Population with Criminal Records and Racial Disparity in Labor Markets

Jasmine Boatner

Open Access

Population with Criminal Records and Racial Disparity in Labor Markets

Jasmine Boatner

| Jul 17, 2019

IZA Journal of Labor Policy

Volume 9 (2019): Issue 1 (June 2019)

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/izajolp-2019-0002

Keywords
crime, discrimination, labor market, unemployment

© 2019 Jasmine Boatner, published by Sciendo

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.

Negative binomial regression, weeks not working, men

			Coefficient (P value)
Constant	–1.64***	–1.76***	–0.520***	–0.954***	–1.92***	–1.54***
	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)
Black	0.324***	0.107	0.234***	0.123*	0.111	0.123
	(0.000)	(0.106)	(0.000)	(0.065)	(0.158)	(0.122)
Hispanic	0.128**	–0.022	0.047	–0.018	–0.127	–0.118
	(0.025)	(0.748)	(0.408)	(0.797)	(0.133)	(0.164)
Incarceration	–0.048	–0.105	–0.035	–0.085
(dummy)	(0.456)	(0.145)	(0.584)	(0.239)
ASVAB		–0.189***		–0.096***	–0.162***	–0.119***
		(0.000)		(0.006)	(0.000)	(0.005)
ASVAB²		0.122***		0.107***	0.123***	0.113***
		(0.000)		(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.002)
Own education			–0.090***	–0.063***		–0.037**
			(0.000)	(0.000)		(0.016)
Mother’s education					–0.012	–0.009
					(0.384)	(0.535)
Father’s education					0.017	0.022*
					(0.177)	(0.081)
Number of					0.001	0.001
suspensions					(0.420)	(0.592)

Number of					0.093***	0.082***
charges					(0.000)	(0.000)
Number of					–0.019*	–0.020**
arrests					(0.053)	(0.043)
Number of					0.019	0.030
incarcerations					(0.672)	(0.506)
Pseudo R²	0.0011	0.0034	0.0039	0.0041	0.0047	0.0049
N	2,742	2,145	2,695	2,110	1,591	1,567

Summary statistics for unemployment and nonemployment

2000–2016, ALL	Hispanic	Black	Nonblack/Non-Hispanic
Men—unemployment
Fraction of men with > 0 weeks	0.718	0.808	0.596
Mean fraction of weeks, given > 0	0.159	0.267	0.188
Median fraction of weeks, given > 0	0.081	0.193	0.095
Men—nonemployment
Fraction of men with > 0 weeks	0.775	0.836	0.685
Mean fraction of weeks, given > 0	0.158	0.278	0.150
Median fraction of weeks, given > 0	0.078	0.173	0.065
N	977	1,169	2,413

2000–2016, Ever incarcerated	Hispanic	Black	Nonblack/Non-Hispanic

Men—unemployment
Fraction of men with > 0 weeks	0.897	0.945	0.886
Mean fraction of weeks, given > 0	0.167	0.334	0.189
Median fraction of weeks, given > 0	0.117	0.266	0.124
Men—nonemployment
Fraction of men with > 0 weeks	0.959	0.988	0.936
Mean fraction of weeks, given > 0	0.275	0.465	0.233
Median fraction of weeks, given > 0	0.208	0.477	0.166
N	145	256	264

2000–2016, Never incarcerated	Hispanic	Black	Nonblack/Non-Hispanic

Men—unemployment
Fraction of men with > 0 weeks	0.686	0.770	0.561
Mean fraction of weeks, given > 0	0.158	0.245	0.188
Median fraction of weeks, given > 0	0.072	0.172	0.088
Men—nonemployment
Fraction of men with > 0 weeks	0.743	0.793	0.654
Mean fraction of weeks, given > 0	0.129	0.206	0.132
Median fraction of weeks, given > 0	0.064	0.116	0.050
N	832	913	2,149

Ordinary least squares regression, weeks not working, men

			Coefficients (P value)
Constant	124.71***	108.09***	354.75***	270.51***	101.70***	192.07***
	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)
Black	55.41***	19.29**	44.94***	25.14***	21.54**	25.87***
	(0.000)	(0.026)	(0.000)	(0.004)	(0.029)	(0.009)
Hispanic	25.30***	1.79	12.48	4.02	–10.35	–6.06
	(0.001)	(0.843)	(0.109)	(0.654)	(0.322)	(0.563)
Incarceration	–4.98 to	–2.09	–10.52	(0.274)
(dummy)	–11.87 (0.589)	(0.219)	(0.815)
ASVAB		–35.54***		–18.79***	–27.47***	–18.99***
		(0.000)		(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)
ASVAB²		19.53***		16.31***	17.97***	16.37***
		(0.000)		(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.001)
Own education			–18.37***	–12.72***		–8.63***
			(0.000)	(0.000)		(0.000)
Mother’s					–2.70	–2.24
education					(0.129)	(0.210)
Father’s					1.99	3.31*
education					(0.268)	(0.063)
Number of					0.16	0.089
suspensions					(0.269)	(0.544)
Number of					17.05***	14.61***
charges					(0.000)	(0.000)
Number of					–1.48	–1.50
arrests					(0.123)	(0.118)
Number of					1.64	2.56
incarcerations					(0.724)	(0.594)
R²	0.0199	0.0661	0.0831	0.873	0.911	0.997
N	2,742	2,145	2,695	2,110	1,591	1,567

