Open Access

Prevalence of soil-transmitted helminths in primary school playgrounds in Edo State, southern Nigeria

C. Isaac
C. Isaac
, 
P. N. Turay
P. N. Turay
, 
C. U. Inegbenosun
C. U. Inegbenosun
, 
S. A. Ezekiel
S. A. Ezekiel
, 
H. O. Adamu
H. O. Adamu
 and 
J. A. Ohiolei
J. A. Ohiolei
   | Nov 06, 2019
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Published Online: Nov 06, 2019
Page range: 282 - 295
Received: Jun 18, 2019
Accepted: Jul 31, 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/helm-2019-0028
Keywords
© 2019 C. Isaac, P. N. Turay, C. U. Inegbenosun, S. A. Ezekiel, H. O. Adamu, J. A. Ohiolei, published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.

Fig. 1

Map of Edo State indicating study locations.
Map of Edo State indicating study locations.

Fig. 2

Seasonal variations with Ascaris density.
Seasonal variations with Ascaris density.

Fig. 3

Seasonal variations with Strongyloides density.
Seasonal variations with Strongyloides density.

Fig. 4

Seasonal variations with hookworm density.
Seasonal variations with hookworm density.

Prevalence of soil parasites in the dry season.

Positive soil sampleParasites
Local Government AreaPrimary schoolJanuaryFebruaryMarchAscaris (ova) n(%)Strongyloides (larvae)Hookworm (ova) n(%)Trichuris (ova) n(%)
1--Hookworm
OredoAgbado pry sch2--Ascaris2(11.11)-4(22.22)-
3--Hookworm; Ascaris
1-Ascaris-
OrhionmwonAbudu pry sch2--Ascaris3(16.66)3(16.66)--
3-Strongyloides-
1-Strongyloides-
Ovia North-EastOluku Owina pry sch2-Strongyloides; Ascaris-4(22.22)4(22.22)--
3AscarisAscaris-
1HookwormHookworm-
Owan EastEteye pry sch2---2(11.11)-4(22.22)-
3-Ascaris; Hookworm-
1-Strongyloides; Hookworm-
Owan WestOzalla pry sch2AscarisHookworm-5(27.77)3(16.66)2(11.11)-
3AscarisAscaris; StrongyloidesAscaris
-
1---
UhunwondeArousa pry sch2---1(5.55)-1(5.55)-
3--Ascaris; Hookworm
1---
Etsako WestAibotse Igbei pry sch2-AscarisStrongyloides; Hookworm4(22.22)4(22.22)2(11.11)-
3AscarisAscarisStrongyloides
1-AscarisStrongyloides
IkpobaokhaObeson pry sch2-AscarisAscaris7(38.88)3(16.66)--
3--Ascaris
1-Trichuris-
Esan North- EastArue pry sch2-Ascaris-4(22.22)--2(11.11)
3Ascaris--
1HookwormHookwormStrongyloides
Esan CentralEguare pry sch2-HookwormAscaris7(38.88)3(16.66)4(22.22)-
3Ascaris-Ascaris
1HookwormStrongyloides-
Esan South-EastSacred heart pry sch2-Strongloides-4(22.22)4(22.22)2(11.11)-
3-AscarisAscaris
1Ascaris; Strogyloides--
Esan WestUjemen pry sch2-Strongyloides-4(22.22)3(16.66)3(16.66)-
3AscarisHookwormHookworm; Ascaris
1-HookwormStrongyloides
Etsako CentralObe pry sch2AscarisAscarisAscaris10(55.55)2(11.11)2(11.11)-
3Ascaris-Ascaris
1-HookwormStrongyloides
Etsako EastOghe-Okgbe pry sch2--Strongyloides2(11.11)5(27.77)3(16.66)-
1-Ascaris; Hookworm - -Strongyloides -
Akoko-EdoOrere pry sch2Hookworm; Ascaris-Strongyloides1(5.55)2(11.11)1(5.55)
3----
1-StrongyloidesAscaris
EgorEgor pry sch2-StrongyloidesHookworm3(16.66)5(27.77)2(11.11)-
3--Ascaris; Strongyloides
Total N(%)70(24.3)41(14.26)30(1.04)1(0.34)

Prevalence of soil parasites in the wet season.

Local Government AreaPrimary schoolPositive soil sampleParasites
MayJuneJulyAscaris (ova) n(%)Strongyloides (larvae)Hookworm (ova) n(%)Trichuris (ova) n(%)
1Ascaris; StrongyloidesAscarisStrongyloides
OredoAgbado pry sch2HookormStrongyloidesHookworm3(16.66)7(38.88)6(33.33)-
3Hookworm-Strongloides; Ascaris
1Strongyloides; HookwormStrongyloides
OrhionmwonAbudu pry sch2StrongyloidesHookwormStrongyloides-10(55.55)2(11.11)-
3StrongloidesStrongyloides-
1--Strongyloides; Ascaris
Ovia North-EastOluku Owina pry sch2AscarisAscaris-5(27.77)2(11.11)2(11.11)-
3--Hookworm
1---
Owan EastEteye pry sch2Hookworm-__2(11.11)1(5.55)_
3Strongyloides--
1Ascaris-Strongyloides
Owan WestOzalla pry sch2Strongyloides-Strongyloides3(16.66)5(27.77)--
3---
1-Ascaris-
UhunwondeArousa pry sch2-Ascaris-4(22.22)4(22.22)--
3-StrongyloidesStrongyloides
1-StrongyloidesAscaris
Etsako WestAibotse Igbei pry sch2Ascaris-Ascaris5(27.77)3(16.66)--
3AscarisStrongyloides-
1Ascaris-Ascaris; Strongyloides
IkpobaokhaObeson pry sch2AscarisAscarisStrongyloides; Hookworm7(38.88)4(22.22)1(5.55)-
3-Ascaris-
1Strongyloides; Ascaris-Strongyloides; Ascaris
Esan North- EastArue pry sch2AscarisTrichuris; StrongyloidesStrongyloides; Ascaris7(38.88)6(33.33)-1(5.55)
3Ascaris-Strongyloides
1StrongyloidesStrongyloides-
Esan CentralEguare pry sch2Strongyloides; Hookworm-Strongyloides2(11.11)7(38.88)2(11.11)3(16.66)
3Trichuris; AscarisTrichurisStrongyloides
1--Strongyloides
Esan South-EastSacred heart pry sch2AscarisAscarisStrongyloides6(33.33)4(22.22)2(11.11)-
3-AscarisStrongyloides
1-StrongyloidesAscaris; Hookworm
Esan WestUjemen pry sch2--Ascaris5(27.77)3(16.66)4(22.22)-
3HookwormHookwormAscaris
1---
Etsako CentralObe pry sch2-Strongyloides-2(11.11)3(16.66)--
3-Ascaris-
1---
Etsako EastOghe-Okgbe pry sch2-------
3---
1AscarisAscaris-
Akoko-EdoOrere pry sch2-StrongyloidesStrongyloides6(33.33)8(44.44)--
3StrongyloidesStrongyloidesStrongyloides
1---
EgorEgor pry sch2---2(11.11)2(11.11)--
3Ascaris-Strongyloides
Total N(%)57(19.79)70(24.3)20(6.94)4(1.38)

Frequency of occurrence of parasite-positive soil samples across primary school playground during the dry and wet seasons.

Local Government AreaPrimary schoolPositive soil sample (dry season)TotalPositive soil sample (wet season)TotalGrand total
JanuaryFebruaryMarchn(%)MayJuneJulyn(%)N(%)
OredoAgbado pry sch2068(44.44)64616(88.88)24(66.66)
OrhionmwonAbudu pry sch0628(44.44)66214(66.66)22(61.11)
Ovia-North EastOlukuowina pry sch2608(44.44)24612(66.66)20(55.55)
Owan EastEteye pry sch2406(33.33)4026(33.33)12(33.33)
Owan WestOzalla pry sch46212(66.66)40610(55.55)22(61.11)
UhunwondeArousa pry sch0022(11.11)26210(55.55)12(33.33)
Etsako WestAlbotse Igbei pry sch24410(55.55)44412(66.66)22(61.11)
IkpobaokhaOgbeson pry sch04610(55.55)42612(66.66)22(61.11)
Esan North- EastArue pry sch2406(33.33)62614(77.77)20(55.55)
Esan CentralEguare pry sch44614(77.77)64414(77.77)28(77.77)
Esan South-EastSacred heart pry sch26210(55.55)24612(66.66)22(61.11)
Esan WestUjemen pry sch44210(55.55)24612(66.66)22(61.11)
Etsako CentralObe pry sch44614(77.77)0426(33.33)20(55.55)
Etsako EastOghe-Okugbe pry sch04610(55.55)00000
Akoko EdoOrere pry sch2024(22.22)66416(88.88)20(55.55)
EgorEgor pry sch04610(55.55)42410(55.55)20(55.55)
Total30(31.25)60(62.5)52(54.16)142(49.3)58(60.41)52(54.16)66(68.75)176(61..11)318(55.2)

Description of sampled primary schools.

Local Government AreaPrimary SchoolLocationPopulation sizeState of perimeter fencingWater facilityToilet facility
OredoAgbado pry schUrban1240FencedBoreholePresent
OrhionmwonAbudu pry schRural918Not fencedAbsentPresent
Ovia-North-EastOlukuowina pry schSemi-urban877Not fencedAbsentPresent
Owan EastEteye pry schSemi-urban950Not fencedAbsentPresent
Owan WestOzalla pry schRural1294Not fencedAbsentAbsent
UhunwondeArousa pry schRural968FencedPresentPresent
Etsako WestAlbotse Igbei pry schSemi-urban690Not fencedAbsentAbsent
IkpobaokhaOgbeson pry schUrban1099FencedBoreholePresent
Esan North-EastArue pry schSemi-urban755Partial fencingWellPresent
Esan CentralEguare pry schSemi-urban940FencedWellPresent
Esan South-EastSacred heart pry schRural885Not fencedAbsentPresent
Esan WestUjemen pry schRural939Not fencedAbsentPresent
Etsako CentralObe pry schSemi-urban978FencedWellPresent
Etsako EastOghe-Okugbe pry schRural720FencedAbsentPresent
Akoko EdoOrere pry schUrban1000Not fencedAbsentPresent
EgorEgor pry schUrban844FencedAbsentPresent
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