Social Carrying Capacity in Island Destinations: Interpreting Visitors’ Opinions in Madeira Island

[1] Bertocchi, D., Camatti, N., Giove, S. & Borg, J. (2020). Venice and overtourism: simulating sustainable development scenarios through a tourism carrying capacity model. Sustainability, 12(2), 512. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12020512 BertocchiD. CamattiN. GioveS. BorgJ. 2020 Venice and overtourism: simulating sustainable development scenarios through a tourism carrying capacity model Sustainability 12 2 512 https://doi.org/10.3390/su12020512 10.3390/su12020512 Search in Google Scholar

[2] Chang, L. H., Stylos, N., Yeh, S.-S., & Tung, Y. Y. (2015). How do motivation, pre-visit information search and destination image affect post-visit behavioural intention? The case of an island destination. European Journal of Tourism Research, 9, 8–23. ChangL. H. StylosN. YehS.-S. TungY. Y. 2015 How do motivation, pre-visit information search and destination image affect post-visit behavioural intention? The case of an island destination European Journal of Tourism Research 9 8 23 10.54055/ejtr.v9i.162 Search in Google Scholar

[3] Cruz, M. R. S. (2020). Parar para repensar:¿ el fin del turismo como lo conocemos? Puntos fuertes del modelo turístico canario ante el escenario de incertidumbre de la crisis de la COVID-19 Turismo pos-COVID-19: Reflexiones, retos y oportunidades (pp. 689–706): Cátedra de Turismo Caja Canarias-Ashotel de la Universidad de La Laguna. CruzM. R. S. 2020 Parar para repensar:¿ el fin del turismo como lo conocemos? Puntos fuertes del modelo turístico canario ante el escenario de incertidumbre de la crisis de la COVID-19 Turismo pos-COVID-19: Reflexiones, retos y oportunidades 689 706 Cátedra de Turismo Caja Canarias-Ashotel de la Universidad de La Laguna 10.25145/b.Turismopos-COVID-19.2020 Search in Google Scholar

[4] Direção Regional de Estatística da Madiera (2018). Conta Satélite do Turismo da Região Autónoma da Madeira 2015. Retrieved 3 April 2021 from: https://estatistica.madeira.gov.pt Direção Regional de Estatística da Madiera 2018 Conta Satélite do Turismo da Região Autónoma da Madeira 2015 Retrieved 3 April 2021 from: https://estatistica.madeira.gov.pt Search in Google Scholar

[5] Direção Regional de Estatística da Madiera (2020). Statistical Indicators. Retrieved 3 April 2021 from https://estatistica.madeira.gov.pt Direção Regional de Estatística da Madiera 2020 Statistical Indicators Retrieved 3 April 2021 from https://estatistica.madeira.gov.pt Search in Google Scholar

[6] Figueroa, E. & Rotarou, E. (2016). Tourism as the development driver of Easter Island: The key role of resident perceptions. Island Studies Journal, 11(1), 245–264. FigueroaE. RotarouE. 2016 Tourism as the development driver of Easter Island: The key role of resident perceptions Island Studies Journal 11 1 245 264 10.24043/isj.346 Search in Google Scholar

[7] García, J. G.-L. & Ventura, D. G. (2014). Capacidad de Acogida de Uso Público en los Espacios Naturales Protegidos. In Organismo Autónomo Parques Nacionales (OAPN) (Ed.), Cuadernos de la Red de Parques Nacionales (Vol. 3). Madrid, Spain: La Trébere. GarcíaJ. G.-L. VenturaD. G. 2014 Capacidad de Acogida de Uso Público en los Espacios Naturales Protegidos In Organismo Autónomo Parques Nacionales (OAPN) (Ed.), Cuadernos de la Red de Parques Nacionales 3 Madrid, Spain La Trébere Search in Google Scholar

[8] George, D. & Mallery, M. (2003). Using SPSS for Windows step by step: a simple guide and reference. Allyn & Bacon. GeorgeD. MalleryM. 2003 Using SPSS for Windows step by step: a simple guide and reference Allyn & Bacon Search in Google Scholar

[9] González-Guerrero, G., Robles, A. K. O., Pérez, M. E. V., Ibarra, R. M. & Martínez, T. C. (2016). The application of the tourist carrying capacity technique and its critical analysis for tourism planning. Tourism Planning & Development, 13(1), 72–87. González-GuerreroG. RoblesA. K. O. PérezM. E. V. IbarraR. M. MartínezT. C. 2016 The application of the tourist carrying capacity technique and its critical analysis for tourism planning Tourism Planning & Development 13 1 72 87 10.1080/21568316.2015.1076512 Search in Google Scholar

