Social Carrying Capacity in Island Destinations: Interpreting Visitors’ Opinions in Madeira Island
, and | Jun 29, 2022
About this article
Article Category: Research Article
Published Online: Jun 29, 2022
Page range: 253 - 266
Received: Dec 02, 2021
Accepted: Dec 13, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/ejthr-2021-0023
Keywords
© 2022 Luís Mota et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
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Testing of Sociodemographic Variables for Contributing Factors to Satisfaction with the UNESCO Site Laurisilva of Madeira
| Hypotheses | DImension | N | Test | Mean rank | p-value | Decision |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| H1 (Age) | 3 (Trail conditions) | 365 | Kruskal-Wallis | 17.367 | 0.004 | Reject |
| H2 (Gender) | 3 (Trail conditions) | 353 | Mann-Whitney | 18.347 | 0.003 | Reject |
| 2 (Trail amenities) | 341 | 19.214 | 0.014 | Reject | ||
| 3 (Trail conditions) | 363 | 20.830 | 0.008 | Reject | ||
| H3 (Country of residence) | 4 (Environmental conditions) | 409 | Kruskal-Wallis | 29.768 | 0.000 | Reject |
| 5 (Pollution level) | 447 | 19.981 | 0.010 | Reject | ||
| H4 (Household income) | All dimensions | 481 | Kruskal-Wallis | Accept | ||
| H5 (Academic qualifications) | 3 (Trail conditions) | 345 | Kruskal-Wallis | 8.954 | 0.030 | Reject |
Mean Scores for Satisfaction Levels Referring to Social Carrying Capacity
| Dimension 5 | 6.171 | Moderately satisfied | 92% | 5% | 3% |
| Dimension 1 | 6.025 | Moderately satisfied | 74% | 14% | 12% |
| Dimension 2 | 5.350 | Slightly satisfied | 34% | 21% | 44% |
| Dimension 4 | 4.969 | Slightly satisfied | 62% | 20% | 18% |
| Dimension 3 | 3.745 | Neither satisfied nor dissatisfied | 93% | 4% | 3% |
| Social carrying capacity | 5.252 | Slightly satisfied | 71% | 13% | 3% |
Factor Analysis to Know Which Variables Measure Which Factors by Using a Varimax-Rotated Factor Matrix
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q7.17. Cleanliness of the 25 Fontes trail | 0.882 | 5.923 | ||||
| Q7.15. Cleanliness of the Risco trail | 0.879 | 5.986 | ||||
| Q7.18. Cleanliness of the 25 Fontes lagoon | 0.845 | 5.957 | ||||
| Q7.16. Cleanliness of Risco trail | 0.842 | 6.054 | ||||
| Q7.19. Forest condition | 0.711 | 6.021 | ||||
| Q7.20. Native plants in the landscape | 0.653 | 6.207 | ||||
| Q7.3. Availability of parking areas | 0.747 | 5.081 | ||||
| Q7.2. Information signs | 0.678 | 5.248 | ||||
| Q7.1. Awareness of tourism potential | 0.637 | 5.438 | ||||
| Q7.4. Free admissions | 0.588 | 6.120 | ||||
| Q7.12. Courteousness of personnel | 0.532 | 5.962 | ||||
| Q7.11. Maintenance of the tourist attraction | 0.520 | 5.286 | ||||
| Q7.5. Opportunity to escape crowds | 0.399 | 4.316 | ||||
| Q7.7. Number of toilets | 0.852 | 3.888 | ||||
| Q7.8. Cleanliness of toilets | 0.821 | 3.798 | ||||
| Q7.6. Number of rubbish bins | 0.700 | 3.849 | ||||
| Q7.10. On-site information about emergency services | 0.681 | 3.444 | ||||
| Q7.23. Learn about nature | 0.836 | 4.851 | ||||
| Q7.24. Conscious environmental management | 0.799 | 5.345 | ||||
| Q7.14. Presence of wildlife | 0.551 | 4.711 | ||||
| Q7.21. Levels of noise pollution | 0.819 | 6.078 | ||||
| Q7.22. Levels of air pollution | 0.775 | 6.264 | ||||
| Eigenvalue | 7.708 | 2.907 | 1.442 | 1.364 | 1.093 | |
| Percentage of variance explained | 35.038 | 13.216 | 6.552 | 6.201 | 4.966 | |
| Total variance explained | 65.974 | |||||
Sociodemographic Profile and Trip Description of Visitors of PR6/PR6.1 (N=481).
| Male | 53.0% |
| Female | 47.0% |
| 15 to 24 | 2.7% |
| 25 to 34 | 17.3% |
| 35 to 44 | 9.4% |
| 45 to 54 | 27.3% |
| 55 to 64 | 32.7% |
| >65 | 10.6% |
| Single | 16.4% |
| Married/Non-marital union | 78.4% |
| Divorced | 3.7% |
| Widower | 1.5% |
| Portugal | 6.9% |
| France | 18.8% |
| Germany | 38.2% |
| Spain | 2.3% |
| United Kingdom | 2.9% |
| Benelux | 12.1% |
| Scandinavia | 1.3% |
| Other European countries | 15.2% |
| Non-European countries | 2.3% |
| Occupation | |
| Employed | 63.6% |
| Self-employed | 13.4% |
| Student | 1.5% |
| Unemployed | 0.6% |
| Pensioner | 16.4% |
| Other | 4.5% |
| <500€ | 1.7% |
| 501€–1000€ | 4.8% |
| 1001€–1500€ | 9.0% |
| 1501€–2500€ | 14.0% |
| 2501€–3500€ | 20.2% |
| 3501€–5000€ | 26.1% |
| 5001€–7500€ | 15.7% |
| >7500€ | 8.4% |
| Elementary | 3.8% |
| Secondary | 29.0% |
| University degree | 45.8% |
| Master's/PhD degree | 21.5% |
| Cruise ship | 0.0% |
| Hotel | 51.1% |
| Resort | 3.6% |
| Serviced apartment | 3.4% |
| Tourist apartment | 14.9% |
| Lodge | 1.5% |
| B&B/Hostel | 1.7% |
| Local accommodation | 8.5% |
| Friends/relatives house | 1.9% |
| Private house | 12.3% |
| Camping | 1.1% |
| <5 | 4.0% |
| 5 to 8 | 52.1% |
| 9 to 15 | 42.8% |
| >15 | 1.1% |
| <3 | 73.4% |
| 3 to 5 | 18.8% |
| 6 to 10 | 3.1% |
| 11 to 20 | 1.8% |
| >20 | 2.9% |
| 2.5% | |
| <30 | 0.2% |
| 30 to 60 | 17.4% |
| 61 to 120 | 10.1% |
| 121 to 180 | 27.3% |
| 181 to 240 | 28.0% |
| >240 | 16.9% |
| No | 97.5% |
| Yes | 2.5% |
| Did not spent | 9.5% |
| <10€ | 26.3% |
| 10€–20€ | 31.9% |
| 21€–30€ | 9.5% |
| 31€–50€ | 5.6% |
| >50€ | 7.5% |
| I don’t know/Prefer not to answer | 9.7% |