Ordinary least squares regression, weeks unemployed, men

			Coefficients	(P value)
Constant	36.25***	32.27***	108.56***	97.92***	25.74***	72.16***
	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.002)	(0.000)
Black	49.01***	39.03***	46.21***	41.49***	40.32***	42.06***
	(0.001)	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)
Hispanic	9.37***	1.89	5.98**	2.60	4.78	7.40*
	(0.001)	(0.553)	(0.028)	(0.412)	(0.218)	(0.056)
Incarceration	3.42	3.87	4.41	3.80
(dummy)	(0.379)	(0.348)	(0.379)	(0.325)
ASVAB		–12.58***		–6.54***	–10.40***	–6.57***
		(0.000)		(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.001)
ASVAB²		4.99***		4.62***	5.16***	4.94***
		(0.001)		(0.003)	(0.003)	(0.004)
Own education			–5.73***	–5.17***		–4.50***
			(0.000)	(0.000)		(0.000)
Mother’s					1.09	1.44**
education					(0.102)	(0.034)
Father’s					–1.08*	–0.47
education					(0.081)	(0.441)
Number of					0.27***	0.22***
suspensions					(0.002)	(0.007)
Number of					4.37***	3.29***
charges					(0.000)	(0.002)
Number of					–0.23	–0.28
arrests					(0.534)	(0.450)
Number of					0.73	1.16
incarcerations					(0.679)	(0.523)
R²	0.0898	0.1241	0.1230	0.1464	0.1506	0.1655
N	3,042	2,376	2,990	2,337	1,780	1,754

Negative binomial regression, weeks unemployed, men

			Coefficient (P value)
Constant	–2.50***	–2.67***	–0.819***	–1.30***	–3.06***	–2.19***
	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)
Black	0.913***	0.689***	0.856***	0.737***	0.746***	0.771***
	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)
Hispanic	0.243***	0.074	0.158**	0.075	0.135	0.163
	(0.000)	(0.375)	(0.022)	(0.367)	(0.197)	(0.122)
Incarceration	0.016	–0.007	0.064	0.034
(dummy)	(0.835)	(0.933)	(0.410)	(0.701)
ASVAB		–0.293***		–0.158***	–0.271***	–0.192***
		(0.000)		(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)
ASVAB²		0.114***		0.100**	0.132***	0.124***
		(0.004)		(0.012)	(0.004)	(0.007)
Own education			–0.139***	–0.110***	*	–0.088***
			(0.000)	(0.000)		(0.000)
Mother’s					0.038**	0.047***
education					(0.032)	(0.007)
Father’s					–0.027*	–0.015
education					(0.098)	(0.357)
Number of					0.006***	0.005***
suspensions					(0.000)	(0.005)
Number of					0.136***	0.116***
charges					(0.000)	(0.000)
Number of					–0.009	–0.012
arrests					(0.492)	(0.364)
Number of					0.029	0.063
incarcerations					(0.617)	(0.290)
Pseudo R²	0.0070	0.0109	0.0118	0.0133	3,140	0.0152
N	3,045	2,378	2,992	2,339	1,780	1,754

Sample summary statistics

Variable	Observations	Mean	SD	Min	Max
Work year	8,984	3.89	4.00	0 (2000)	17 (2017)
ASVAB	7,093	−3.88e-17	1.00	−1.62	1.88
Own education	8,867	13.55	3.04	0	20
Total number of suspensions	8,984	6.12	20.65	0	600
Total number of charges	8,984	0.67	1.57	0	17
Total weeks of unemployment	6,240	49.87	69.65	0	651
Total weeks of nonemployment	6,240	129.38	168.55	0	828
Total weeks of employment	6,240	441.71	243.83	0	835
Total weeks in labor force	6,240	491.58	242.44	0	835
Total work history weeks	5,316	665.63	169.12	3	987

eISSN:: 2193-9004
Language:: English

Publication timeframe:: Volume Open
Journal Subjects:: Business and Economics, Political Economics, Microeconomics, Macroecomics, Economic Policy, Mathematics and Statistics for Economists, Econometrics

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Population with Criminal Records and Racial Disparity in Labor Markets

Published Online: Jul 17, 2019

Page range: -

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/izajolp-2019-0002

Keywords
crime, discrimination, labor market, unemployment

© 2019 Jasmine Boatner, published by Sciendo

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.

Figure 1

Figure 2

Negative binomial regression, weeks not working, men

Summary statistics for unemployment and nonemployment

Ordinary least squares regression, weeks not working, men

Ordinary least squares regression, weeks unemployed, men

Negative binomial regression, weeks unemployed, men

Sample summary statistics

Population with Criminal Records and Racial Disparity in Labor Markets

Published Online: Jul 17, 2019

Page range: -

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/izajolp-2019-0002

Keywordscrime, discrimination, labor market, unemployment

© 2019 Jasmine Boatner, published by Sciendo

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.

Figure 1

Figure 2

Negative binomial regression, weeks not working, men

Summary statistics for unemployment and nonemployment

Ordinary least squares regression, weeks not working, men

Ordinary least squares regression, weeks unemployed, men

Negative binomial regression, weeks unemployed, men

Sample summary statistics

Keywords
crime, discrimination, labor market, unemployment