[10] Gundersen, V., Mehmetoglu, M., Vistad, O. I. & Andersen, O. (2015). Linking visitor motivation with attitude towards management restrictions on use in a national park. Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism, 9, 7786. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jort.2015.04.004 GundersenV. MehmetogluM. VistadO. I. AndersenO. 2015 Linking visitor motivation with attitude towards management restrictions on use in a national park Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism 9 7786 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jort.2015.04.004 10.1016/j.jort.2015.04.004 Search in Google Scholar

[11] Guo, W. & Chung, S. (2017). Remaking tourism carrying capacity frameworks for geoparks. DEStech Transactions on Social Science, Education and Human Science. doi: 10.12783/dtssehs/asshm2016/8357 GuoW. ChungS. 2017 Remaking tourism carrying capacity frameworks for geoparks DEStech Transactions on Social Science, Education and Human Science 10.12783/dtssehs/asshm2016/8357 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

[12] Inskeep, E. (1991). Tourism planning: an integrated and sustainable development approach. Van Nostrand Reinhold. InskeepE. 1991 Tourism planning: an integrated and sustainable development approach Van Nostrand Reinhold Search in Google Scholar

[13] International Union for Conservation of Nature (2014). Laurissilva of Madeira - 2014 Conservation Outlook Assessment. Retrieved 10 of June 2021 from: https://www.worldheritageoutlook.iucn.org/node/1097 International Union for Conservation of Nature 2014 Laurissilva of Madeira - 2014 Conservation Outlook Assessment Retrieved 10 of June 2021 from: https://www.worldheritageoutlook.iucn.org/node/1097 Search in Google Scholar

[14] International Union for Conservation of Nature. (2017). Laurissilva of Madeira - 2017 Conservation Outlook Assessment. Retrieved 15 of June 2021 from: https://www.worldheritageoutlook.iucn.org/node/1097 International Union for Conservation of Nature 2017 Laurissilva of Madeira - 2017 Conservation Outlook Assessment Retrieved 15 of June 2021 from: https://www.worldheritageoutlook.iucn.org/node/1097 Search in Google Scholar

[15] Joshi, S. & Dahal, R. (2019). Relationship between social carrying capacity and tourism carrying capacity: a case of Annapurna conservation area, Nepal. Journal of Tourism and Hospitality Education, 9, 9–29. https://doi.org/10.3126/jthe.v9i0.23677 JoshiS. DahalR. 2019 Relationship between social carrying capacity and tourism carrying capacity: a case of Annapurna conservation area, Nepal Journal of Tourism and Hospitality Education 9 9 29 https://doi.org/10.3126/jthe.v9i0.23677 10.3126/jthe.v9i0.23677 Search in Google Scholar

[16] Jurado, E. N., Damian, I. M. & Fernández-Morales, A. (2013). Carrying capacity model applied in coastal destinations. Annals of Tourism Research, 43, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2013.03.005 JuradoE. N. DamianI. M. Fernández-MoralesA. 2013 Carrying capacity model applied in coastal destinations Annals of Tourism Research 43 1 19 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2013.03.005 10.1016/j.annals.2013.03.005 Search in Google Scholar

[17] López-Bonilla, L. M. & López-Bonilla, J. M. (2008). La capacidad de carga turística: revisión crítica de un instrumento de medida de sostenibilidad. El Periplo Sustentable, 15, 123–150. https://doi.org/10.21854/eps.v0i15.938 López-BonillaL. M. López-BonillaJ. M. 2008 La capacidad de carga turística: revisión crítica de un instrumento de medida de sostenibilidad El Periplo Sustentable 15 123 150 https://doi.org/10.21854/eps.v0i15.938 10.21854/eps.v0i15.938 Search in Google Scholar

[18] Machado, L. P., Santos, C. M. & Sarmento, M. (2009). Madeira Island - destination image and tourists loyalty. European Journal of Tourism Research, 2(1), 70–90. MachadoL. P. SantosC. M. SarmentoM. 2009 Madeira Island - destination image and tourists loyalty European Journal of Tourism Research 2 1 70 90 10.54055/ejtr.v2i1.28 Search in Google Scholar

