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Aphelenchoides varicaudatus (Nematoda: Aphelenchoididae) and Helicotylenchus erythrinae (Nematoda: Hoplolaimidae) from Garlic Plantation in Magelang, Central Java, Indonesia


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Fig. 1.

Plant damaged symptoms. (A) plant symptoms on the ground (B) rot bulb associated with fungi (C) root rot damaged.
Plant damaged symptoms. (A) plant symptoms on the ground (B) rot bulb associated with fungi (C) root rot damaged.

Fig. 2.

A. varicaudatus (A–C) anterior region (D–F) tail shape variation (G) entire body with large metacorpus and vulva at ~60% of body length (H) lips, stylet, and large metacorpus (I) dorsally convex-conoid tail with little mucro (Scale bars: A–F, G–I: 50 μm; G: 100 μm)
A. varicaudatus (A–C) anterior region (D–F) tail shape variation (G) entire body with large metacorpus and vulva at ~60% of body length (H) lips, stylet, and large metacorpus (I) dorsally convex-conoid tail with little mucro (Scale bars: A–F, G–I: 50 μm; G: 100 μm)

Fig. 3.

H. erythrinae (A–C) spiral shape variation (C) entire body, vulva at ±60% of body length (D–F) anterior region, lips and stylet with knob flat or slightly anterior projection (G–I) conoid tail with variation of mucro (Scale bars: 100 μm)
H. erythrinae (A–C) spiral shape variation (C) entire body, vulva at ±60% of body length (D–F) anterior region, lips and stylet with knob flat or slightly anterior projection (G–I) conoid tail with variation of mucro (Scale bars: 100 μm)

Fig. 4.

Visualization PCR electrophoresis (M) Marker (DNA ladder 100 bp; (1) H. erythrinae; (2) A. varicaudatus; (3) negative control; (4) positive control (Meloidogyne graminicola)
Visualization PCR electrophoresis (M) Marker (DNA ladder 100 bp; (1) H. erythrinae; (2) A. varicaudatus; (3) negative control; (4) positive control (Meloidogyne graminicola)

Fig. 5.

Maximum-likelihood phylogenetic tree with Hasegawa-Kishino-Yano model of Aphelenchoides spp. and other represented species based on 28S rDNA gene sequences. Substitution models with the lowest Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC) scores. Bootstrap values are shown at the nodes.
Maximum-likelihood phylogenetic tree with Hasegawa-Kishino-Yano model of Aphelenchoides spp. and other represented species based on 28S rDNA gene sequences. Substitution models with the lowest Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC) scores. Bootstrap values are shown at the nodes.

Fig. 6.

Multiple sequences alignment of Aphelenchoides varicaudatus species and Aphelenchoides xui from D2–D3 expansion region.
Multiple sequences alignment of Aphelenchoides varicaudatus species and Aphelenchoides xui from D2–D3 expansion region.

Fig. 7.

Maximum-likelihood phylogenetic tree general time-reversible model and gamma-shaped distribution (GTR+G) of Helicotylenchus spp. and other represented species based on 28S rRNA gene sequences. Substitution models with the lowest Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC) scores. Bootstrap values are shown at the nodes.
Maximum-likelihood phylogenetic tree general time-reversible model and gamma-shaped distribution (GTR+G) of Helicotylenchus spp. and other represented species based on 28S rRNA gene sequences. Substitution models with the lowest Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC) scores. Bootstrap values are shown at the nodes.

Fig. 8.

Multiple sequences alignment of Helicotylenchus species within genus from D2–D3 expansion region.
Multiple sequences alignment of Helicotylenchus species within genus from D2–D3 expansion region.

Measurements of female A. varicaudatus. All measurements are in μm except for V in % and in the form mean±s.d (range).

Location Publication Magelang. Indonesia (This Study) Tegal. Indonesia (Kusuma et al.. 2020) Yunnan. China (Huang et al.. 2012)
Number of Specimen 5 7 20
Body Length 645.20 ± 54.44 (565.39 – 710.57) 567.35 ± 74.74 (494.51 – 704.59) 780 ± 56.70 (634 – 900)
Stylet Length 17.14 ± 0.53 (16.67 – 18.05) 12.39 ± 1.01 (11.17 – 14.01) 14.20 ± 0.50 (13.50 – 15.00)
Tail Length 55.66 ± 3.13 (52.02 – 59.85) 36.63 ± 2.96 (32.61 – 42.34) 49.00 ± 2.90 (43.00 – 53.00)
V (%) 61.74 ± 1.25 (60.30 – 63.18) 69.72 ± 1.15 (68.32 – 71.2) 69.20 ± 0.75 (68.20 – 71.20)
a 22.30 ± 2.08 (20.02 – 25.03) 28.71 ± 3.98 (24.29 – 35.8) 30.40 ± 1.68 (26.50 – 33.20)
c 11.59 ± 0.68 (10.87 – 12.65) 15.47 ± 1.26 (13.81 – 16.90) 16.11 ± 0.58 (15.00 – 17.10)

Measurements of female H. erythrinae. All measurements are in μm except for V in % and in the form mean±s.d (range).

Location Magelang. Indonesia Palmerston. New Zealand Haast. New Zealand Calarcá. Quindío. Colombia La Celia. Risaralda. Colombia
Publication (This Study) (Wouts & Yeates. 1994) (Riascoz-Ortiz et al.. 2020) (Uzma. et al.. 2015)
Number of Specimen 7 10 10 15 25
Body Length 605.35 ± 68.33 (500.30 – 690.54) 873 ± 63.90 (761 – 938) 690 ± 49.80 (631 – 758) 530 ± 100 (400 – 700) 600 ± 100 (460 – 680) 480 – 610
Stylet Length 28.19 ± 2.57 (22.64 – 29.87) 28.30 ± 1.23 (26.00 – 30.00) 27.90 ± 0.97 (25.50 – 29.00) 22.70 ± 1.00 (21.00 – 25.00) 22.80 ± 0.83 (21.00 – 24.00) (23 – 26)
Tail Length 23.69 ± 6.22 (19.39 – 30.57) 20.60 ± 2.80 (16.00 – 24.00) 14.70 ± 2.71 (9 – 18) 20.53 ± 2.20 (17.00 – 25.00) 20.65 ± 2.39 (17.00 – 26.00)
V (%) 66.55 ± 4.08 (62.95 – 72.87) 62 ± 2.85 (58 – 68) 63 ± 2.22 (59 – 65) 63.80 ± 1.80 (60.10 – 67.60) 63.70 ± 2.16 (60.82 – 68.54) (60 – 65)
a 21.79 ± 1.64 (18.86 – 23.64) 29.70 ± 1.64 (27.00 – 32.00) 28.20 ± 1.87 (24.00 – 30.00) 25.03 ± 2.00 (22.70 – 29.70) 25.90 ± 2.20 (22.86 – 30.91) 23 – 26
c 23.73 ± 2.92 (18.79 – 27.13) 43 ± 5.99 (31 – 51) 48 ± 10.55 (35 – 74) 25.93 ± 4.10 (19.20 – 31.50) 28.09 ± 3.00 (21.82 – 32.94) 27 – 34

The nematode population found extracted from root, soil and bulb of garlic plants.

Nematodes Genera Site 1 (Lumbu Kuning Variety) Site 2 (Tawangmangu Baru Variety)

Roots (0.5 g) Bulbs (3 g) Soil (100 g) Roots (0.5 g) Bulbs (3 g) Soil (100 g)
Aphelenchoides 50.8 38 2.5 8 0.8 0
Helicotylenchus 0.6 0 7.5 0.2 0 19.7
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