Application of Mineral Water from Geothermal Source for Fermentation of Beetroot

Anna Wrzodak; Justyna Szwejda-Grzybowska

Journal & Issue Details

Journal of Horticultural Research

Journal Details

Format: Journal
eISSN: 2353-3978
First Published: 30 Jul 2013
Publication timeframe: 2 times per year
Languages: English

Fermentation is one of the oldest technologies, which prolongs the shelf life of food products and increases their nutritional and organoleptic values (Kavitake et al. 2018). Nowadays, fermentation still plays a significant role in the preservation and maintenance of food safety. Properly fermented food containing lactobacilli and bifidobacteria remains the best proof of their safety and the storability (Bourdichon et al. 2012). Fermentation may be the most economical and straightforward way of improving nutritional value, sensory properties and functional qualities of food. Particularly, fermented vegetables are low-caloric food as they contain considerably lower quantities of sugars compared to raw vegetables. Lactic acid may also lower the gut pH, therefore inhibiting the development of putrefactive bacteria. In addition, fermented vegetables can be a source of lactic bacteria strains with probiotic features (Manning et al. 2004).

In recent years, roots of Beta vulgaris L. has attracted considerable attention as a functional health promoting food (Chhikara et al. 2019). It is a rich source of biologically active substances, such as carotenoids (Dias et al. 2009), glycine betaine (de Zwart et al. 2003), saponins (Atamanova et al. 2005), betacyanins, folates (Jastrebova et al. 2003), betanin, polyphenols and flavonoids (Váli et al. 2007), nitrates, ascorbic acid (Clifford et al. 2015) and minerals, such as potassium, sodium, phosphorus, magnesium etc. (Ormsbee et al. 2013). Betalains are classified as cationic antioxidants, possessing hydroxyl group (-OH) at the C₆ position and amino group (-NH) in the ring; therefore, they are good electron donors (Strack et al. 2003), and may act as scavengers of free radicals (Pedreño & Escribano 2000). Studies of Klewicka and Czyżowska (2011) were focused on the effect of low temperature storage and fermentation of beet juice on betalain profiles, and their biological stability.

Beetroot belongs to vegetables eaten in relatively large quantities throughout the year; it is cheap and easily available as fresh material on the Polish market. This raw material is mainly consumed after its processing, during which the structure of betalain dyes is destroyed and antioxidant properties of this raw material are reduced (Sawicki & Wiczkowski 2018).

Generally, in Poland, well, spring or tap water is used to fermentation of vegetables. Water hardness is of great importance in acidification. Due to the higher content of calcium salts, hard water has a positive effect on maintaining the favorable consistency of fermented products. Water used for making brine should contain not less than 0.1 g of CaO per liter of water. Sometimes, to reduce the risk of softening of cucumbers, 7.5 g·dm⁻³ calcium chloride or other calcium salt is added to the brine. The brine should contain up to 5–7% NaCl and must be clear and free of impurities (Elkner & Smolińska 2002). One of the studies have documented using of different types of salts containing of Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ in brine and the influence of these on the texture of fermented cucumbers (Yoo et al. 2006).

Geothermal water is used in heating households and providing hot water, as well as in balneal-therapeutic and recreational services, but also for the production of drinks. Poland, mainly the Polish lowlands, the Sudety and the Carpathian Mountains, possess huge potential and resources of geothermal energy. Underground water is mostly found at a depth of 3000–4000 m and temperature can be from 20 to 130 °C. The level of mineralization of geothermal water is diverse and ranges from 1 to 100 g·dm⁻³. According to Latour and Drobnik (2016), the analysis of chemical composition of water from 60 geothermal sources in different regions of Poland showed their possible usefulness for various purposes. It is assumed that the use of mineral water from geothermal sources in vegetable processing will result in a product with improved nutritional value, health and sensory quality. We propose the use of geothermal water from Uniejów that is a highly mineralized composition of chloride-sodium-calcium-magnesium, in the process of fermentation of vegetables, instead of tap water conventionally used for this purpose (Table 1).