[19] Malhotra, N. K., & Birks, D. F. (2007). Marketing research: an applied approach. Prentice Hall. MalhotraN. K. BirksD. F. 2007 Marketing research: an applied approach Prentice Hall 10.1108/S1548-6435(2007)3 Search in Google Scholar

[20] Manning, R. (2001). Visitor experience and resource protection: a framework for managing the carrying capacity of national parks. Journal of Park & Recreation Administration, 19(1), 93–108. ManningR. 2001 Visitor experience and resource protection: a framework for managing the carrying capacity of national parks Journal of Park & Recreation Administration 19 1 93 108 Search in Google Scholar

[21] Manning, R. (2002). How much is too much? Carrying capacity of national parks and protected areas. Paper presented at the Monitoring and management of visitor flows in recreational and protected areas, Conference proceedings, 306–313. Retrieved from Funchal: http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.196.5530&rep=rep1&type=pdf ManningR. 2002 How much is too much? Carrying capacity of national parks and protected areas Paper presented at the Monitoring and management of visitor flows in recreational and protected areas, Conference proceedings 306 313 Retrieved from Funchal: http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.196.5530&rep=rep1&type=pdf Search in Google Scholar

[22] Manning, R. (2011). Studies in outdoor recreation: Search and research for satisfaction. Oregon State University Press. ManningR. 2011 Studies in outdoor recreation: Search and research for satisfaction Oregon State University Press 10.1353/book1583 Search in Google Scholar

[23] Marôco, J. (2011). Análise Estatística com o SPSS Statistics. Pêro Pinheiro: Report Number. MarôcoJ. 2011 Análise Estatística com o SPSS Statistics Pêro Pinheiro Report Number. Search in Google Scholar

[24] Martínez, A. F., Cabrera, J. V. S., Puche, Á. T. & Muelas, L. Q. (2020). Las playas inteligentes: la mejor alternativa para la gestión de playas poscoronavirus Turismo pos-COVID-19: Reflexiones, retos y oportunidades (pp. 239–253): Cátedra de Turismo Caja Canarias-Ashotel de la Universidad de La Laguna. MartínezA. F. CabreraJ. V. S. PucheÁ. T. MuelasL. Q. 2020 Las playas inteligentes: la mejor alternativa para la gestión de playas poscoronavirus Turismo pos-COVID-19: Reflexiones, retos y oportunidades 239 253 Cátedra de Turismo Caja Canarias-Ashotel de la Universidad de La Laguna Search in Google Scholar

[25] Marzetti, S. & Mosetti, R. (2005). Social carrying capacity of mass tourist sites: theoretical and practical issues about its measurement. FEEM Working Paper No. 144.05, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=856024. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.856024 MarzettiS. MosettiR. 2005 Social carrying capacity of mass tourist sites: theoretical and practical issues about its measurement FEEM Working Paper No. 144.05 Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=856024. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.856024 10.2139/ssrn.856024 Search in Google Scholar

[26] Miller, Z., Fefer, J., Kraja, A., Lash, B. & Freimund, W. (2017). Perspectives on visitor use management in the national parks. The George Wright Forum, 34(1), 37–44. MillerZ. FeferJ. KrajaA. LashB. FreimundW. 2017 Perspectives on visitor use management in the national parks The George Wright Forum 34 1 37 44 Search in Google Scholar

[27] Mirkarimi, S. H., Mohammadzadeh, M. & Galdavi, S. (2015). Social and recreational carrying capacity assessment of Daland Forest Park, Golestan, Iran. Environmental Resources Research, 3(2), 191–202. doi: 10.22069/ijerr.2015.2714 MirkarimiS. H. MohammadzadehM. GaldaviS. 2015 Social and recreational carrying capacity assessment of Daland Forest Park, Golestan, Iran Environmental Resources Research 3 2 191 202 10.22069/ijerr.2015.2714 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

[28] Mota, L., Franco, M. & Santos, R. (in press). Tourism carrying capacity in the UNESCO Site Laurisilva of Madeira. Island Studies Journal, 16(2), 2021, 255–269. https://doi.org/10.24043/isj.143 MotaL. FrancoM. SantosR. (in press). Tourism carrying capacity in the UNESCO Site Laurisilva of Madeira Island Studies Journal 16 2 2021 255 269 https://doi.org/10.24043/isj.143 10.24043/isj.143 Search in Google Scholar

