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Microbiological analysis of skin lesions of cod (Gadus morhua) from the southern part of the Baltic Sea

Agnieszka Pękala-Safińska
Agnieszka Pękala-Safińska
, 
Katarzyna Nadolna-Ałtyn
Katarzyna Nadolna-Ałtyn
, 
Mirosław Różycki
Mirosław Różycki
, 
Ewa Paździor
Ewa Paździor
, 
Tomasz Cencek
Tomasz Cencek
 and 
Magdalena Podolska
Magdalena Podolska
   | Mar 23, 2024
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Published Online: Mar 23, 2024
Page range: 79 - 92
Received: Jul 21, 2023
Accepted: Jan 17, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/jvetres-2024-0004
Keywords
© 2024 Agnieszka Pękala-Safińska et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

Fig. 1.

Areas where Baltic cod were sampled in 2016 and 2017 within the Polish exclusive economic zone of the southern Baltic Sea (by Podolska M. and Trella K.)
Areas where Baltic cod were sampled in 2016 and 2017 within the Polish exclusive economic zone of the southern Baltic Sea (by Podolska M. and Trella K.)

Fig. 2.

Prevalence of Baltic cod ulceration by fishing ground and International Council for the Exploration of the Sea Sub-divisions
Prevalence of Baltic cod ulceration by fishing ground and International Council for the Exploration of the Sea Sub-divisions

Fig. 3.

Stages of Baltic cod ulceration in 2016 and 2017 by fishing ground
Stages of Baltic cod ulceration in 2016 and 2017 by fishing ground

Fig. 4.

Skin ulceration observed in a Baltic cod – acute and first-stage inflammatory process with visible flat erosions of the skin
Skin ulceration observed in a Baltic cod – acute and first-stage inflammatory process with visible flat erosions of the skin

Fig. 5.

Skin ulceration observed in a Baltic cod – beginning of the healing process with scar formation and melanin deposits
Skin ulceration observed in a Baltic cod – beginning of the healing process with scar formation and melanin deposits

Fig. 6.

Skin ulceration observed in a Baltic cod –final stage of the course of ulceration with healing and star-shaped closure
Skin ulceration observed in a Baltic cod –final stage of the course of ulceration with healing and star-shaped closure

Fig. 7.

Skin ulceration observed in Baltic cod – chronic stage of the course of ulceration. a, b – advanced disease with tissue swelling, developed inflammation and tissue lysis; c, d – advanced disease process with tissue necrosis
Skin ulceration observed in Baltic cod – chronic stage of the course of ulceration. a, b – advanced disease with tissue swelling, developed inflammation and tissue lysis; c, d – advanced disease process with tissue necrosis

Fig. 8.

Skin ulceration observed in a Baltic cod – chronic stage of the course of ulceration: advanced disease process with developed inflammation, tissue lysis and deep necrotic lesions
Skin ulceration observed in a Baltic cod – chronic stage of the course of ulceration: advanced disease process with developed inflammation, tissue lysis and deep necrotic lesions

Fig. 9.

Skin ulceration observed in a Baltic cod – flat, irregular, superficial skin lesions without tissue inflammation
Skin ulceration observed in a Baltic cod – flat, irregular, superficial skin lesions without tissue inflammation

Fig. 10.

Analyses of the 16S rRNA gene of Shewanella isolated from Baltic cod and GenBank sequences. The maximum-likelihood phylogenetic tree was constructed with the Tamura–Nei model using 1,000 bootstrap replicates. The percentage of replicate trees in which the associated taxa clustered together is shown next to the branches. O – reference sequence
Analyses of the 16S rRNA gene of Shewanella isolated from Baltic cod and GenBank sequences. The maximum-likelihood phylogenetic tree was constructed with the Tamura–Nei model using 1,000 bootstrap replicates. The percentage of replicate trees in which the associated taxa clustered together is shown next to the branches. O – reference sequence

Fig. 11.

Analyses of the 16S rRNA gene of Pseudomonas isolated from Baltic cod and GenBank sequences. The maximum-likelihood phylogenetic tree was constructed with the Tamura–Nei model using 1,000 bootstrap replicates. The percentage of replicate trees in which the associated taxa clustered together is shown next to the branches. O – reference sequence
Analyses of the 16S rRNA gene of Pseudomonas isolated from Baltic cod and GenBank sequences. The maximum-likelihood phylogenetic tree was constructed with the Tamura–Nei model using 1,000 bootstrap replicates. The percentage of replicate trees in which the associated taxa clustered together is shown next to the branches. O – reference sequence

Fig. 12.

Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values determined for bacteria collected from the ulcers of Baltic cod. CIP – ciprofloxacin; ENRO – enrofloxacin; FLUQ – flumequine; AUG2 – amoxicillin and clavulanic acid; FFN – florfenicol; DOX – doxycycline; OXY – oxytetracycline; SMX – sulphamethoxazole
Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values determined for bacteria collected from the ulcers of Baltic cod. CIP – ciprofloxacin; ENRO – enrofloxacin; FLUQ – flumequine; AUG2 – amoxicillin and clavulanic acid; FFN – florfenicol; DOX – doxycycline; OXY – oxytetracycline; SMX – sulphamethoxazole

Groups of bacteria isolated from skin ulcers of Baltic cod in correlation with the fishing area

Fishing area Bacteria
Gdańsk Bay Acinetobacter spp., Aeromonas spp., Alcaligenes faecalis, Chryseobacterium indologenes, Enterococcus faecalis, Microbacterium sp., Pseudomonas spp.,Shewanella putrefaciens group, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Vibrio sp.
Słupsk Furrow Acinetobacter spp., Aeromonas spp., Chryseobacterium indologenes, Delftia spp., Micrococcus sp.,Pseudomonas spp.,Shewanella putrefaciens group
Kołobrzeg-Darłowo Acinetobacter spp., Aeromonas spp., Chryseobacterium indologenes, Pseudomonas spp., Serratia spp.,Shewanella putrefaciens group, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia
Bornholm North Acinetobacter spp., Aeromonas sp., Pseudomonas spp., Shewanella putrefaciens group, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia
Bornholm South Acinetobacter spp., Citrobacter freundii, Pseudomonas spp.,Shewanella putrefaciens group, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia
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