Efficiency of Gaseous Ozone in Disinfection of Mushroom Growing Rooms

Joanna Szumigaj-Tarnowska; Piotr Szafranek; Zbigniew Uliński; Czesław Ślusarski

Journal & Issue Details

Journal of Horticultural Research

Journal Details

Format: Journal
eISSN: 2353-3978
First Published: 30 Jul 2013
Publication timeframe: 2 times per year
Languages: English

Button mushroom Agaricus bisporus Lange (Imbach) is a widely cultivated edible mushroom in the world (Sánchez 2010, Kaliyaperumal et al. 2018, Kapahi 2018). Commodity cultivation of these fungi in modern mushroom houses takes place throughout the year in halls specially adapted for running only this type of crop. This ensures optimum conditions for the development of mycelium and fruiting throughout the production stage, which allows to obtain high yields and high-quality products. On the other hand, long-term intensive cultivation in monoculture is conducive to the appearance of diseases and pests (Fletcher & Gaze 2008).

The most common pathogens in the cultivation of button mushroom are Trichoderma aggressivum, Cladobotryum dendroides, Mycogone perniciosa, and Lecanicillium fungicola (Fletcher & Gaze 2008, Berendsen et al. 2010). The losses caused by these pathogens are varied and depend on the moment of their occurrence in the mushroom crop and the number of fungal spores (Szumigaj-Tarnowska et al. 2011, Szumigaj-Tarnowska et al. 2015, Ślusarski et al. 2013).

An important element of crop protection against pathogens in mushroom houses is the “cooking-out” of production halls after each cultivation cycle, using steam to heat the air in the hall to a temperature of 65–70 °C and keeping it for at least 8 hours. This treatment allows to kill all mushroom pathogens and pests even deep inside the substrate and the peat cover (Ekman 2017). However, not all mushroom farms have technical capabilities to carry out this treatment (Ślusarski et al. 2012).

In this case, an alternative is chemical disinfection of the hall, which is a less effective but cheaper and easier method to use. The aim of disinfection is to reduce the pathogen population or to eliminate them completely. However, even a high concentration of biocides operating for a prolonged period cannot completely reduce pathogen populations in mushroom substrate. This treatment can be more effective when it is used on the surface thoroughly cleaned of mushroom debris or any other organic contamination (O’Neill et al. 2015).

Gaseous ozone was granted generally recognized as safe status by the Food and Drug Administration for direct contact with food as a sanitizing agent. Ozone is a very strong oxidant that has long been used to disinfect drinking water and wastewater (Rodríguez et al. 2008). It is also used as a disinfectant in the food industry and for removing unpleasant odors in rooms (Skalska et al. 2006, Krosowiak et al. 2007). In horticulture, it is successfully used in fruit and vegetable storage (Krosowiak et al. 2007) as well as in the disinfection of media in recirculating hydroponic systems (Vanachter et al. 1988). Ozone can also be used in the production of a substrate for cultivated mushrooms (Buntat et al. 2013) and to reduce the occurrence of disease during the course of the cultivation cycle (Toto 2010). Gaseous ozone is also suitable for reduction of microorganisms that can occur on food, including mushrooms, such as Salmonella spp., Listeria monocytogenes, and Escherichia coli O157:H7 (Akata et al. 2015). There were also attempts to apply ozone to extend the shelf life of button mushrooms, but the problem was browning of mushrooms under the influence of gas (Skog & Chu 2001, Escriche et al. 2001).

Investigation on the possibility of using ozone to control fungal pathogens occurring in the mushroom cultivation has been undertaken only once so far and concerned only one species. O’Neill et al. (2015) showed the lack of efficiency of ozone gas in mycelium and spores of T. aggressivum. There is thus a need for extended efficacy evaluation of gaseous ozone for reducing the other most common fungal pathogens of white button mushrooms. However, due to the high sensitivity of mushrooms to browning under the influence of ozone, it is worth considering the possibility of using it after harvest at the end of the production cycle.

The aim of the study was to determine the efficiency of ozone gas for disinfection of empty growing rooms between production cycles in order to reduce the most important fungal diseases occurring in the mushroom cultivation.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Fungal strains

Strains of T. aggressivum (Th 3.9, Th 12, Th 22.07), C. dendroides (D12A, D16, D30), M. perniciosa (M9, M10, M18), and L. fungicola (V3, V17, V31) were selected from samples of infected mushroom compost and infected mushrooms collected from mushroom houses located in different regions of Poland (Table 1). For isolation of the pathogens, except for Trichoderma isolates, 5 mm discs of infected sporophore tissue with the help of sterilized scalpel were taken and placed on a potato dextrose (PDA) medium supplemented with 50 mg·dm⁻³ of streptomycin and 5 mg·dm⁻³ rifampicin. For isolation of Trichoderma isolates, the samples of infected mushroom compost were placed on the PDA medium. Mycelium of isolates was grown at 23–24 °C for 1 week. For further studies, the isolates were maintained for a short term on the PDA medium at 4 °C and on the PDA medium placed in 15% v/w glycerol at −75 °C for long storage. Before analysis, the isolates were activated on the PDA medium in the temperature range 23–24 °C. Once a year, fungal isolates were inoculated on the mushroom compost to enhance their pathogenicity.

