic Inconel 625 coating. XRD, X-ray diffraction

Fig. 8

EDS maps of in situ formed primary reinforcing particles. EDS, energy dispersive spectrometer
EDS maps of in situ formed primary reinforcing particles. EDS, energy dispersive spectrometer

Fig. 9

EDS maps of in situ formed eutectic reinforcing particles. EDS, energy dispersive spectrometer
EDS maps of in situ formed eutectic reinforcing particles. EDS, energy dispersive spectrometer

Fig. 10

Hardness results of laser-cladded coatings with standard deviation. (A) Average hardness. (B) Hardness distribution across the multi-pass coatings according to Figure 1A. (C) Hardness distribution from the surface to substrate material according to Figure 1B. Note: Designations are according to Table 3
Hardness results of laser-cladded coatings with standard deviation. (A) Average hardness. (B) Hardness distribution across the multi-pass coatings according to Figure 1A. (C) Hardness distribution from the surface to substrate material according to Figure 1B. Note: Designations are according to Table 3

Fig. 11

Influence of reinforcing particles volume fraction on the average hardness of laser-cladded composite coatings
Influence of reinforcing particles volume fraction on the average hardness of laser-cladded composite coatings

Fig. 12

Influence of reinforcing particles volume fraction on the erosion values of laser-cladded coatings
Influence of reinforcing particles volume fraction on the erosion values of laser-cladded coatings

Fig. 13

Influence of average hardness on the erosion values of laser-cladded coatings
Influence of average hardness on the erosion values of laser-cladded coatings

Fig. 14

SEM micrographs of the craters of the representative metallic Inconel 625 coating after solid particle erosion tests. Impingement angles (A) 30° and (B) 90°. SEM, scanning electron microscopes
SEM micrographs of the craters of the representative metallic Inconel 625 coating after solid particle erosion tests. Impingement angles (A) 30° and (B) 90°. SEM, scanning electron microscopes

Fig. 15

SEM micrographs of the craters of the representative composite coating after solid particle erosion tests. Impingement angles (A) 30° and (B) 90°. SEM, scanning electron microscopes
SEM micrographs of the craters of the representative composite coating after solid particle erosion tests. Impingement angles (A) 30° and (B) 90°. SEM, scanning electron microscopes

Technical specifications of TRUMPF Trudisk 3302 laser

Property Value
Wavelength, μm 1.3
Maximum output power, W 3300
Laser beam divergence, mm/rad <8.0
Fiber core diameter, μm 200
Collimator focal length, mm 200
Focusing lens focal length, mm 200
Beam spot diameter, μm 200
Fiber length, m 20

The average EDS chemical composition of laser-cladded coatings

Designation Ni Cr Mo Nb Fe Ti
wt.%
P1-1 56.5 ± 1.8 18.7 ± 0.4 10.7 ± 0.7 4.9 ± 0.6 6.9 ± 1.7 2.4 ± 0.1
P1-2 55.4 ± 2.7 18.3 ± 0.7 10.3 ± 1.0 4.3 ± 0.8 8.9 ± 3.5 2.8 ± 0.2
P1-3 54.4 ± 1.2 18.0 ± 0.4 11.0 ± 0.3 4.7 ± 0.5 9.1 ± 1.3 2.8 ± 0.1
P2-1 48.6 ± 2.5 15.6 ± 0.6 10.2 ± 1.1 5.0 ± 0.8 16.3 ± 5.1 4.1 ± 0.3
P2-2 43.2 ± 5.1 14.5 ± 1.9 9.1 ± 1.0 4.3 ± 0.6 24.8 ± 8.4 4.0 ± 0.5
P2-3 33.3 ± 2.3 11.2 ± 0.6 7.8 ± 0.4 4.0 ± 0.5 40.1 ± 2.7 3.3 ± 0.3
P3-1 60.2 ± 1.6 19.5 ± 0.8 10.5 ± 0.8 4.0 ± 1.5 5.7 ± 0.5 –
P3-2 54.0 ± 1.1 17.7 ± 0.3 9.0 ± 0.5 4.3 ± 0.3 15.0 ± 2.1 –
P3-3 46.1 ± 1.1 15.3 ± 0.5 7.5 ± 0.4 3.8 ± 0.5 27.2 ± 2.0 –

Chemical compositions of S355JR substrate material and Metcoclad 625 powder

Material C Mn Si P S Cr
wt.%
S355JR 0.2 1.5 0.2–0.5 Max 0.04 Max 0.04 Max 0.3
Oerlikon Metcoclad 625 – – – – – 20.0–23.0

The laser-cladded coating thickness, dilution, and reinforcing particles volume fraction

Designation Coatings thickness, mm Dilution, % Reinforcing particles volume fraction, vol.%
P1-1 1.43 ± 0.2 7.4 ± 0.2 3.0 ± 0.3
P1-2 1.35 ± 0.2 8.5 ± 0.3 2.6 ± 0.5
P1-3 1.22 ± 0.3 8.8 ± 0.4 2.7 ± 0.1
P2-1 1.23 ± 0.2 13.3 ± 0.3 6.4 ± 0.9
P2-2 1.04 ± 0.1 20.0 ± 0.5 5.5 ± 0.2
P2-3 0.95 ± 0.1 30.8 ± 0.3 4.5 ± 0.6
P3-1 1.42 ± 0.3 5.6 ± 0.1 –
P3-2 1.37 ± 0.2 13.3 ± 0.5 –
P3-3 1.16 ± 0.1 22.3 ± 0.3 –

Average results of erosion rates and erosion values of laser-cladded coatings

Designation Erosion rate, mg/min Erosion value, mm3/g
30° 90° 30° 90°
P1-1 0.21 ± 0.05 0.17 ± 0.02 0.0126 ± 0.0032 0.0104 ± 0.0012
P1-2 0.22 ± 0.04 0.19 ± 0.02 0.0132 ± 0.0024 0.0112 ± 0.0013
P1-3 0.21 ± 0.04 0.18 ± 0.02 0.0124 ± 0.0021 0.0106 ± 0.0009
P2-1 0.17 ± 0.03 0.13 ± 0.04 0.0102 ± 0.0018 0.0079 ± 0.0022
P2-2 0.17 ± 0.03 0.14 ± 0.01 0.0103 ± 0.0018 0.0087 ± 0.0007
P2-3 0.18 ± 0.04 0.15 ± 0.03 0.0107 ± 0.0021 0.0091 ± 0.0016
P3-1 0.24 ± 0.04 0.19 ± 0.04 0.0142 ± 0.0021 0.0111 ± 0.0022
P3-2 0.25 ± 0.03 0.21 ± 0.03 0.0146 ± 0.0015 0.0103 ± 0.0015
P3-3 0.23 ± 0.03 0.23 ±0.02 0.0138 ± 0.0018 0.0117 ± 0.0012

Laser-cladding parameters

Designation Powder mixture Laser power, W Speed, mm/min
P1-1 P1 2,000 240
P1-2 P1 2,150 258
P1-3 P1 2,300 276
P2-1 P2 2,000 240
P2-2 P2 2,150 258
P2-3 P2 2,300 276
P3-1 Metcoclad 625 2,000 240
P3-2 Metcoclad 625 2,150 258
P3-3 Metcoclad 625 2,300 276
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