[29] Needham, M. D. & Rosenberger, R. S. (2011). Comparison of day users, overnight users, and survey approaches at Champoeg State Heritage Area. Retrieved from Oregon State University, Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society: http://nature.forestry.oregonstate.edu/sites/default/files/2009-1%20Champoeg%20Final%20Project%20Report%20-%20Needham%20and%20Rosenberger%20-%2003-09-2011.pdf NeedhamM. D. RosenbergerR. S. 2011 Comparison of day users, overnight users, and survey approaches at Champoeg State Heritage Area Retrieved from Oregon State University, Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society: http://nature.forestry.oregonstate.edu/sites/default/files/2009-1%20Champoeg%20Final%20Project%20Report%20-%20Needham%20and%20Rosenberger%20-%2003-09-2011.pdf Search in Google Scholar

[30] Okech, R. N. (2010). Socio-cultural Impacts of tourism on World Heritage Sites: communities’ perspective of Lamu (Kenya) and Zanzibar Islands. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 15(3), 339–351. https://doi.org/10.1080/10941665.2010.503624 OkechR. N. 2010 Socio-cultural Impacts of tourism on World Heritage Sites: communities’ perspective of Lamu (Kenya) and Zanzibar Islands Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research 15 3 339 351 https://doi.org/10.1080/10941665.2010.503624 10.1080/10941665.2010.503624 Search in Google Scholar

[31] Oliveira, P. & Pereira, P. T. (2008). Who values what in a tourism destination? The case of Madeira Island. Tourism Economics, 14(1), 155–168. https://doi.org/10.5367/000000008783554758 OliveiraP. PereiraP. T. 2008 Who values what in a tourism destination? The case of Madeira Island Tourism Economics 14 1 155 168 https://doi.org/10.5367/000000008783554758 10.5367/000000008783554758 Search in Google Scholar

[32] Prakash, S. L., Perera, P., Newsome, D., Kusuminda, T. & Walker, O. (2019). Reasons for visitor dissatisfaction with wildlife tourism experiences at highly visited national parks in Sri Lanka. Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism, 25, 102–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jort.2018.07.004 PrakashS. L. PereraP. NewsomeD. KusumindaT. WalkerO. 2019 Reasons for visitor dissatisfaction with wildlife tourism experiences at highly visited national parks in Sri Lanka Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism 25 102 112 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jort.2018.07.004 10.1016/j.jort.2018.07.004 Search in Google Scholar

[33] Quintal, R. & Fernandes, M. (2010). Levadas and Footpaths of Madeira. Francisco Ribeiro & Filhos Lda. QuintalR. FernandesM. 2010 Levadas and Footpaths of Madeira Francisco Ribeiro & Filhos Lda Search in Google Scholar

[34] Sekaran, U. (2003). Research methods for business (4th ed.). John Wiley and Sons. SekaranU. 2003 Research methods for business 4th ed. John Wiley and Sons Search in Google Scholar

[35] Shelby, B. & Heberlein, T. A. (1984). A conceptual framework for carrying capacity determination. Leisure Sciences, 6(4), 433–451. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490408409513047 ShelbyB. HeberleinT. A. 1984 A conceptual framework for carrying capacity determination Leisure Sciences 6 4 433 451 https://doi.org/10.1080/01490408409513047 10.1080/01490408409513047 Search in Google Scholar

[36] Sousa, J. F. (2019). Susana Prada desmonta relatório sobre a Laurissilva que nem a UNESCO conhecia. Diário de Notícias da Madeira. Retrieved 8 of April 2021 from https://www.dnoticias.pt/madeira/susana-prada-desmonta-relatorio-sobre-a-laurissilva-que-nem-a-unesco-conhecia-GK4491558# SousaJ. F. 2019 Susana Prada desmonta relatório sobre a Laurissilva que nem a UNESCO conhecia Diário de Notícias da Madeira Retrieved 8 of April 2021 from https://www.dnoticias.pt/madeira/susana-prada-desmonta-relatorio-sobre-a-laurissilva-que-nem-a-unesco-conhecia-GK4491558# Search in Google Scholar

[37] Stankey, G. H. (1988). Carrying capacity in recreation settings. Bo Shelby and Tom Heberlein. Journal of Leisure Research, 20(1), 81–83. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.1988.11969759 StankeyG. H. 1988 Carrying capacity in recreation settings. Bo Shelby and Tom Heberlein Journal of Leisure Research 20 1 81 83 https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.1988.11969759 10.1080/00222216.1988.11969759 Search in Google Scholar

[38] Storksdieck, M. & Falk, J. H. (2020). Valuing free-choice learning in national parks. Paper presented at the Parks Stewardship Forum, 36 (2), 271–280. StorksdieckM. FalkJ. H. 2020 Valuing free-choice learning in national parks Paper presented at the Parks Stewardship Forum, 36 2 271 280 10.5070/P536248272 Search in Google Scholar

[39] Travel, B. I. (2019). Estatísticas | RevPAR 2010-2019. Travel BI - smarter decisions. Retrieved 15 of July 2021 from: https://travelbi.turismodeportugal.pt TravelB. I. 2019 Estatísticas | RevPAR 2010-2019 Travel BI - smarter decisions Retrieved 15 of July 2021 from: https://travelbi.turismodeportugal.pt Search in Google Scholar

[40] UNESCO. (1999). Inscriptions on the World Heritage List: The Laurisilva of Madeira (Portugal). Retrieved 30 of September 2021 from: https://whc.unesco.org/uploads/nominations/934.pdf UNESCO 1999 Inscriptions on the World Heritage List: The Laurisilva of Madeira (Portugal) Retrieved 30 of September 2021 from: https://whc.unesco.org/uploads/nominations/934.pdf Search in Google Scholar

[41] United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). (2009). Laurisilva of Madeira (Portugal). Retrieved 30 of September 2021 from: https://whc.unesco.org/en/decisions/1817 United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) 2009 Laurisilva of Madeira (Portugal) Retrieved 30 of September 2021 from: https://whc.unesco.org/en/decisions/1817 Search in Google Scholar

[42] United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). (2014). Periodic Report - Section II: Laurisilva of Madeira. Retrieved 29 of September 2021 from: https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/934/documents United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) 2014 Periodic Report - Section II: Laurisilva of Madeira Retrieved 29 of September 2021 from: https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/934/documents Search in Google Scholar

[43] United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO). (2018). European Union Tourism Trends. Retrieved 28 of September 2021 from: https://www.e-unwto.org/doi/book/10.18111/9789284419470 United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) 2018 European Union Tourism Trends Retrieved 28 of September 2021 from: https://www.e-unwto.org/doi/book/10.18111/9789284419470 Search in Google Scholar

[44] Wagar, J. A. (1964). The carrying capacity of wild lands for recreation. Society of American Foresters. WagarJ. A. 1964 The carrying capacity of wild lands for recreation Society of American Foresters Search in Google Scholar

[45] Wang, J., Huang, X., Gong, Z. & Cao, K. (2020). Dynamic assessment of tourism carrying capacity and its impacts on tourism economic growth in urban tourism destinations in China. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 15, 100383. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2019.100383 WangJ. HuangX. GongZ. CaoK. 2020 Dynamic assessment of tourism carrying capacity and its impacts on tourism economic growth in urban tourism destinations in China Journal of Destination Marketing & Management 15 100383 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2019.100383 10.1016/j.jdmm.2019.100383 Search in Google Scholar

[46] Wiberg, D. S. (2009). Development of a survey measuring visitor satisfaction and service quality of cultural and natural sites in Belize. All Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 294. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/294 WibergD. S. 2009 Development of a survey measuring visitor satisfaction and service quality of cultural and natural sites in Belize All Graduate Theses and Dissertations 294 https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/294 Search in Google Scholar

[47] Zacarias, D. A., Williams, A. T. & Newton, A. (2011). Recreation carrying capacity estimations to support beach management at Praia de Faro, Portugal. Applied Geography, 31(3), 1075–1081. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2011.01.020 ZacariasD. A. WilliamsA. T. NewtonA. 2011 Recreation carrying capacity estimations to support beach management at Praia de Faro, Portugal Applied Geography 31 3 1075 1081 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2011.01.020 10.1016/j.apgeog.2011.01.020 Search in Google Scholar

[48] Zehrer, A. & Raich, F. (2016). The impact of perceived crowding on customer satisfaction. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 29, 88–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2016.06.007 ZehrerA. RaichF. 2016 The impact of perceived crowding on customer satisfaction Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management 29 88 98 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2016.06.007 10.1016/j.jhtm.2016.06.007 Search in Google Scholar