Table 1

List of isolates used in this study and their origin

Species	Isolate code	Province	Year of collection
Trichoderma aggressivum	Th 3.9	Mazowieckie	2008
	Th.12	Mazowieckie	2009
	Th 22.07	Łódzkie	2005
Mycogone perniciosa	M9	Mazowieckie	2008
	M10	Podkarpackie	2008
	M18	Łódzkie	2009
Cladobotryum dendroides	D12A	Wielkopolskie	2008
	D16	Wielkopolskie	2008
	D30	Mazowieckie	2008
Lecanicillium fungicola	V-3	Mazowieckie	2005
	V-17	Mazowieckie	2009
	V-31	Łódzkie	2010

The identification of the isolated fungi was based on morphological characteristics as well as on growth rates and features of the colony on various agar media. To confirm the identification of pathogens, a molecular analysis was conducted (Szczech et al. 2008; Trzewik et al. 2010; Szumigaj-Tarnowska et al. 2014).

Inoculum preparation

Each tested strain was transplanted from stock culture on the PDA plate and kept at 24 °C for 5–7 days. Subsequently, when the diameter of the colony reached a minimum of 1/3 of the plate surface, it was re-transplanted. New plates were maintained at 24 °C for 7–14 days. Suspensions were prepared by adding sterile distilled water to plates and detaching the spores from the surface of the colonies using a glass spreader. Then the suspensions were poured into a sterile flask. The concentration of spores of each strain was adjusted to 10⁶ spores ml¹¹ by dilution and direct counting using a Thoma cell counting chamber.

Experimental method

Suspensions containing spores of individual pathogens were applied to aluminum plates in an amount of 0.1 ml. Each spore suspension was applied to eight plates and allowed to dry in the laminar chamber. Then four plates were covered with petri dishes and moved to the mushroom growing room; the petri dishes were removed and fungal spores were exposed to gaseous ozone. Experiments were carried out in the mushroom hall with a capacity of 130 m³. The relative humidity was maintained at 90%. Gaseous ozone was produced using an ozone generator (DST 50, BLUE PLANET, Poland) with a capacity of 50 g·h⁻¹. Ozone concentration was measured using an ozone concentration sensor (GasHunter, Alter, Poland), which is an online monitoring system. Samples were subjected to ozonation at the temperature 18 ± 0.5 °C for six exposure times – 30, 60, 120, 240, 360, and 480 minutes. The gas concentration during the ozonation process is shown in Fig. 1. The maximum level of ozone reached 50 ppm within 6 hours and was maintained at this level during the next 2 hours. After the ozonation process, aluminum surfaces were sampled by placing agar Rodac plates in contact for 10 seconds and then placing them in an incubator at 24 °C for 7 days.

The gas concentration during the ozonation process at different exposure times

The plates were viewed daily for 7 days. The diameter of pathogen colonies was determined as well as pollution (as a percentage of the plate surface) caused by other fungal species.

Statistical analysis

The experiments were performed twice in four replications. Efficiency of ozonation was determined on the basis of pathogen growth on the plate in relation to the control combination and the means were compared using Student's t-test at the level of significance of p = 0.05.

The comparison of the percentage of isolate growth inhibition in relation to ozone exposure time, within incubation day, was subjected to analysis of variance according to Duncan's multiple range test at the level of significance of p ≤ 0.05 in Statistica version 10 software. To evaluate the relation between the time of ozone exposure and inhibition of growth of the pathogen colony, a regression method was used and Pearson's correlation coefficients (r-values) were calculated.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Green mold caused by T. aggressivum has been a major disease affecting mushroom production (O’Brien et al. 2017). During our study, Trichoderma isolates proved to be the most resistant to ozone among the pathogens tested (Table 2; Fig. 2). Only one of three tested isolates of this species was damaged after 6 hours of ozonation (Table 3). These differences in ozone sensitivity among isolates of the same species were also observed by Antony-Babu and Singleton (2009). They reported that only one isolate exposed to a continuous low level of ozone did not produce spores, whereas another isolate only delayed spore production by a day compared to the control.

Effect of ozone exposure duration on the percentage of the colony growth inhibition of tested pathogens

Table 2

Sensitivity of pathogenic species to ozonation based on the average rate of colonization of the plate area (%) after 5 days of incubation in relation to ozone exposure time

Species	Treatment	Time of exposure

		8 h	6 h	4 h 2 h		1 h	0.5 h
Trichoderma aggressivum	Control	86.2 ± 7.3 a	78.8 ± 6.9 a	74.6 ± 5.2 a	76.7 ± 8.0 a	77.1 ± 7.6 a	76.7 ± 8.3 a
Trichoderma aggressivum	Ozone	31.7 ± 8.4 b	63.1 ± 6.5 a	59.2 ± 9.7 a	73.7 ± 5.8 a	75.0 ± 4.9 a	73.3 ± 4.4 a

Mycogone perniciosa	Control	55.0 ± 5.6 a	52.5 ± 5.9 a	65.0 ± 4.4 a	55.8 ± 8.0 a	55.4 ± 2.8 a	54.6 ± 6.2 a
Mycogone perniciosa	Ozone	0.0 ± 0.0 b	0.0 ± 0.0 b	44.5 ± 4.5 a	42.5 ± 6.3 a	52.9 ± 4.0 a	52.5 ± 5.5 a

