Open Access

Dynamics of Woodpecker – Common Starling interactions: a comparison of Old World and New World species and populations


Cite

Aitken, K. E. H. & Martin, K. 2004. Nest cavity availability and selection in aspen-conifer groves in a grassland landscape. - Canadian Journal of Forest Research 34: 2099-2109. DOI: 10.1139/x04-08610.1139/x04-086Search in Google Scholar

Aitken, K. E. H. & Martin, K. 2007. The importance of excavators in hole-nesting communities: Availability and use of natural tree holes in old mixed forests of western Canada. - Journal of Ornithology 148 (Suppl.2.): S425-S434. DOI: 10.1007/ s10336-007-0166-910.1007/s10336-007-0166-9Search in Google Scholar

Aitken, K. E. H. & Martin, K. 2008. Resource selection plasticity and community responses to experimental reduction of a critical resource. - Ecology 89: 971-980. DOI: 10.1890/07-0711.110.1890/07-0711.118481522Search in Google Scholar

Ali, S. & Ripley, S. D. 1983. Handbook of the birds of India and Pakistan. - Oxford University Press, Oxford, United KingdomSearch in Google Scholar

Allard, H. A. 1940. The Starling’s family life and behaviors. - Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 30: 34-46.Search in Google Scholar

Angelstam, P., Andersson, K., Axelsson, R., Elbakidze, M., Jonsson, B. G. & Roberge, J-M. 2011. Protecting forest areas for biodiversity in Sweden 1991-2010: the policy implementation process and outcomes on the ground. - Silva Fennica 45: 1111-1133.10.14214/sf.90Search in Google Scholar

Angelstam, P., Boresjön-Bronge, L., Mikusiński, G., Sporrong, U. & Wästfelt, A. 2003. Assessing village authenticity with satellite images: A method to identify intact cultural landscapes in Europe. - Ambio 32(8): 594-604. DOI: 10.1579/0044-7447-32.8.59410.1579/0044-7447-32.8.59415049358Search in Google Scholar

Aulen, G. 1986. Vitryggiga hackspettens Dendrocopos leucotos utbredningshistoriaoch förekomst i Sverige. - Vår Fågelvärld 45: 201-226. (in Swedish)Search in Google Scholar

Bai, M-L. 2005. Tree cavity abundance and nest site selection of cavity nesting birds in a natural boreal forest of West Khentey, Mongolia. - PhD Dissertation, Georg-August-Universität zu Göttingen, Göttingen, GermanySearch in Google Scholar

Bai, M-L., Wichman, F. & Muhlenberg, M. 2005. Nest-site characteristics of hole-nesting birds in a primeval boreal forest of Mongolia. - Acta Ornithologica 40: 1-14. DOI: 10.3161/068.040.010510.3161/068.040.0105Search in Google Scholar

Bailey, H. H. 1925. The birds of Florida. - The Williams & Wilkins Company, Baltimore, MarylandSearch in Google Scholar

Baker, J. L. & Payne, R. L. 1993. Nest usurpation of a Starling nest by a pair of Red-bellied Woodpeckers. - Florida Field Naturalist 21: 33-34.Search in Google Scholar

Banks, R. C., Cicero, C., Dunn, J. L., Kratter, A. W., Rasmussen, P. C., Remsen, J. V. Jr., Rising, J. D. & Stotz, D. F. 2005. Forty-sixth supplement to the American Ornithologistsʼ Union Checklist of North American Birds. - The Auk 122: 1026-1031. DOI: 10.1642/0004-8038(2005)122[1026:FSTTAO] 2.0.CO;2Search in Google Scholar

Bent, A. C. 1939. Life histories of North American woodpeckers. - U. S. National Museum Bulletin 174.10.5479/si.03629236.174.iSearch in Google Scholar

Berthold, P. 1968. Die Massenvermehrung des Stars Sturnus vulgaris in fortpflanzungsphysiologischer Sicht. - Journal für Ornithologie 109: 11-16. DOI: 10.1007/BF01678098 (in German)10.1007/BF01678098Search in Google Scholar

BirdLife International 2016a Species factsheet: Colaptes fernandinae. - Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 22 Feb. 2016.Search in Google Scholar

BirdLife International 2016b Species factsheet: Dendrocopos noguchii. - Downloaded from http://www/birdlife.org on 8 March 2016.Search in Google Scholar

Bishop, C. A. & Brogan, J. M. 2013. Estimates of avian mortality attributed to vehicle collisions in Canada. - Avian Conservation and Ecology 8(2): 2 DOI: 10.5751/ACE-00604-08020210.5751/ACE-00604-080202Search in Google Scholar

