Energy and emission properties of burley tobacco stalk briquettes and its combinations with other biomass as promising replacement for coal
, , , and | Apr 04, 2023
About this article
Article Category: Original article
Published Online: Apr 04, 2023
Page range: 61 - 68
Received: Feb 01, 2022
Accepted: Jan 01, 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/aiht-2023-74-3630
© 2023 Maja Malnar et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.
Measurement range and accuracy of the MRU flue gas analyser
| Component | Measurement range | Accuracy |
|---|---|---|
| CO | 0–10000 mg/kg | ±5 % |
| NO | 0–3000 mg/kg | ±5 % |
| NO2 | 0–500 mg/kg | ±5 % |
| SO2 | 0–5000 mg/kg | ±5 % |
| O2 | 0–25 % vol. | ±0.8 % |
| Temperatures | -40–1200 °C | ±0.5 % |
| Speed | 0–40 m/s | ±0.4 % |
Mean percentage (±SD) of combustion products from briquettes
| Briquette | O2 (%) ** | CO2 (%) *** | CO (mg/m3) *** | NO (mg/m3) ** | NOx (mg/m3) *** |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BTS | 12.88±0.04 | 8.10±0.04 | 1590.34±0.06 | 273.67±0.03 | 419.67±0.04 |
| CC | 12.53±0.06 | 7.90±0.04 | 2952.30±0.04 | 183.34±0.03 | 280.67±0.04 |
| SB | 12.52±0.06 | 9.44±0.04 | 2468.67±0.05 | 142.34±0.04 | 213.34±0.04 |
| SHR | 11.70±0.04 | 9.57±0.06 | 2105.34±0.04 | 273.67±0.07 | 419.34±0.05 |
| SS | 12.70±0.06 | 8.52±0.02 | 1593.00±0.02 | 247.34±0.03 | 366.34±0.04 |
| WS | 11.88±0.05 | 8.77±0.02 | 2815.00±0.04 | 173.34±0.04 | 301.34±0.03 |
| BTS/CC | 11.02±0.06 | 10.10±0.05 | 2592.67±0.05 | 244.67±0.06 | 374.67±0.04 |
| BTS/SB | 12.95±0.07 | 7.44±0.03 | 1562.00±0.06 | 203.00±0.06 | 311.67±0.05 |
| BTS/SHR | 14.31±0.06 | 6.40±0.06 | 2261.34±0.04 | 233.34±0.04 | 351.67±0.04 |
| BTS/SS | 10.98±0.06 | 9.74±0.04 | 2035.00±0.50 | 267.67±0.05 | 410.00±0.06 |
| BTS/WS | 11.05±0.06 | 9.97±0.05 | 3115.00±0.04 | 202.00±0.04 | 309.34±0.06 |
Mean (±SD) ash content, heat value, and elemental composition of various types of briquetted biomass
| Briquette | Ash (%)*** | LHW |
Elemental composition (%) | EF |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| C*** | H** | N** | S* | O** | ||||
| BTS | 5.13±0.05 | 15.28±0.07 | 43.09±0.13 | 5.37±0.11 | 3.70±0.04 | trace | 47.84±0.20 | 103.33 |
| CC | 1.26±0.03 | 16.83±0.02 | 46.67±0.02 | 5.91±0.05 | 1.00±0.02 | trace | 46.42±0.06 | 101.6 |
| BS | 0.54±0.02 | 17.27±0.04 | 48.97±0.05 | 5.78±0.05 | trace | trace | 45.25±0.11 | 103.9 |
| SHR | 12.17±0.10 | 14.90±0.11 | 47.77±0.07 | 5.80±0.04 | 1.63±0.04 | 0.63±0.02 | 44.17±0.06 | 117.47 |
| SS | 3.15±0.06 | 15.61±0.04 | 44.44±0.03 | 5.66±0.06 | 1.60±0.02 | trace | 48.30±0.07 | 104.31 |
| WS | 7.11±0.07 | 15.16±0.06 | 43.25±0.05 | 5.12±0.04 | 0.72±0.02 | trace | 50.91±0.07 | 104.53 |
| BTS/CC | 3.66±0.04 | 16.47±0.04 | 44.69±0.05 | 5.81±0.07 | 2.66±0.03 | trace | 46.84±0.09 | 99.42 |
| BTS/SB | 2.31±0.04 | 17.28±0.04 | 44.90±0.05 | 4.57±0.05 | 2.52±0.02 | trace | 48.01±0.08 | 95.21 |
| BTS/SHR | 7.73±0.08 | 15.75±0.08 | 46.06±0.06 | 5.77±0.06 | 0.93±0.02 | 0.7±0.02 | 46.54±0.07 | 107.08 |
| BTS/SS | 4.13±0.05 | 15.96±0.04 | 44.23±0.03 | 5.42±0.06 | 2.41±0.04 | trace | 47.94±0.05 | 101.54 |
| BTS/WS | 6.20±0.07 | 15.49±0.07 | 47.63±0.05 | 5.74±0.02 | 1.55±0.03 | trace | 45.08±0.04 | 112.66 |
Nicotine content in briquettes and flue gases produced by briquette combustion
| Briquette | Nicotine content in briquettes (mg/kg) | Nicotine content in smoke (mg/kg) |
|---|---|---|
| BTS | 715.6 | <10.0 |
| BTS/CC | 532.7 | <10.0 |
| BTS/SB | 486.2 | <10.0 |
| BTS/SHR | 535.5 | <10.0 |
| BTS/SS | 496.2 | <10.0 |
| BTS/WS | 484.6 | <10.0 |
Pearson’s coefficient of correlation for the lower heat value in relation to ash and element content in different types of biomass
| LHW |
BTS | CC | SB | SHR | SS | WS | BTS/CC | BTS/SB | BTS/SHR | BTS/SS | BTS/WS |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BTS (A) | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | -1.000** |
| BTS (C) | 0.998 * | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| BTS (N) | -1.000* | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| CC (C) | - | 1.000** | - | - | - | - | 0.997* | - | - | - | - |
| CC (H) | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.999* | - | - | - | - |
| SB (H) | - | - | 0.999* | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| SB (O) | - | - | -0.997* | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| SHR (O) | - | - | - | -0.998* | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| SS (A) | - | - | - | - | -0.999* | - | - | - | - | -0.999* | - |
| SS (O) | - | - | - | - | -0.998* | - | - | - | - | -0.998* | - |
| WS (C) | - | - | - | - | - | 0.999* | - | - | - | - | 1.000** |
| WS (H) | - | - | - | - | - | 1.000** | - | - | - | - | 0.999* |
| WS (N) | - | - | - | - | - | -1.000** | - | - | - | - | -0.999* |
| WS (O) | - | - | - | - | - | -0.999* | - | - | - | - | -1.000** |
| BTS/CC (A) | - | -1.000** | - | - | - | - | -0.997* | - | - | - | - |
| BTS/CC (C) | - | 0.999* | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| BTS/CC (H) | - | 0.997* | - | - | - | - | 1.000** | - | - | - | - |
| BTS/CC (O) | - | -0.998* | - | - | - | - | -1.000* | - | - | - | - |
| BTS/SB (C) | - | - | 0.999* | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| BTS/SB (H) | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.999* | - | - | - |
| BTS/SB (O) | - | - | -0.998* | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| BTS/SHR (C) | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.999* | - | - | |
| BTS/SHR (H) | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.999* | - | - |
| BTS/SHR (O) | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | -1.000** | - | - | |
| BTS/SS (A) | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | -1.000* | - |
| BTS/WS (H) | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.999* |
| BTS/WS (N) | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | -0.999* |