Cladobotryum dendroides	Control	70.4 ± 3.4 a	60.0 ± 7.9 a	67.9 ± 5.3 a	72.1 ± 6.9 a	70.8 ± 3.9 a	67.1 ± 3.6 a
Cladobotryum dendroides	Ozone	0.0 ± 0.0 b	22.1 ± 1.4 b	63.7 ± 4.5 a	70.4 ± 5.5 a	69.2 ± 4.3 a	63.3 ± 5.0 a

Lecanicillium fungicola	Control	23.4 ± 3.1 a	23.1 ± 2.6 a	24.7 ± 3.3 a	26.2 ± 2.1 a	25.3 ± 2.8 a	25.8 ± 3.7 a
Lecanicillium fungicola	Ozone	0.0 ± 0.0 b	0.0 ± 0.0 b	0.0 ± 0.0	0.0 ± 0.0 b	0.0 ± 0.0	0.0 ± 0.0

Means in columns followed by the same letter, for particular pathogen, are not significantly different based on Student's t-test at p = 0.05. Values are means ± standard deviation, n = 24

Table 3

Sensitivity of Trichoderma aggressivum isolates to ozonation, based on the percentage of growth inhibition

Days	Isolate	Time of exposure						Mean

		8 h	6 h	4 h	2 h	1 h	0.5 h
2	Th.12	100.0 ± 0.0 Aa	58.22 ± 15.6 Aab	49.56 ± 15.9 Bbc	38.1 ± 5.2 ABbc	30.30 ± 11.5A Abc	0.0 ± 0.0 Ac	46.03 A

	Th 3.9	100.0 ± 0.0 Aa	100.0 ± 0.0 Aa	100.0 ± 0.0 Aa	74.75 ± 2.2 Aa	18.82 ± 8.9 Ab	0.0 ± 0.0 Ab	65.60 A

	Th. 22.07	30.60 ± 10.9 Ba	11.25 ± 8.5 Ba	7.67 ± 4.2 Ba	15.8 ± 6.3 Ba	5.10 ± 3.3 Aa	0.0 ± 0.0 Ac	11.74 B

3	Th.12	89.89 ± 5.8 Aa	14.67 ± 5.3 Bb	10.12 ± 2.7 Bb	12.54 ± 2.6 Ab	12.30 ± 4.1 Ab	5.75 ± 3.3 Ab	24.21 AB

	Th 3.9	100.0 ± 0.0 Aa	100.0 ± 0.0 Aa	88.25 ± 1.1 Ab	17.15 ± 5.2 Ab	5.60 ± 3.1 Ab	0.0 ± 0.0 Ab	51.83 A

	Th. 22.07	32.82 ± 11.4 Ba	11.57 ± 2.5 Ba	15.49 ± 5.7 Ba	10.92 ± 2.9 Aa	17.50 ± 3.7 Aa	7.31 ± 4.4 Aa	15.93 B

4	Th.12	66.95 ± 7.1 ABa	21.44 ± 9.7 Bab	12.70 ± 2.2 Ab	8.01 ± 2.5 Ab	0.0 ± 0.0 Ab	0.0 ± 0.0 Ab	18.18 AB

	Th 3.9	100.0 ± 0.0 Aa	100.0 ± 0.0 Aa	49.94 ± 8.9 Ab	3.50 ± 2.1 Ac	2.55 ± 1.8 Ac	0.0 ± 0.0 Ac	42.67 A

	Th. 22.07	26.52 ± 14.8 Ba	6.97 ± 2.4 Ba	0.0 ± 0.0 Aa	0.0 ± 0.0 Aa	0.0 ± 0.0 Aa	0.0 ± 0.0 Aa	5.58 B

5	Th.12	16.81 ± 7.9 Ba	5.9 ± 1.6 Ba	0.0 ± 0.0 Aa	0.0 ± 0.0 Aa	0.0 ± 0.0 Aa	0.0 ± 0.0 Aa	3.78 B

	Th 3.9	100.0 ± 0.0 Aa	100.0 ± 0.0 Aa	27.50 ± 2.5 Ab	0.0 ± 0.0 Ab	0.0 ± 0.0 Ab	0.0 ± 0.0 Ab	45.92 A

	Th. 22.07	0.0 ± 0.0 Aa	0.0 ± 0.0 Aa	0.0 ± 0.0 Aa	0.0 ± 0.0 Aa	0.0 ± 0.0 Aa	0.0 ± 0.0 Aa	0.00 B

A, B, C – Means in columns followed by the same letter, within days of incubation, are not significantly different according to Duncan's test (P≤ 0.05); Means ± standard deviation. a, b, c – Means in rows followed by the same letter, within days of incubation, are not significantly different according to Duncan's test (P≤ 0.05); Means ± standard deviation