Blem, C. R. 1981. Geographic variation in mid-winter body composition of starlings. - The Condor 83: 370-376. DOI: 10.2307/136750810.2307/1367508Search in Google Scholar

Bock, C. E. 1970. The ecology and behavior of the Lewis’ Woodpecker, Asyndesmus lewis. - University of California Publications in Zoology 92: 1-100.Search in Google Scholar

Breitwisch, R. J. 1977. The ecology and behavior of the Red-bellied Woodpecker, Centurus carolinus (Linnaeus; Aves: Picidae), in south Florida. - M.S. Thesis, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FloridaSearch in Google Scholar

Brenowitz, G. L. 1978. Gila Woodpecker agonistic behavior. - The Auk 95: 49-58. DOI: 10.2307/408549410.2307/4085494Search in Google Scholar

Brewster, W. 1876. The Yellow-bellied Woodpecker (Sphyrapicus varius). - Bulletin of the Nuttall Ornithological Club 1: 63-70.Search in Google Scholar

Brooks, A. & Swarth, H. S. 1925. A distributional list of the birds of British Columbia. - Pacific Coast Avifauna, no. 17.Search in Google Scholar

Brush, T. 1983. Cavity use by secondary cavity-nesting birds and response to manipulations. - The Condor 85: 461-466. DOI: 10.2307/136798710.2307/1367987Search in Google Scholar

Bruun, M. & Smith, H. G. 2003. Landscape composition affects habitat use and foraging flight distances in breeding European Starlings. - Biological Conservation 114: 179-187. DOI: 10.1016/ S0006-3207(03)00021-1Search in Google Scholar

Burns, F. L. 1900. A monograph of the flicker. - Wilson Bulletin 12: 1-82.Search in Google Scholar

Bull, E. L. 1987. Ecology of the Pileated Woodpecker in northeastern Oregon. - Journal of Wildlife Management 51: 472-481. DOI: 10.2307/380103610.2307/3801036Search in Google Scholar

Bull, E. L. & Jackson, J. A. 1995. Pileated Woodpecker Dryocopus pileatus. - In: Poole, A. & Gill, F. (eds.) The Birds of North America, no. 148. - The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and The American Ornithologists’ Union, Washington, D.C.10.2173/tbna.148.pSearch in Google Scholar

Butler, A. W. 1897. Birds of Indiana. - In: 22nd Annual Report of the Department of Geology and Natural Resources for Indiana for 1897, pp. 515-1187.Search in Google Scholar

Cabe, P. R. 1993. European Starling Sturnus vulgaris. - In: Poole, A. & Gill, F. (eds.) Birds of North America, no. 48. - The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and The American Ornithologists’ Union, Washington, D.C.10.2173/bna.48Search in Google Scholar

Calef, R. T. 1953. Ecological analysis of the flora and vertebrate fauna of Funks Forest Natural Area, McLean Co. Illinois. - M.S. Thesis, University of Illinois, ChampaignSearch in Google Scholar

Campbell, R. W., Dawe, N. K., McTaggart-Cowan, I., Cooper, J. M., Kaiser, G. W. & McNall, M. C. E. 1990. The birds of British Columbia. Vol. 2. - Diurnal birds of prey through woodpeckers. - Royal British Columbia Museum, VictoriaSearch in Google Scholar

Carlson, A., Sandström, U. & Olsson, K. 1998. Availability and use of natural tree holes by cavity nesting birds in a Swedish deciduous forest. - Ardea 86(1): 109-119.Search in Google Scholar

Carriger, H. W. & Wells, G. 1919. Nesting of the Northern Pileated Woodpecker. - The Condor 21: 153-156. DOI: 10.2307/136263010.2307/1362630Search in Google Scholar

Carter, J. H. III. & Kocher, B. J. 1995. The Red-cockaded Woodpecker: an endangered species in Golf country. U.S.G.A. - Green Section Record 33(4): 8-9.Search in Google Scholar

Carter, J. H. III., Walters, J. R., Everhart, S. H. & Doerr, P. D. 1989. Restrictors for Red-cockaded Woodpecker cavities. - Wildlife Society Bulletin 17: 68-72.Search in Google Scholar

Cely, J. E. 1985. Red-cockaded Woodpecker found dead in cavity entrance. - Chat 49(4): 98.Search in Google Scholar

