<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

<sec id="j_jvetres-2023-0014_s_005"><h3>Introduction</h3>
<p>Bovine adenovirus (BAdV) type 3 causes respiratory and gastroenteric diseases of varying severity in cattle, particularly newborn calves. Trials have been conducted of a vaccination against the diseases caused by BAdV using both modified live-virus and inactivated-virus preparations in cattle, but no commercial BAdV-3 vaccine has yet reached the market. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop new, safe, and effective vaccines against BAdV-3.</p></sec>
<sec id="j_jvetres-2023-0014_s_006"><h3>Material and Methods</h3>
<p>Recombinant hexon protein (rhexon) of BAdV-3 was expressed in the <italic>E. coli</italic> system to evaluate immune response in mice and goats. Antibody responses and cytokine levels were analysed and the effects of administrations of different amounts of recombinant protein compared. Long-term antibody production was evaluated by indirect ELISA, and the total immunoglobulin G secreted by goats and mice immunised with the purified rhexon protein was determined.</p></sec>
<sec id="j_jvetres-2023-0014_s_007"><h3>Results</h3>
<p>The immunised mice had a stronger antibody response than the control group at eight weeks post vaccination. The immunised groups also showed significantly higher (P ˂ 0.05) expression of interferon-γ, interleukin 2 (in mice), and interleukin 21 (in goats) at four weeks. Furthermore, vaccination with rhexon was able to induce long-term antibody production for at least 16 weeks in mice and goats.</p></sec>
<sec id="j_jvetres-2023-0014_s_008"><h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>The rhexon protein induced immune responses, especially long-term antibody production and T helper 1 cell cytokine production in mice and goats. The immunogenic properties of this protein make it a promising subunit vaccine antigen.</p></sec>
</abstract>

Introduction
Bovine adenovirus (BAdV) type 3 causes respiratory and gastroenteric diseases of varying severity in cattle, particularly newborn calves. Trials have been conducted of a vaccination against the diseases caused by BAdV using both modified live-virus and inactivated-virus preparations in cattle, but no commercial BAdV-3 vaccine has yet reached the market. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop new, safe, and effective vaccines against BAdV-3.
Material and Methods
Recombinant hexon protein (rhexon) of BAdV-3 was expressed in the E. coli system to evaluate immune response in mice and goats. Antibody responses and cytokine levels were analysed and the effects of administrations of different amounts of recombinant protein compared. Long-term antibody production was evaluated by indirect ELISA, and the total immunoglobulin G secreted by goats and mice immunised with the purified rhexon protein was determined.
Results
The immunised mice had a stronger antibody response than the control group at eight weeks post vaccination. The immunised groups also showed significantly higher (P ˂ 0.05) expression of interferon-γ, interleukin 2 (in mice), and interleukin 21 (in goats) at four weeks. Furthermore, vaccination with rhexon was able to induce long-term antibody production for at least 16 weeks in mice and goats.
Conclusion
The rhexon protein induced immune responses, especially long-term antibody production and T helper 1 cell cytokine production in mice and goats. The immunogenic properties of this protein make it a promising subunit vaccine antigen.

Recombinant hexon protein as a new bovine adenovirus type 3 subunit vaccine candidate

Journal of Veterinary Research

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

Introduction
Bovine adenovirus (BAdV) type 3 causes respiratory and gastroenteric diseases of varying severity in cattle, particularly newborn calves. Trials...

Recombinant hexon protein as a new bovine adenovirus type 3 subunit vaccine candidate

Published Online: Mar 17, 2023

Page range: 23 - 31

Received: Sep 05, 2022

Accepted: Mar 02, 2023

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/jvetres-2023-0014

Keywords
bovine adenovirus type 3, hexon, recombinant protein, subunit, vaccine.

© 2023 U. Gundegmaa et al., published by Sciendo

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

Recombinant hexon protein as a new bovine adenovirus type 3 subunit vaccine candidate

Published Online: Mar 17, 2023

Page range: 23 - 31

Received: Sep 05, 2022

Accepted: Mar 02, 2023

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/jvetres-2023-0014

Keywordsbovine adenovirus type 3, hexon, recombinant protein, subunit, vaccine.

© 2023 U. Gundegmaa et al., published by Sciendo

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

Keywords
bovine adenovirus type 3, hexon, recombinant protein, subunit, vaccine.