What is more, the results obtained confirm earlier information on the high resistance of green molds to ozone. O’Neill et al. (2015) reported that gaseous ozone is completely ineffective in relation to the spores and mycelium of T. aggressivum. Conditions in which the researchers conducted experiments were different than those in the presented work. The exposure time was definitely shorter (maximum 80 minutes), and higher ozone concentrations were obtained (up to 100 ppm). The experiment was also carried out at a lower air humidity of around 70%. In such conditions, however, ozone gas showed quite good effectiveness with respect to the mushroom mycelium. A comparison of ozone with other chemical disinfectants used in mushroom houses shows that gaseous ozone is the least effective of them. The high tolerance of Trichoderma to ozone was demonstrated also by Hudson and Sharma (2009). What is important, Baars and Rutjens (2016) also confirm the lack of efficiency of ozone as a disinfectant, while suggesting that it can stimulate spore germination. In our research, however, we did not confirm this statement. The growing rate as well as the time of appearance of the first colonies of Trichoderma isolates on ozone plates was at a similar level (Table 3). This finding also could have been applied to other tested pathogens (Tables 4 & 5). Slightly different results regarding the efficiency of ozone in relation to molds occurring on button mushrooms have been obtained by Akata et al. (2015). Exposure to gaseous ozone at a concentration of 5.3 mg·dm⁻³ for 45 minutes resulted in a decrease in mold count below the detection limit (<2 log CFU per mushroom) with a reduction of more than 1.43 log. Unfortunately, the authors did not provide the exact mold species, which makes it difficult to compare both results. Molds that occur on mushrooms can belong to different species, such as Trichoderma, Penicillium, Pythium, and others (Fletcher & Gaze 2008), and as our result suggests, differences in response to ozone occur even between isolates of the same species (Fig. 3).

Percentage of the growth inhibition of pathogens after different exposure times to ozonation

Table 4

Sensitivity of Cladobotryum dendroides isolates to ozonation, based on the percentage of growth inhibition

Days	Isolate	Time of exposure						Mean

		8 h	6 h	4 h	2 h	1 h	0.5 h
2	D12A	100.0 ± 0.0 Aa	100.0 ± 0.0 Aa	0.0 ± 0.0 Ab	0.0 ± 0.0 Ab	0.0 ± 0.0 Ab	0.0 ± 0.0 Ab	33.33 A

	D16	100.0 ± 0.0 Aa	100.0 ± 0.0 Aa	0.0 ± 0.0 Ab	0.0 ± 0.0 Ab	0.0 ± 0.0 Ab	0.0 ± 0.0 Ab	33.33 A

	D30	100.0 ± 0.0 Aa	46.30 ± 15.5 Aab	29.7 ± 5.2 Ab	0.0 ± 0.0 Ab	0.0 ± 0.0 Ab	0.0 ± 0.0 Ab	29.33 A

3	D12A	100.0 ± 0.0 Aa	100.0 ± 0.0 Aa	20.67 ± 3.5 Ab	0.0 ± 0.0 Ab	0.0 ± 0.0 Ab	0.0 ± 0.0 Ab	36.78 A

	D16	100.0 ± 0.0 Aa	100.0 ± 0.0 Aa	13.29 ± 2.0 Ab	0.0 ± 0.0 Ab	0.0 ± 0.0 Ab	0.0 ± 0.0 Ab	35.55 A

	D30	100.0 ± 0.0 Aa	31.88 ± 9.2 Aab	20.87 ± 8.2 Ab	5.50 ± 2.5 Ab	0.0 ± 0.0 Ab	0.0 ± 0.0 Ab	26.38 A

4	D12A	100.0 ± 0.0 Aa	100.0 ± 0.0 Aa	10.75 ± 5.5 Ab	0.0 ± 0.0 Ab	0.0 ± 0.0 Ab	0.0 ± 0.0 Ab	35.12 A

	D16	100.0 ± 0.0 Aa	100.0 ± 0.0 Aa	18.39 ± 7.1 Ab	11.38 ± 4.5 Ab	0.0 ± 0.0 Ab	0.0 ± 0.0 Ab	38.30 A

	D30	100.0 ± 0.0 Aa	12.92 ± 5.0 Ab	13.20 ± 6.6 Ab	0.0 ± 0.0 Ab	0.0 ± 0.0 Ab	0.0 ± 0.0 Ab	21.01 A

5	D12A	100.0 ± 0.0 Aa	100.0 ± 0.0 Aa	9.68 ± 1.7 Aa	0.0 ± 0.0 Aa	0.0 ± 0.0 Aa	0.0 ± 0.0 Aa	34.95 A

	D16	100.0 ± 0.0 Aa	100.0 ± 0.0 Aa	27.5 ± 2.5 Aa	0.0 ± 0.0 Aa	0.0 ± 0.0 Aa	0.0 ± 0.0 Aa	37.92 A

	D30	100.0 ± 0.0 Aa	0.0 ± 0.0 Ab	0.0 ± 0.0 Ab	0.0 ± 0.0 Ab	0.0 ± 0.0 Ab	0.0 ± 0.0 Ab	16.67 B

Note: See Table 3

Table 5

Sensitivity of Mycogone perniciosa isolates to ozonation, based on the percentage of growth inhibition

Days	Isolate	Time of exposure						Mean

		8 h	6 h	4 h	2 h	1 h	0.5 h
4	M9	100.0 ± 0.0 Aa	100.0 ± 0.0 Aa	77.4 ± 7.1 Aab	51.60 ± 17.1 Aab	25.51 ± 11.7 Ab	0.0 ± 0.0 Ab	59.08 A