Choi, C-Y., Park, J-G., Moores, N., Kim, E-M., Kang, C-W., Nam, H-Y. & Kim, S-M. 2011. The recent increase of the Red-billed Starling Sturnus sericeus in the Republic of Korea. - Forktail 27: 89-91.Search in Google Scholar

Ciach, M. & Fröhlich, A. 2013. Habitat preferences of the Syrian Woodpecker Dendrocopos syriacus in urban environments: an ambiguous effect of pollution. - Bird Study 60: 491-499. DOI: 10.1080/00063657.2013.84789910.1080/00063657.2013.847899Search in Google Scholar

Coleman, J. D. 1974. The use of artificial nest sites erected for Starlings in Canterbury, New Zealand. - New Zealand Journal of Zoology 1: 349-354.Search in Google Scholar

Cooke, M. T. 1925. Spread of the European Starling in North America. - U.S. Department of Agriculture, Department Circular 336.Search in Google Scholar

Cooper, J. M., Siddle, C. & Davidson, G. 1998. Status of the Lewis’ Woodpecker (Melanerpes lewis) in British Columbia. - BC Environment, Wildlife Working Report no. WR-91.Search in Google Scholar

Cruz, A. 1977. Ecology and behavior of the Jamaican Woodpecker. - Bulletin of the Florida State Museum, Biological Sciences 22: 149-204.Search in Google Scholar

Czeszczewik, D. & Walankiewicz, W. 2006. Logging affects the White-backed Woodpecker Dendrocopos leucotos distribution in the Bialowieza Forest. - Annales Zoologici Fennici 43: 221-227.Search in Google Scholar

Day, J. D. 2012. The Purple Martin and its management in Texas. 4th ed. - Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, Austin, TexasSearch in Google Scholar

Dennis, J. B. 1971. Species using Red-cockaded Woodpecker holes in northeastern South Carolina. - Bird Banding 42: 79-87. DOI: 10.2307/451173510.2307/4511735Search in Google Scholar

Dixon, R. D. & Saab, V. A. 2000. Black-backed Woodpecker Picoides arcticus. - In: Poole, A. & Gill, F. (eds.) The Birds of North America, no. 509. - The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and The American Ornithologists’ Union, Washington, D.C.10.2173/bna.509Search in Google Scholar

Dobbs, R. C., Martin, T. E. & Conway, C. J. 1997. Williamson’s Sapsucker Sphyrapicus thyroideus. - In: Poole, A. & Gill, F. (eds.) The Birds of North America, no. 285. - The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and The American Ornithologists’ Union, Washington, D.C.10.2173/tbna.285.pSearch in Google Scholar

Dobkin, D. S., Rich, A. C., Pretare, J. A. & Pyle, W. H. 1995. Nest-site relationships among cavity-nesting birds of riparian and snowpocket aspen woodlands in the northwestern Great Basin. - The Condor 97: 694-707. DOI: 10.2307/136917810.2307/1369178Search in Google Scholar

Dunning, J. B. Jr. 1993. CRC handbook of avian body masses. - CRC Press, Boca Raton, FloridaSearch in Google Scholar

Dunning, J. B. Jr. 2008. CRC handbook of avian body masses. 2nd ed. - CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group. Boca Raton, Florida10.1201/9781420064452Search in Google Scholar

Eckstein, R. G. 1983. Nesting Black-backed Threetoed Woodpeckers in Forest County. - Passenger Pigeon 45: 16-17.Search in Google Scholar

Eguchi, K. & Amano, H. E. 2004. Invasive birds in Japan. - Global Environmental Research 8: 29-39.Search in Google Scholar

Erskine, A. J. & McLaren, W. D. 1972. Sapsucker nest holes and their use by other species. - Canadian Field Naturalist 86: 357-361.Search in Google Scholar

Feare, C. 1984. The Starling. - Oxford University Press, New York Feare, C. 1989. The changing fortunes of an agricultural bird pest: the European Starling. - Agricultural Zoology Reviews 3: 317-342.Search in Google Scholar

Feare, C. J. & Craig, A. 1999. Starlings and mynas. - Princeton University Press, Princeton, New JerseySearch in Google Scholar

Feare, C. & Douville de Franssu, P. 1992. The Starling in Europe: Multiple approaches to a problem species. - Proceedings of the 15th Vertebrate Pest Conference, Paper 28.Search in Google Scholar

Ferguson, M. S. 1938. Notes on the relation of the European Starling to other species of birds. - The Auk 53: 87-88.10.2307/4077378Search in Google Scholar

Fisher, R. J. & Wiebe, K. L. 2006. Nest site attributes and temporal patterns of Northern Flicker nest loss: effects of predation and competition. - Oecologia 147: 744-753. DOI: 10.1007/s00442-005-0310-210.1007/s00442-005-0310-2Search in Google Scholar

Flux, I. E. C. & Flux, M. M. 1981. Population dynamics and age structure of Starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) in New Zealand. - New Zealand Journal of Zoology 4: 65-72.Search in Google Scholar

Forbush, E. H. 1915. The Starling. - Massachusetts State Board of Agriculture, Circular, no. 45.Search in Google Scholar

Freeman, S. N., Robinson, R. A., Clark, J. A., Griffin, B. M. & Adams, S. Y. 2007. Changing demography and population decline in the Common Starling Sturnus vulgaris: a multisite approach to integrated population monitoring. - Ibis 149: 587-596. DOI: 10.1111/j.1474-919X.2007.00684.x10.1111/j.1474-919X.2007.00684.xSearch in Google Scholar

Frei, B., Fyles, J. W. & Nocera, J. J. 2013. Maladaptive habitat use of a North American woodpecker in population decline. - Ethology 119: 377-388. DOI: 10.1111/eth.1207410.1111/eth.12074Search in Google Scholar

Frugis, S., Malaguzzi, G. & Vicini, G.1988. Guida ai picchi del mondo. Monografie VII. - Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali, Torino, Italy (in Italian)Search in Google Scholar

Garrett, K. L., Raphael, M. G. & Dixon, R. 1996. White-headed Woodpecker Picoides albolarvatus. - In: Poole, A. & Gill, F. (eds.) Birds of North America, no. 252. - The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and The American Ornithologists’ Union, Washington, D.C.10.2173/tbna.252.pSearch in Google Scholar

Garrido, O. H., & Kirkconnell, A. 2000. Birds of Cuba. - Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New YorkSearch in Google Scholar

George, W. 1979. Protect our elm trees society. - American Forests 85(1): 27-29, 51-52.Search in Google Scholar

Gibo, D. L., Stephens, R., Culpepper, A. & Dew, H. 1976. Nest-site preferences and nesting success of the Starling Sturnus vulgaris L. in marginal and favorable habitats in Mississauga, Ontario, Canada. - American Midland Naturalist 95(2): 493-499. DOI: 10.2307/242441910.2307/2424419Search in Google Scholar

Giese, C. L. A. & Cuthbert, F. J. 2003. Influence of surrounding vegetation on woodpecker nest tree selection in oak forests of the upper Midwest, U.S.A. - Forest Ecology and Management 179: 523-534. DOI: 10.1016/S0378-1127(02)00529-710.1016/S0378-1127(02)00529-7Search in Google Scholar

Glue, D. E. & Boswell, T. 1994. Comparative nesting ecology of the three British breeding woodpeckers. - British Birds 87: 253-269.Search in Google Scholar

Gosse, P. H. 1847. The birds of Jamaica. - Jon Van Voorst, London10.5962/bhl.title.14540Search in Google Scholar

Graber, J. W., Graber, R. R. & Kirk, E. L. 1977. Illinois birds: Picidae. - Illinois Natural History Survey, Biological Notes, no. 102. Urbana, IllinoisSearch in Google Scholar

Graves, G. R. 2014. Historical decline and probable extinction of the Golden Swallow Tachycineta euchrysea euchrysea. - Bird Conservation International 24: 239-251. DOI: 10.1017/ S095927091300035X10.1017/S095927091300035XSearch in Google Scholar

Gromadzki, M. 1980. Reproduction of the Starling Sturnus vulgaris in Żulawy Wiślane, North Poland. - Acta Ornithologica 17(16): 195-224.Search in Google Scholar

Gutzwiller, K. J. & Anderson, S. H. 1987. Multiscale associations between cavity-nesting birds and features of Wyoming streamside woodlands. - The Condor 89: 534-548.10.2307/1368643Search in Google Scholar

Hadow, H. H. 1973. Winter ecology of migrant and resident Lewis’s Woodpeckers in Southeastern Colorado. - The Condor 75: 210-274. DOI: 10.2307/136586910.2307/1365869Search in Google Scholar

Haynes, A. M., Sutton, R. L. & Harvey, K. D. 1989. Conservation trends, and the threats to endemic birds in Jamaica. - In: Woods, C. A. (ed.) Biogeography of the West Indies. - Sandhill Crane Press, Gainesville, Florida, pp. 827-838.Search in Google Scholar