Table 1

Chemical composition (in mg·dm⁻³) of geothermal water from the PIG/AGH-2 well in Uniejów (based on the PZH certificate from 2018) and tap water in Skierniewice (Laboratory for Quality Testing of Horticultural Products, Research Institute of Horticulture)

Elements	Geothermal water (Uniejów)	Tap water (Skierniewice)
K⁺	19.0	3.24
P⁺	0.01	0.02
Mg²⁺	34.03	14.5
Ca²⁺	140.28	77.6
Na⁺	2290.0	8.66
SO₄²⁻	127.56	24.6
B⁺	0.75	0.11
Cu²⁺	0.04	0.01
Fe^2+/3+	1.0	0.01
Mn²⁺	0.002	0.03
Zn²⁺	0.0175	0.17
Cl⁻	3615.9	15.4
Hg²⁺, As^3+/5+, Cd²⁺, Pb²⁺	<0.001	<0.001

There is no literature dealing with vegetable fermentation technology based on the use of geothermal water for brine. Therefore, the purpose of our research was to evaluate geothermal water from Uniejów for making brine used in the process of fermentation of beetroot with the aim to obtain product with increased nutritional and pro-health value.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Fermentation process

Red beets cultivars ‘Alto F₁’ and ‘Wodan F₁’ (Bejo Zaden) were used in the experiments. The beets were washed, peeled, cut into cubes (1 cm × 1 cm) and then put into 1300 ml sterile glass jars with standard spices used in fermentation (garlic, horse radish, dill). The jars were filled with tap water (as a control) taken from Skierniewice waterworks or with geothermal water taken from Uniejów source. The table salt was added to the final concentration of NaCl in brine 3.5%.

The lactic fermentation process was carried out in agreement with the current standard procedures. According to Elkner (2004), in the initial phase of fermentation, a temperature of about 20 °C is recommended, during which there is development of bacteria of the genus Aerogenes and bacteria peptizing (protein breakdown), and then lactic acid bacteria quickly acidifying the environment. Gradual lowering of temperature slows down the rapid fermentation process – for this stage, the recommended temperature is 10–12 °C. At this temperature, carbon dioxide dissolves more easily in the brine. The fermentation process, to be correct, can proceed slowly, and after 30–40 days, the lactic acid content in products should reach 0.7%. To fulfill these requirements, in our experiment fermentation was conducted for 2–3 days at a temperature of 20 °C, then for the next 10 days at 12–15 °C, finally at 5 °C. After a month, chemical and sensory analyses were carried out. The quality of the obtained fresh and fermented red beets (cubes and juice) was evaluated on the basis of sensory assessment of each descriptors, as well as content of betanin dyes, L*a*b* color parameters, pH, content of sugars and dry matter, and hardness were evaluated.

Analytical methods

Dry matter was determined by gravimetric method and expressed as % of fresh mass (FM). Extract was determined by refractometric method and expressed as % of FM. Total sugars content was determined with the standard Luff–Schoorl's method and expressed as % of FM.

Total polyphenols were evaluated in 10 g samples of roots that were homogenized with 60 ml of 80% aqueous methanol for 10 min using Ultra Turrax T-25 blender. The homogenate was then filtered through No. 2 Whatman paper on Büchner funnel under vacuum. The residue was re-extracted with 50% methanol and supernatants were pooled, transferred to 100 ml volumetric flask and filled to the mark with water. The extract was analyzed for total phenolics content with Folin–Ciocalteu reagent, according to the method used by Van der Sluis et al. (2002) with catechin as the standard. Results were expressed in mg per kg of FM.

Acidity value of the fruit pulp was determined with the potentiometric method, using the potentiometer equipped with two electrodes.

The content of betalain dyes was determined by spectrophotometric differential method of Nilsson (1970). The content of violet dyes was determined simultaneously as purple beta cyanides and yellow betaxanthin contents. Before the absorbance measurement, the sample was diluted with pH 6.5 phosphate buffer, in such a proportion that the absorbance value was in the range of 0.2–0.8. A phosphate buffer was used as a zero sample. Absorbance was measured at three wavelengths: 476, 538 and 600 nm. The data was expressed as % of FM.

Firmness was determined using the Instron 1140 texturometer and fruit color (Hunter Lab) using the Hunter CQ Spec.

Statistical analysis performed with STATISTICA v.10 (StatSoft 2011) as one-way analysis of variance for cultivars or types of water, separately for each cultivar. The significant differences between means were determined at p = 0.05 by Tukey's HSD test. The data were collected in triplicates (n = 3).

The sensory evaluation

Sensory evaluation of fermented beetroot was performed in a laboratory by 10 experts’ panel, using the quantitative description analysis (QDA), according to the ISO standards (Anonymous 1998). Sensory quality of fermented products (cubes and juice) was evaluated for odor, texture and taste. In the first part of QDA procedure, the brainstorming sessions were run to select attributes for the beetroot products. Finally, a set of 8 quality attributes and overall sensory quality were evaluated. The assessments for each descriptor were marked on non-structural lines, with anchoring points (low–high intensity of impression). Results were converted to numerical values (0–10). Each analysis was performed in two independent sessions, so the results in the tables represent the mean of these sessions. The ANALSENS software was used to perform the evaluation on processing the results. Significance of differences between means was estimated using Tukey's HSD test (p = 0.05).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

It was found that the two tested cultivars of beetroot differed from each other in the content of individual components in fresh roots, but the differences were not always statistically significant. The significantly higher content of dry matter was found in roots of ‘Wodan F₁’ (16.5%) as compared with ‘Alto F₁’ (15.4%). In roots of ‘Wodan F₁’ also, higher content of extract, total sugars, total polyphenols and higher hardness were scored than in the beets of ‘Alto F₁’ (Table 2). There was no significant difference in the pH value and color coordinates. The content of betanin was higher in ‘Alto F₁’. After the fermentation process, the above characteristics (except for hardness) did not differ between the products fermented in brine made from water of various sources (Table 3). Hardness of the cubes was the only trait that was higher when fermented in geothermal water. The literature indicates that the content of dry matter in different cultivars of beetroots can range from 12 to 20%, including: 4–12% sugars, 1.5% protein, 0.1% fat, and 0.8% fiber (Janiszewska 2014; Biegańska-Marecik et al. 2007). Makowska (1991) found that the level of the extract depends on the root size: the smaller the root, the higher the content of the extract. In his studies, the content of total polyphenols depended on the cultivar and ranged between 659 and 756 mg·kg⁻¹. After the fermentation process, the content of this compounds ranged from 314 to 450 mg·kg⁻¹ FM.

Table 2

The physicochemical traits of two cultivars of beetroots ‘Alto F₁’ and ‘Wodan F₁’ before fermentation

Cultivar	Dry matter (%)	Extract (%)	pH	Total sugars (%)	Betanin (%)	Total polyphenols (mg·kg⁻¹ FM)	Hardness (N)	The color coordinates (according to Hunter)
Cultivar	Dry matter (%)	Extract (%)	pH	Total sugars (%)	Betanin (%)	Total polyphenols (mg·kg⁻¹ FM)	Hardness (N)	L	a	b
‘Wodan F1’	16.46±0.73a	16.8±0.16a	6.6±0.09a	10.05±0.76a	0.11±0.08b	756±2.13a	89.3±8.03a	12.8±0.02a	6.84±0.06a	1.27±0.04a
‘Alto F1’	15.43±0.95b	13.8±0.12b	6.4±0.08a	8.7±0.52b	0.17±0.07a	659±1.98b	70.2±6.35b	12.1±0.09a	6.41±0.08a	1.29±0.02a

Means in the each column marked with the same letter are not different according to Tukey's HSD test (p = 0.05)

Table 3

The physicochemical composition of two cultivars of beetroots ‘Alto F₁’ and ‘Wodan F₁’ after fermentation process in the thermal water from Uniejów and tap water from Skierniewice

Type of water	Dry matter (%)	pH	Extract (%)	Total sugars (%)	Betanin (%)	Total polyphenols (mg·kg⁻¹ FM)	Hardness (N)	The color (according to Hunter)

								L	a	b
‘Wodan F₁’

geothermal	10.56±0.34a	4.1±0.07a	8.2±0.18a	2.35±0.47a	0.043±0.06a	450±1.54a	28.1±9.01a	12.21±0.07a	7.34±0.06a	0.07±0.05a
tap	10.25±0.44a	4.1±0.06a	8.1±0.15a	2.20±0.63a	0.042±0.04a	444±1.89a	26.6±7.88b	12.60±0.11a	7.82±0.14a	0.34±0.02a

‘Alto F₁’

geothermal	10.0±0.56a	3.9±0.08a	7.7±0.12a	1.75±0.58a	0.048±0.09a	325±2.35a	24.6±4.08a	12.32±0.08a	6.35±0.04a	0.12±0.02a
tap	10.01±0.32a	4.0±0.06a	7.7±0.17a	1.60±0.43a	0.046±0.07a	314±1.94a	22.8±4.66b	11.91±0.06a	7.17±0.07a	0.10±0.04a

Means in the column for each cultivar separately marked with the same letter are not different according to Tukey's HSD test (p = 0.05)

In the studies of Wruss et al. (2015), the content of total polyphenols in beetroot juices ranged between 0.85–1.29 g·dm⁻³. In the studies of Kazimierczak et al. (2016), the level of these compounds in beetroot juice after fermentation process ranged between 37.3–123.3 mg·100 g⁻¹ and depended on the cultivation method. Czyżowska et al. (2020) found that the total phenolics content in the fermented beetroot of the cultivar ‘Wodan F₁’ ranged from 920 mg·kg⁻¹ after 7 months of cold storage and decreased to 570 mg·kg⁻¹ after 10 months of storage.

In our research, the level of betanin depended on the cultivar and was respectively: in ‘Wodan F₁’ beetroots – 0.11%, and in ‘Alto F₁’ – 0.17%. After the fermentation process, the content of betanin for both cultivars ranged from 0.042 to 0.048%. The type of used water had no significant impact on the level of betanin. The literature showed that the content of betanin in the beetroots depends on the cultivar and ranged between 0.1% to 0.25%. In the studies of Gościnna and Czapski (2013), the content of betanin in beetroot juice ranged from 1093 to 1890 mg·dm⁻³. According to other authors, the content of this compound in beetroots was between 750 and 1300 mg·kg⁻¹ (de Zwart et al. 2003, Petterson et al. 2008; Sawicki & Wiczkowski 2018). The big differences in the content of betalain dyes may depend on several factors: cultivar, size and shape of root, climatic and agro-technical conditions (Gościnna et al. 2012; Gościnna & Czapski 2017).

In our experiment, beetroots hardness depended on the cultivar and was higher in ‘Wodan F₁’ (89.3 N) than in ‘Alto F₁’ (70.2 N). Moreover, there was a significant difference in the hardness of beet cubes of both cultivars fermented with the use of geothermal water (Tables 2 & 3).

The sensory assessment of the fermented cubes showed significant differences between cultivars ‘Wodan F₁’ and ‘Alto F₁’ in the four descriptors of sensory quality – in beetroot smell and sweet smell and also in the taste, which made higher score of overall quality of ‘Wodan F₁’ (Table 4).

Table 4

Sensory evaluation of fermented cubes of beetroot based on quality descriptors (scale 0–10)

Cultivar; water source	Quality descriptors

	fermented beetroot smell	sour smell	sweet smell	foreign smell	color attractiveness	hardness	fermented beetroot taste	sour taste	salty taste	bitter taste	foreign taste	overall quality score

	0 – imperceptible10 – very intensive	0 – imperceptible10 – very intensive	0 – imperceptible10 – very intensive	0 – imperceptible10 – very intensive	0 – non attractive10 – very attractive	0 – soft10 – hard	0 – imperceptible10 – very intensive	0 – imperceptible10 – very intensive	0 – imperceptible10 – very intensive	0 – imperceptible10 – very intensive	0 – imperceptible10 – very intensive	0 – poor quality10 – very good quality
‘Wodan F₁’; tap	8.3a	3.5a	0.7a	0a	7.9a	8.0a	8.2a	5.0a	1.3a	0a	0a	8.4a
‘Wodan F₁’; geothermal	8.1a	3.4a	0.8a	0a	7.4a	8.7a	7.7a	4.8a	1.5a	0a	0a	8.8a

‘Wodan F₁’	8.2A	3.5A	0.8A	0A	7.6A	8.3A	8.0A	4.9A	1.4A	0A	0A	8.6A

‘Alto F₁’; tap	7.0a	3.0a	0.7a	0a	7.4a	8.3a	6.6ab	4.1ab	1.4a	0a	0a	7.5a
‘Alto F₁’; geothermal	7.3a	2.7a	0.5a	0a	7.9a	8.5a	7.3a	5.3a	1.8a	0a	0a	7.6a

‘Alto F₁’	7.1B	2.9AB	0.6A	0A	7.6A	8.4A	7.0B	4.7A	1.6A	0A	0A	7.5B

Means in the column for each cultivar and between cultivars marked with the same letter are not different according to Tukey's HSD test (p = 0.05)

In juice, differences were only found in the overall quality and fermented beetroot smell, which were scored higher in ‘Wodan F₁’ (Table 5). The type of water had a significant effect on the perception of sour taste of juice of ‘Wodan F₁’ (Table 4). The differences in the other quality attributes resulting from water type were not significant (Tables 4, 5), except for the higher intensity of sweet smell in juice of cultivar ‘Wodan F₁’ obtained with the use of geothermal water (Table 5).

Table 5

Sensory evaluation of fermented juice of beetroot based on quality descriptors (scale 0–10)

Cultivar; water source	Quality descriptors

	fermented beetroot smell	sweet smell	foreign smell	color	color attractiveness	viscosity	fermented beetroot taste	sweet taste	sour taste	bitter taste	harmonizing taste	foreign taste	overall quality score

	0 – imperceptible10 – very intensive	0 – imperceptible10 – very intensive	0 – imperceptible10 – very intensive	0 – bright red10 – dark red	0 – non attractive10 – very attractive	0 – soft10 – hard	0 – imperceptible10 – very intensive	0 – imperceptible10 – very intensive	0 – imperceptible10 – very intensive	0 – imperceptible10 – very intensive	0 – too sour10 – too sweet	0 – imperceptible10 – very intensive	0 – poor quality10 – very good quality
‘Wodan F₁’; tap	6.2a	0.9b	0a	8.5a	9.0a	3.6ab	8.0a	2.0a	5.6a	0.1a	5.1a	0a	8.1a
‘Wodan F₁’; geothermal	6.2a	1.9a	0a	9.0a	9.4a	4.8a	8.1a	2.5a	4.7ab	0.3a	4.4ab	0a	8.1a

‘Wodan F₁’	6.2A	1.4A	0A	8.8A	9.2A	4.2A	8.1A	2.2A	5.2A	0.2A	4.8A	0A	8.1A

‘Alto F₁’; tap	4.7b	1.0a	0a	8.9a	9.2a	4.6ab	8.4a	2.3a	4.8ab	0.1a	4.7a	0a	7.5a
‘Alto F₁’; geothermal	5.7a	1.3a	0a	8.7a	9.2a	5.1a	8.0a	2.9a	5.1a	0.1a	4.9a	0a	7.7a

‘Alto F₁’	5.2B	1.2A	0A	8.8A	9.2A	4.9A	8.2A	2.6A	5.0A	0.1A	4.8A	0A	7.6AB

Means in the column for each cultivar and between cultivars marked with the same letter are not different according to Tukey's HSD test (p = 0.05)

CONCLUSION

Results of the study showed some significant differences in physicochemical composition and sensory quality of the fermented beetroots products (cubes and juice), which depended mostly on the cultivar and only little on the water type used for making brine. A significantly higher content of analyzed compounds was found in the cultivar ‘Wodan F₁’ than in ‘Alto F₁’. Used water had influence only on the hardness, which was higher in cubes fermented in Uniejów water. The fermented beetroot cubes ‘Wodan F₁’ from the geothermal water was characterized by the best scores of overall quality due to the highest intensity of fermented beetroot taste and smell.

Figures & Tables

Sensory evaluation of fermented cubes of beetroot based on quality descriptors (scale 0–10)

Cultivar; water source	Quality descriptors

	fermented beetroot smell	sour smell	sweet smell	foreign smell	color attractiveness	hardness	fermented beetroot taste	sour taste	salty taste	bitter taste	foreign taste	overall quality score

	0 – imperceptible10 – very intensive	0 – imperceptible10 – very intensive	0 – imperceptible10 – very intensive	0 – imperceptible10 – very intensive	0 – non attractive10 – very attractive	0 – soft10 – hard	0 – imperceptible10 – very intensive	0 – imperceptible10 – very intensive	0 – imperceptible10 – very intensive	0 – imperceptible10 – very intensive	0 – imperceptible10 – very intensive	0 – poor quality10 – very good quality
‘Wodan F₁’; tap	8.3a	3.5a	0.7a	0a	7.9a	8.0a	8.2a	5.0a	1.3a	0a	0a	8.4a
‘Wodan F₁’; geothermal	8.1a	3.4a	0.8a	0a	7.4a	8.7a	7.7a	4.8a	1.5a	0a	0a	8.8a

‘Wodan F₁’	8.2A	3.5A	0.8A	0A	7.6A	8.3A	8.0A	4.9A	1.4A	0A	0A	8.6A

‘Alto F₁’; tap	7.0a	3.0a	0.7a	0a	7.4a	8.3a	6.6ab	4.1ab	1.4a	0a	0a	7.5a
‘Alto F₁’; geothermal	7.3a	2.7a	0.5a	0a	7.9a	8.5a	7.3a	5.3a	1.8a	0a	0a	7.6a

‘Alto F₁’	7.1B	2.9AB	0.6A	0A	7.6A	8.4A	7.0B	4.7A	1.6A	0A	0A	7.5B

The physicochemical traits of two cultivars of beetroots ‘Alto F1’ and ‘Wodan F1’ before fermentation

Cultivar	Dry matter (%)	Extract (%)	pH	Total sugars (%)	Betanin (%)	Total polyphenols (mg·kg⁻¹ FM)	Hardness (N)	The color coordinates (according to Hunter)
Cultivar	Dry matter (%)	Extract (%)	pH	Total sugars (%)	Betanin (%)	Total polyphenols (mg·kg⁻¹ FM)	Hardness (N)	L	a	b
‘Wodan F1’	16.46±0.73a	16.8±0.16a	6.6±0.09a	10.05±0.76a	0.11±0.08b	756±2.13a	89.3±8.03a	12.8±0.02a	6.84±0.06a	1.27±0.04a
‘Alto F1’	15.43±0.95b	13.8±0.12b	6.4±0.08a	8.7±0.52b	0.17±0.07a	659±1.98b	70.2±6.35b	12.1±0.09a	6.41±0.08a	1.29±0.02a

Sensory evaluation of fermented juice of beetroot based on quality descriptors (scale 0–10)

Cultivar; water source	Quality descriptors

	fermented beetroot smell	sweet smell	foreign smell	color	color attractiveness	viscosity	fermented beetroot taste	sweet taste	sour taste	bitter taste	harmonizing taste	foreign taste	overall quality score

	0 – imperceptible10 – very intensive	0 – imperceptible10 – very intensive	0 – imperceptible10 – very intensive	0 – bright red10 – dark red	0 – non attractive10 – very attractive	0 – soft10 – hard	0 – imperceptible10 – very intensive	0 – imperceptible10 – very intensive	0 – imperceptible10 – very intensive	0 – imperceptible10 – very intensive	0 – too sour10 – too sweet	0 – imperceptible10 – very intensive	0 – poor quality10 – very good quality
‘Wodan F₁’; tap	6.2a	0.9b	0a	8.5a	9.0a	3.6ab	8.0a	2.0a	5.6a	0.1a	5.1a	0a	8.1a
‘Wodan F₁’; geothermal	6.2a	1.9a	0a	9.0a	9.4a	4.8a	8.1a	2.5a	4.7ab	0.3a	4.4ab	0a	8.1a

‘Wodan F₁’	6.2A	1.4A	0A	8.8A	9.2A	4.2A	8.1A	2.2A	5.2A	0.2A	4.8A	0A	8.1A

‘Alto F₁’; tap	4.7b	1.0a	0a	8.9a	9.2a	4.6ab	8.4a	2.3a	4.8ab	0.1a	4.7a	0a	7.5a
‘Alto F₁’; geothermal	5.7a	1.3a	0a	8.7a	9.2a	5.1a	8.0a	2.9a	5.1a	0.1a	4.9a	0a	7.7a

‘Alto F₁’	5.2B	1.2A	0A	8.8A	9.2A	4.9A	8.2A	2.6A	5.0A	0.1A	4.8A	0A	7.6AB

Chemical composition (in mg·dm−3) of geothermal water from the PIG/AGH-2 well in Uniejów (based on the PZH certificate from 2018) and tap water in Skierniewice (Laboratory for Quality Testing of Horticultural Products, Research Institute of Horticulture)

Elements	Geothermal water (Uniejów)	Tap water (Skierniewice)
K⁺	19.0	3.24
P⁺	0.01	0.02
Mg²⁺	34.03	14.5
Ca²⁺	140.28	77.6
Na⁺	2290.0	8.66
SO₄²⁻	127.56	24.6
B⁺	0.75	0.11
Cu²⁺	0.04	0.01
Fe^2+/3+	1.0	0.01
Mn²⁺	0.002	0.03
Zn²⁺	0.0175	0.17
Cl⁻	3615.9	15.4
Hg²⁺, As^3+/5+, Cd²⁺, Pb²⁺	<0.001	<0.001

The physicochemical composition of two cultivars of beetroots ‘Alto F1’ and ‘Wodan F1’ after fermentation process in the thermal water from Uniejów and tap water from Skierniewice

Type of water	Dry matter (%)	pH	Extract (%)	Total sugars (%)	Betanin (%)	Total polyphenols (mg·kg⁻¹ FM)	Hardness (N)	The color (according to Hunter)

								L	a	b
‘Wodan F₁’

geothermal	10.56±0.34a	4.1±0.07a	8.2±0.18a	2.35±0.47a	0.043±0.06a	450±1.54a	28.1±9.01a	12.21±0.07a	7.34±0.06a	0.07±0.05a
tap	10.25±0.44a	4.1±0.06a	8.1±0.15a	2.20±0.63a	0.042±0.04a	444±1.89a	26.6±7.88b	12.60±0.11a	7.82±0.14a	0.34±0.02a

‘Alto F₁’

geothermal	10.0±0.56a	3.9±0.08a	7.7±0.12a	1.75±0.58a	0.048±0.09a	325±2.35a	24.6±4.08a	12.32±0.08a	6.35±0.04a	0.12±0.02a
tap	10.01±0.32a	4.0±0.06a	7.7±0.17a	1.60±0.43a	0.046±0.07a	314±1.94a	22.8±4.66b	11.91±0.06a	7.17±0.07a	0.10±0.04a

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Journal of Horticultural Research

Application of Mineral Water from Geothermal Source for Fermentation of Beetroot

Anna Wrzodak and
Anna Wrzodak and
Justyna Szwejda-Grzybowska
Justyna Szwejda-Grzybowska

Published Online: 30 Jun 2020

Volume & Issue: Volume 28 (2020) - Issue 1 (June 2020)

Page range: 123 - 130

Received: 01 Mar 2020

Accepted: 01 May 2020

Journal & Issue Details

Journal of Horticultural Research

PDF Preview

Article

Figures & Tables

Sensory evaluation of fermented cubes of beetroot based on quality descriptors (scale 0–10)

The physicochemical traits of two cultivars of beetroots ‘Alto F1’ and ‘Wodan F1’ before fermentation

Sensory evaluation of fermented juice of beetroot based on quality descriptors (scale 0–10)

Chemical composition (in mg·dm−3) of geothermal water from the PIG/AGH-2 well in Uniejów (based on the PZH certificate from 2018) and tap water in Skierniewice (Laboratory for Quality Testing of Horticultural Products, Research Institute of Horticulture)

The physicochemical composition of two cultivars of beetroots ‘Alto F1’ and ‘Wodan F1’ after fermentation process in the thermal water from Uniejów and tap water from Skierniewice

References

Recent Articles

Journal of Horticultural Research

Application of Mineral Water from Geothermal Source for Fermentation of Beetroot

Anna Wrzodak andAnna Wrzodak andJustyna Szwejda-GrzybowskaJustyna Szwejda-Grzybowska

Published Online: 30 Jun 2020

Volume & Issue: Volume 28 (2020) - Issue 1 (June 2020)

Page range: 123 - 130

Received: 01 Mar 2020

Accepted: 01 May 2020

Journal & Issue Details

Journal of Horticultural Research

PDF Preview

Article

Figures & Tables

Sensory evaluation of fermented cubes of beetroot based on quality descriptors (scale 0–10)

The physicochemical traits of two cultivars of beetroots ‘Alto F1’ and ‘Wodan F1’ before fermentation

Sensory evaluation of fermented juice of beetroot based on quality descriptors (scale 0–10)

Chemical composition (in mg·dm−3) of geothermal water from the PIG/AGH-2 well in Uniejów (based on the PZH certificate from 2018) and tap water in Skierniewice (Laboratory for Quality Testing of Horticultural Products, Research Institute of Horticulture)

The physicochemical composition of two cultivars of beetroots ‘Alto F1’ and ‘Wodan F1’ after fermentation process in the thermal water from Uniejów and tap water from Skierniewice

References

Recent Articles

Anna Wrzodak and
Anna Wrzodak and
Justyna Szwejda-Grzybowska
Justyna Szwejda-Grzybowska