	M10	100.0 ± 0.0 Aa	100.0 ± 0.0 Aa	52.81 ± 15.0 Ab	8.18 ± 5.2 Ab	5.52 ± 3.7 Ab	0.0 ± 0.0 Ab	44.42 A

	M18	100.0 ± 0.0 Aa	100.0 ± 0.0 Aa	22.58 ± 6.5 Ab	18.22 ± 9.4 Ab	14.40 ± 3.8 Ab	0.0 ± 0.0 Ab	42.53 A

5	M9	100.0 ± 0.0 Aa	100.0 ± 0.0 Aa	69.39 ± 9.3 Aa	29.56 ± 9.5 Ab	8.32 ± 3.2 Ab	0.0 ± 0.0 Ab	51.2 A

	M10	100.0 ± 0.0 Aa	100.0 ± 0.0 Aa	36.38 ± 9.0 Ab	32.41 ± 11.5 Ab	5.20 ± 3.1 Ab	0.0 ± 0.0 Ab	45.7 A

	M18	100.0 ± 0.0 Aa	100.0 ± 0.0 Aa	14.5 ± 2.2 Ab	5.61 ± 4.9 Ab	5.01 ± 3.2 Ab	0.0 ± 0.0 Ab	37.5 A

6	M9	100.0 ± 0.0 Aa	100.0 ± 0.0 Aa	54.84 ± 6.8 Aab	44.67 ± 15.3 Aab	6.95 ± 1.7 Ab	0.0 ± 0.0 Ab	51.08 A

	M10	100.0 ± 0.0 Aa	100.0 ± 0.0 Aa	15.47 ± 8.6 Ab	8.83 ± 3.6 Ab	5.11 ± 1.3 Ab	0.0 ± 0.0 Ab	38.24 A

	M18	100.0 ± 0.0 Aa	100.0 ± 0.0 Aa	10.82 ± 8.6 Ab	8.32 ± 3.3 Ab	6.25 ± 1.3 Ab	0.0 ± 0.0 Ab	37.57 A

7	M9	100.0 ± 0.0 Aa	100.0 ± 0.0 Aa	15.45 ± 9.3 Aa	24.85 ± 8.4 Aa	0.0 ± 0.0 Aa	0.0 ± 0.0 Aa	40.05 A

	M10	100.0 ± 0.0 Aa	100.0 ± 0.0 Aa	7.5 ± 2.9 Aa	4.49 ± 2.0 Aa	0.0 ± 0.0 Aa	0.0 ± 0.0 Aa	35.33 A

	M18	100.0 ± 0.0 Aa	100 ± 0.0 Aa	7.25 ± 2.1 Ab	0.0 ± 0.0 Ab	0.0 ± 0.0 Ab	0.0 ± 0.0 Ab	34.54 A

Note: See Table 3

The phenomenon of diversity of isolates within one species was also observed by Szumigaj-Tarnowska et al. (2015). The authors showed that individual isolates of M. perniciosa differ in pathogenicity in relation to the button mushroom. For example, the isolate M. perniciosa M9 was the most tolerant to ozonation among all the tested isolates and also the most virulent to A. bisporus (Szumigaj-Tarnowska et al. 2015).

Unfortunately, there are no published scientific data on the effect of ozone on spores of M. perniciosa, C. dendroides, and L. fungicola. In our study, all these species showed high susceptibility to ozone gas. In order to achieve 100% efficacy against Mycogone isolates, a minimum of 6 hours of ozonation had to be applied, whereas for Cladobotryum strains, a minimum of 8 hours had to be applied (Table 2). Individual isolates of Cladobotryum differed in their sensitivity to ozonation. Two isolates were completely inhibited after 6 hours of ozone, whereas for inhibition of isolate Cladobotryum spp. D30 growth, a minimum of 8 hours of ozonation was required (Fig. 3).

The Lecanicillium isolates were particularly sensitive to ozonation as only 30 minutes was sufficient to gain total inhibition of its mycelium growth. That is why the diameter of its colonies after ozonation was not recorded on Fig. 3, where results concern exposure ranging from 2 to 8 hours.

However, the experiments presented by Luković et al. (2018) showed also the high sensitivity of L. fungicola to some essential oils. Inhibitory and fungicidal activity of the selected essential oils was assayed using microdilution and macrodilution fumigant methods. And what is more, Lecanicillium isolate was more sensitive to tested oils than Cladobotryum isolate. These results indicated that Lecanicillium isolates can be highly sensitive to various biological substances and non-synthetic factors. Galvão and Bettiol (2014) showed the high susceptibility of Lecanicillium genera to UV-B radiation, while Mehrparvar et al. (2016) determined the antifungal activity of two essential oils at low concentrations for the growth of L. fungicola.

According to the findings of Antony-Babu and Singleton (2009), gas ozone is more effective in reducing spore germination than in reducing mycelial growth. In our research, fungal spores were exposed to gaseous ozone. Probably, this is the reason why ozonation efficiency was so high in relation to the tested pathogens.

The time of ozone exposure was highly correlated with inhibition of the growth of Trichoderma, Mycogone, and Cladobotryum isolates (r = 0.969, r = 0.960, and r = 0.908, respectively) (Fig. 2).

Therefore, we conclude that short-term (0.5 hour) ozonation can be suitable for disinfection of growing rooms at the end of the cultivation cycle only for infection caused by L. fungicola. Long-term (6–8 hours) ozonation may be useful for disinfection of empty growing rooms for M. perniciosa and C. dendroides, whereas ozonation with a concentration of 50 ppm may be ineffective in relation to the pathogenic isolates of Trichoderma.

Figures & Tables

Sensitivity of pathogenic species to ozonation based on the average rate of colonization of the plate area (%) after 5 days of incubation in relation to ozone exposure time

Species	Treatment	Time of exposure

		8 h	6 h	4 h 2 h		1 h	0.5 h
Trichoderma aggressivum	Control	86.2 ± 7.3 a	78.8 ± 6.9 a	74.6 ± 5.2 a	76.7 ± 8.0 a	77.1 ± 7.6 a	76.7 ± 8.3 a
Trichoderma aggressivum	Ozone	31.7 ± 8.4 b	63.1 ± 6.5 a	59.2 ± 9.7 a	73.7 ± 5.8 a	75.0 ± 4.9 a	73.3 ± 4.4 a

Mycogone perniciosa	Control	55.0 ± 5.6 a	52.5 ± 5.9 a	65.0 ± 4.4 a	55.8 ± 8.0 a	55.4 ± 2.8 a	54.6 ± 6.2 a
Mycogone perniciosa	Ozone	0.0 ± 0.0 b	0.0 ± 0.0 b	44.5 ± 4.5 a	42.5 ± 6.3 a	52.9 ± 4.0 a	52.5 ± 5.5 a

Cladobotryum dendroides	Control	70.4 ± 3.4 a	60.0 ± 7.9 a	67.9 ± 5.3 a	72.1 ± 6.9 a	70.8 ± 3.9 a	67.1 ± 3.6 a
Cladobotryum dendroides	Ozone	0.0 ± 0.0 b	22.1 ± 1.4 b	63.7 ± 4.5 a	70.4 ± 5.5 a	69.2 ± 4.3 a	63.3 ± 5.0 a

Lecanicillium fungicola	Control	23.4 ± 3.1 a	23.1 ± 2.6 a	24.7 ± 3.3 a	26.2 ± 2.1 a	25.3 ± 2.8 a	25.8 ± 3.7 a
Lecanicillium fungicola	Ozone	0.0 ± 0.0 b	0.0 ± 0.0 b	0.0 ± 0.0	0.0 ± 0.0 b	0.0 ± 0.0	0.0 ± 0.0

Sensitivity of Trichoderma aggressivum isolates to ozonation, based on the percentage of growth inhibition

Days	Isolate	Time of exposure						Mean

		8 h	6 h	4 h	2 h	1 h	0.5 h
2	Th.12	100.0 ± 0.0 Aa	58.22 ± 15.6 Aab	49.56 ± 15.9 Bbc	38.1 ± 5.2 ABbc	30.30 ± 11.5A Abc	0.0 ± 0.0 Ac	46.03 A

	Th 3.9	100.0 ± 0.0 Aa	100.0 ± 0.0 Aa	100.0 ± 0.0 Aa	74.75 ± 2.2 Aa	18.82 ± 8.9 Ab	0.0 ± 0.0 Ab	65.60 A

	Th. 22.07	30.60 ± 10.9 Ba	11.25 ± 8.5 Ba	7.67 ± 4.2 Ba	15.8 ± 6.3 Ba	5.10 ± 3.3 Aa	0.0 ± 0.0 Ac	11.74 B

3	Th.12	89.89 ± 5.8 Aa	14.67 ± 5.3 Bb	10.12 ± 2.7 Bb	12.54 ± 2.6 Ab	12.30 ± 4.1 Ab	5.75 ± 3.3 Ab	24.21 AB

	Th 3.9	100.0 ± 0.0 Aa	100.0 ± 0.0 Aa	88.25 ± 1.1 Ab	17.15 ± 5.2 Ab	5.60 ± 3.1 Ab	0.0 ± 0.0 Ab	51.83 A

	Th. 22.07	32.82 ± 11.4 Ba	11.57 ± 2.5 Ba	15.49 ± 5.7 Ba	10.92 ± 2.9 Aa	17.50 ± 3.7 Aa	7.31 ± 4.4 Aa	15.93 B

4	Th.12	66.95 ± 7.1 ABa	21.44 ± 9.7 Bab	12.70 ± 2.2 Ab	8.01 ± 2.5 Ab	0.0 ± 0.0 Ab	0.0 ± 0.0 Ab	18.18 AB

	Th 3.9	100.0 ± 0.0 Aa	100.0 ± 0.0 Aa	49.94 ± 8.9 Ab	3.50 ± 2.1 Ac	2.55 ± 1.8 Ac	0.0 ± 0.0 Ac	42.67 A

	Th. 22.07	26.52 ± 14.8 Ba	6.97 ± 2.4 Ba	0.0 ± 0.0 Aa	0.0 ± 0.0 Aa	0.0 ± 0.0 Aa	0.0 ± 0.0 Aa	5.58 B