Hicks, L. E. 1934. Individual and sexual variations in the European Starling. - Bird-Banding 5: 103-118.10.2307/4509308Search in Google Scholar

Holzapfel, C., Levin, N., Hatzofe, O. & Kark, S. 2006. Colonization of the Middle East by the invasive Common Myna Acridotheres tristis L., with special reference to Israel. - Sandgrouse 28: 44-51.Search in Google Scholar

Hoover, E. 1972. Weight variation of Downy Woodpeckers. - Inland Bird Banding News 45: 149-150.Search in Google Scholar

Howell, A. B. 1943. Starlings and woodpeckers. - The Auk 60: 90-91.10.2307/4079319Search in Google Scholar

Hoyt, J. S. Y. 1948. Observations on nesting associates. - The Auk 65: 188-196. DOI: 10.2307/408029710.2307/4080297Search in Google Scholar

Hoyt, S. F. 1957. The ecology of the Pileated Woodpecker. - Ecology 38: 246-256. DOI: 10.2307/193168310.2307/1931683Search in Google Scholar

Humphrey, P. S. 1946. Observations at the nest of a Pileated Woodpecker. - Migrant 17: 43-46.Search in Google Scholar

Husak, M. S. & Maxwell, T. C. 1998. Golden-fronted Woodpecker Melanerpes aurifrons. - In: Poole, A. & Gill, F. (eds.) The Birds of North America, no. 373. - The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and The American Ornithologists’ Union, Washington, D.C.10.2173/bna.373Search in Google Scholar

Ifran, N. R. & Fiorini, V. D. 2010. European Starling (Sturnus vulgaris): Population density and interactions with native species in Buenos Aires urban parks. - Ornitologia Neotropical 21: 507-518.Search in Google Scholar

Ingold, D. J. 1989. Nesting phenology and competition for nest sites among Red-headed and Red-bellied Woodpeckers and European Starlings. - The Auk 106: 209-217.Search in Google Scholar

Ingold, D. J. 1994. Influence of nest-site competition between European Starlings and woodpeckers. - Wilson Bulletin 106: 227-241.Search in Google Scholar

Ingold, D. J. 1996. Delayed nesting decreases reproductive success in Northern Flickers: implications for competition with European Starlings. - Journal of Field Ornithology 67: 321-326.Search in Google Scholar

Ingold, D. J. 1997. Do nest boxes help alleviate nestsite competition by European Starlings on Northern Flickers? - Sialia 19: 83-91.Search in Google Scholar

Ingold, D. J. 1998. The influence of starlings on flicker reproduction when both naturally excavated cavities and artificial nest boxes are available. - Wilson Bulletin 110: 218-225.Search in Google Scholar

Ingold, D. J. & Densmore, R. J. 1992. Competition between European Starlings and native woodpeckers for nest cavities in Ohio. - Sialia 14: 43-48, 54.Search in Google Scholar

Ingold, D. J. & Ingold, D. A. 1984. A study of possible niche preferences of cavity-nesting birds in the Colorado Rockies. - NMOS Bulletin 12(1): 1-9.Search in Google Scholar

Jackson, J. A. 1976. A comparison of some aspects of the breeding ecology of Red-headed and Red-bellied Woodpeckers in Kansas. - The Condor 78: 67-76. DOI: 10.2307/136691710.2307/1366917Search in Google Scholar

Jackson, J. A. 1994. Red-cockaded Woodpecker Picoides borealis. - In: Poole, A. & Gill, F. (eds.) The Birds of North America, no. 85. - The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and The American Ornithologists’ Union, Washington, D.C.10.2173/tbna.85.pSearch in Google Scholar

Jackson, J. A. 1997. A hankerin’ to hammer. - Birder’s World 11(2): 16-21.Search in Google Scholar

Jackson, J. A. 2000. Rapid nest-site selection and initiation of nests on commercial aircraft by European Starlings. - Migrant 71: 97-99.Search in Google Scholar

Jackson, J. A. 2002. Niche concepts and woodpecker conservation: Understanding why some species are endangered. - In: Pechacek, P. & d’Oleire-Oltmanns, D. (eds.) International Woodpecker Symposium. - Nationalpark Berchtesgaden, Germany. - Forschungsbericht 48: 87-96.Search in Google Scholar

Jackson, J. A. 2003a Pandora’s birds. - Birder’s World 17(5): 54-59.Search in Google Scholar

Jackson, J. A. 2003b Red white & blue-blooded: the Red-headed Woodpecker is an American aristocrat. - Birder’s World 17(3): 51-55.Search in Google Scholar

Jackson, J. A. & Davis, W. E. Jr. 1998. Range expansion of the Red-bellied Woodpecker. - Bird Observer 26(1): 4-11.Search in Google Scholar

Jackson, J. A. & Jackson, B. J. S. 2004. Ecological relationships between fungi and woodpecker cavity sites. - The Condor 106: 37-49. DOI: 10.1650/748310.1093/condor/106.1.37Search in Google Scholar

Jackson, J. A., Ouellet, H. R. & Jackson, B. J. S. 2002. Hairy Woodpecker Picoides villosus. - In: Poole, A. & Gill, F. (eds.) The Birds of North America, no. 702. - The Birds of North America, Inc., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania10.2173/tbna.702.pSearch in Google Scholar

Jackson, J. A. & Tate, J. Jr. 1974. An analysis of nest box use by Purple Martins, House Sparrows and Starlings in eastern North America. - Wilson Bulletin 86: 435-449.Search in Google Scholar

Jeffrey-Smith, M. 1972. Bird-watching in Jamaica. - Bolivar Press, Kingston, JamaicaSearch in Google Scholar

Johnson, S. R. & Campbell, R. W. 1995. Crested Myna Acridotheres cristatellus. - In: Poole, A. & Gill, F. (eds.) Birds of North America, no. 157. - The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and The American Ornithologists’ Union, Washington, D.C.10.2173/bna.157Search in Google Scholar

Johnston, R. F. & Garrett, K. L. 1994. Population trends of introduced birds in western North America, 1890-1991. - In: Jehl, J. R. Jr. & Johnson, N. K. (eds.) A century of avifaunal change in western North America. - Studies in Avian Biology, no. 15., pp. 221-231.Search in Google Scholar

Joy, J. B. 2000. Characteristics of nest cavities and nest trees of the Red-breasted Sapsucker in coastal montane forests. - Journal of Field Ornithology 71: 525-530. DOI: 10.1648/0273-8570-71.3.52510.1648/0273-8570-71.3.525Search in Google Scholar

Kalmbach, E. R. 1928. The European Starling in the United States. - U.S. Department of Agriculture Farmers’ Bulletin, no. 1571.Search in Google Scholar

Kalmbach, E. R. & Gabrielson, I. N. 1921. Economic value of the Starling in the United States. - U.S. Department of Agriculture Bulletin, no. 868.Search in Google Scholar

Karnosky, D. F. 1979. Dutch elm disease: a review of the history, environmental implications, control, and research needs. - Environmental Conservation 6: 311-322. DOI: 10.1017/ S037689290000357X10.1017/S037689290000357XSearch in Google Scholar

Kendeigh, S. C. 1982. Bird populations in east central Illinois: fluctuations, variations, and development over a half century. - Illinois Biological Monographs 52.Search in Google Scholar

Kerpez, T. A. & Smith, N. S. 1990. Nest-site selection and nest-cavity characteristics of Gila Woodpeckers and Northern Flickers. - The Condor 92: 193-198. DOI: 10.2307/136839810.2307/1368398Search in Google Scholar

Kessel, B. 1953. Distribution and migration of the European Starling in North America. - The Condor 55: 49-67. DOI: 10.2307/136502610.2307/1365026Search in Google Scholar

Kessel, B. 1957. A study of the breeding biology of the European Starling (Sturnus vulgaris) in North America. - American Midland Naturalist 58: 257-331. DOI: 10.2307/242261510.2307/2422615Search in Google Scholar

Kilham, L. 1968. Reproductive behavior of Hairy Woodpeckers. II. Nesting and habitat. - Wilson Bulletin 80: 286-305.Search in Google Scholar

Kilham, L. 1969. Reproductive behavior of Hairy Woodpeckers. III. Agonistic behavior in relation to courtship and territory. - Wilson Bulletin 81: 169-183.Search in Google Scholar

Kilham, L. 1971. Reproductive behavior of Yellow- bellied Sapsuckers. Preference for nesting in Fomes-infected aspens and nest hole interrelations with flying squirrels, raccoons, and other animals. - Wilson Bulletin 83: 159-171.Search in Google Scholar

Kilham, L. 1973. Dying elms: Boon to woodpeckers. - American Birds 27: 736-738.Search in Google Scholar

Kilham, L. 1977. Nesting behavior of Yellow-bellied Sapsuckers. - