<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><p>During time, both professionals and general public became aware of the importance of animal welfare. This term not only covers endangered wild animal species, animals used in food industry, pets and experimental animals, but also animals used in production of biologics. The implementation of the 3R concept (Replacement, Reduction and Refinement) is especially important in this type of production. In this article, we describe for the first time the low dose, low volume and multi-site immunization protocol, as well as appropriate ELISA we developed for production of European anti-viper (<italic>V. ammodytes</italic>, long horned) antivenom in horses, which can help to significantly improve the welfare of the used animals.</p></abstract>

During time, both professionals and general public became aware of the importance of animal welfare. This term not only covers endangered wild animal species, animals used in food industry, pets and experimental animals, but also animals used in production of biologics. The implementation of the 3R concept (Replacement, Reduction and Refinement) is especially important in this type of production. In this article, we describe for the first time the low dose, low volume and multi-site immunization protocol, as well as appropriate ELISA we developed for production of European anti-viper (V. ammodytes, long horned) antivenom in horses, which can help to significantly improve the welfare of the used animals.

Application of the 3R Concept in the Production of European Antiviperinum on Horses – Multisite, Low Volumes Immunization Protocol and Elisa

Department of Sera and Laboratory Animals

Institute of Virology, Vaccines and Sera “Torlak”

Department of Research and Development, Institute of Virology, Vaccines and Sera “Torlak”

Acta Veterinaria

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

During time, both professionals and general public became aware of the importance of animal welfare. This term not only covers endangered wild animal species,...

Application of the 3R Concept in the Production of European Antiviperinum on Horses – Multisite, Low Volumes Immunization Protocol and Elisa

Published Online: Jan 01, 2019

Page range: 401 - 419

Received: Jul 20, 2018

Accepted: Oct 31, 2018

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/acve-2018-0033

Keywords
adjuvant, animal welfare, antivenom production, European vipers, horses, immunization schedule

© 2018 Milovanović Vladimir et al., published by Sciendo

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Application of the 3R Concept in the Production of European Antiviperinum on Horses – Multisite, Low Volumes Immunization Protocol and Elisa

Published Online: Jan 01, 2019

Page range: 401 - 419

Received: Jul 20, 2018

Accepted: Oct 31, 2018

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/acve-2018-0033

Keywordsadjuvant, animal welfare, antivenom production, European vipers, horses, immunization schedule

© 2018 Milovanović Vladimir et al., published by Sciendo

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Keywords
adjuvant, animal welfare, antivenom production, European vipers, horses, immunization schedule