5	Th.12	16.81 ± 7.9 Ba	5.9 ± 1.6 Ba	0.0 ± 0.0 Aa	0.0 ± 0.0 Aa	0.0 ± 0.0 Aa	0.0 ± 0.0 Aa	3.78 B

	Th 3.9	100.0 ± 0.0 Aa	100.0 ± 0.0 Aa	27.50 ± 2.5 Ab	0.0 ± 0.0 Ab	0.0 ± 0.0 Ab	0.0 ± 0.0 Ab	45.92 A

	Th. 22.07	0.0 ± 0.0 Aa	0.0 ± 0.0 Aa	0.0 ± 0.0 Aa	0.0 ± 0.0 Aa	0.0 ± 0.0 Aa	0.0 ± 0.0 Aa	0.00 B

List of isolates used in this study and their origin

Species	Isolate code	Province	Year of collection
Trichoderma aggressivum	Th 3.9	Mazowieckie	2008
	Th.12	Mazowieckie	2009
	Th 22.07	Łódzkie	2005
Mycogone perniciosa	M9	Mazowieckie	2008
	M10	Podkarpackie	2008
	M18	Łódzkie	2009
Cladobotryum dendroides	D12A	Wielkopolskie	2008
	D16	Wielkopolskie	2008
	D30	Mazowieckie	2008
Lecanicillium fungicola	V-3	Mazowieckie	2005
	V-17	Mazowieckie	2009
	V-31	Łódzkie	2010

Sensitivity of Cladobotryum dendroides isolates to ozonation, based on the percentage of growth inhibition

Days	Isolate	Time of exposure						Mean

		8 h	6 h	4 h	2 h	1 h	0.5 h
2	D12A	100.0 ± 0.0 Aa	100.0 ± 0.0 Aa	0.0 ± 0.0 Ab	0.0 ± 0.0 Ab	0.0 ± 0.0 Ab	0.0 ± 0.0 Ab	33.33 A

	D16	100.0 ± 0.0 Aa	100.0 ± 0.0 Aa	0.0 ± 0.0 Ab	0.0 ± 0.0 Ab	0.0 ± 0.0 Ab	0.0 ± 0.0 Ab	33.33 A

	D30	100.0 ± 0.0 Aa	46.30 ± 15.5 Aab	29.7 ± 5.2 Ab	0.0 ± 0.0 Ab	0.0 ± 0.0 Ab	0.0 ± 0.0 Ab	29.33 A

3	D12A	100.0 ± 0.0 Aa	100.0 ± 0.0 Aa	20.67 ± 3.5 Ab	0.0 ± 0.0 Ab	0.0 ± 0.0 Ab	0.0 ± 0.0 Ab	36.78 A

	D16	100.0 ± 0.0 Aa	100.0 ± 0.0 Aa	13.29 ± 2.0 Ab	0.0 ± 0.0 Ab	0.0 ± 0.0 Ab	0.0 ± 0.0 Ab	35.55 A

	D30	100.0 ± 0.0 Aa	31.88 ± 9.2 Aab	20.87 ± 8.2 Ab	5.50 ± 2.5 Ab	0.0 ± 0.0 Ab	0.0 ± 0.0 Ab	26.38 A

4	D12A	100.0 ± 0.0 Aa	100.0 ± 0.0 Aa	10.75 ± 5.5 Ab	0.0 ± 0.0 Ab	0.0 ± 0.0 Ab	0.0 ± 0.0 Ab	35.12 A

	D16	100.0 ± 0.0 Aa	100.0 ± 0.0 Aa	18.39 ± 7.1 Ab	11.38 ± 4.5 Ab	0.0 ± 0.0 Ab	0.0 ± 0.0 Ab	38.30 A

	D30	100.0 ± 0.0 Aa	12.92 ± 5.0 Ab	13.20 ± 6.6 Ab	0.0 ± 0.0 Ab	0.0 ± 0.0 Ab	0.0 ± 0.0 Ab	21.01 A

5	D12A	100.0 ± 0.0 Aa	100.0 ± 0.0 Aa	9.68 ± 1.7 Aa	0.0 ± 0.0 Aa	0.0 ± 0.0 Aa	0.0 ± 0.0 Aa	34.95 A

	D16	100.0 ± 0.0 Aa	100.0 ± 0.0 Aa	27.5 ± 2.5 Aa	0.0 ± 0.0 Aa	0.0 ± 0.0 Aa	0.0 ± 0.0 Aa	37.92 A

	D30	100.0 ± 0.0 Aa	0.0 ± 0.0 Ab	0.0 ± 0.0 Ab	0.0 ± 0.0 Ab	0.0 ± 0.0 Ab	0.0 ± 0.0 Ab	16.67 B

Sensitivity of Mycogone perniciosa isolates to ozonation, based on the percentage of growth inhibition

Days	Isolate	Time of exposure						Mean

		8 h	6 h	4 h	2 h	1 h	0.5 h
4	M9	100.0 ± 0.0 Aa	100.0 ± 0.0 Aa	77.4 ± 7.1 Aab	51.60 ± 17.1 Aab	25.51 ± 11.7 Ab	0.0 ± 0.0 Ab	59.08 A

	M10	100.0 ± 0.0 Aa	100.0 ± 0.0 Aa	52.81 ± 15.0 Ab	8.18 ± 5.2 Ab	5.52 ± 3.7 Ab	0.0 ± 0.0 Ab	44.42 A

	M18	100.0 ± 0.0 Aa	100.0 ± 0.0 Aa	22.58 ± 6.5 Ab	18.22 ± 9.4 Ab	14.40 ± 3.8 Ab	0.0 ± 0.0 Ab	42.53 A

5	M9	100.0 ± 0.0 Aa	100.0 ± 0.0 Aa	69.39 ± 9.3 Aa	29.56 ± 9.5 Ab	8.32 ± 3.2 Ab	0.0 ± 0.0 Ab	51.2 A

	M10	100.0 ± 0.0 Aa	100.0 ± 0.0 Aa	36.38 ± 9.0 Ab	32.41 ± 11.5 Ab	5.20 ± 3.1 Ab	0.0 ± 0.0 Ab	45.7 A

	M18	100.0 ± 0.0 Aa	100.0 ± 0.0 Aa	14.5 ± 2.2 Ab	5.61 ± 4.9 Ab	5.01 ± 3.2 Ab	0.0 ± 0.0 Ab	37.5 A

6	M9	100.0 ± 0.0 Aa	100.0 ± 0.0 Aa	54.84 ± 6.8 Aab	44.67 ± 15.3 Aab	6.95 ± 1.7 Ab	0.0 ± 0.0 Ab	51.08 A

	M10	100.0 ± 0.0 Aa	100.0 ± 0.0 Aa	15.47 ± 8.6 Ab	8.83 ± 3.6 Ab	5.11 ± 1.3 Ab	0.0 ± 0.0 Ab	38.24 A

	M18	100.0 ± 0.0 Aa	100.0 ± 0.0 Aa	10.82 ± 8.6 Ab	8.32 ± 3.3 Ab	6.25 ± 1.3 Ab	0.0 ± 0.0 Ab	37.57 A

7	M9	100.0 ± 0.0 Aa	100.0 ± 0.0 Aa	15.45 ± 9.3 Aa	24.85 ± 8.4 Aa	0.0 ± 0.0 Aa	0.0 ± 0.0 Aa	40.05 A

	M10	100.0 ± 0.0 Aa	100.0 ± 0.0 Aa	7.5 ± 2.9 Aa	4.49 ± 2.0 Aa	0.0 ± 0.0 Aa	0.0 ± 0.0 Aa	35.33 A

	M18	100.0 ± 0.0 Aa	100 ± 0.0 Aa	7.25 ± 2.1 Ab	0.0 ± 0.0 Ab	0.0 ± 0.0 Ab	0.0 ± 0.0 Ab	34.54 A

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Journal of Horticultural Research

Efficiency of Gaseous Ozone in Disinfection of Mushroom Growing Rooms

Joanna Szumigaj-Tarnowska,
Joanna Szumigaj-Tarnowska,
Piotr Szafranek,
Piotr Szafranek,
Zbigniew Uliński and
Zbigniew Uliński and
Czesław Ślusarski
Czesław Ślusarski

Published Online: 31 Dec 2020

Volume & Issue: Volume 28 (2020) - Issue 2 (December 2020)

Page range: 91 - 100

Received: 01 Mar 2020

Accepted: 01 Sep 2020

Journal & Issue Details

Journal of Horticultural Research

PDF Preview

Article

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

Fig. 3

Figures & Tables

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

Fig. 3

Sensitivity of pathogenic species to ozonation based on the average rate of colonization of the plate area (%) after 5 days of incubation in relation to ozone exposure time

Sensitivity of Trichoderma aggressivum isolates to ozonation, based on the percentage of growth inhibition

List of isolates used in this study and their origin

Sensitivity of Cladobotryum dendroides isolates to ozonation, based on the percentage of growth inhibition

Sensitivity of Mycogone perniciosa isolates to ozonation, based on the percentage of growth inhibition

References

Recent Articles

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Journal of Horticultural Research

Efficiency of Gaseous Ozone in Disinfection of Mushroom Growing Rooms

Joanna Szumigaj-Tarnowska,Joanna Szumigaj-Tarnowska,Piotr Szafranek,Piotr Szafranek,Zbigniew Uliński andZbigniew Uliński andCzesław ŚlusarskiCzesław Ślusarski

Published Online: 31 Dec 2020

Volume & Issue: Volume 28 (2020) - Issue 2 (December 2020)

Page range: 91 - 100

Received: 01 Mar 2020

Accepted: 01 Sep 2020

Journal & Issue Details

Journal of Horticultural Research

PDF Preview

Article

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

Fig. 3

Figures & Tables

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

Fig. 3

Sensitivity of pathogenic species to ozonation based on the average rate of colonization of the plate area (%) after 5 days of incubation in relation to ozone exposure time

Sensitivity of Trichoderma aggressivum isolates to ozonation, based on the percentage of growth inhibition

List of isolates used in this study and their origin

Sensitivity of Cladobotryum dendroides isolates to ozonation, based on the percentage of growth inhibition

Sensitivity of Mycogone perniciosa isolates to ozonation, based on the percentage of growth inhibition

References

Recent Articles

Plan your remote conference with Sciendo

Joanna Szumigaj-Tarnowska,
Joanna Szumigaj-Tarnowska,
Piotr Szafranek,
Piotr Szafranek,
Zbigniew Uliński and
Zbigniew Uliński and
Czesław Ślusarski
Czesław Ślusarski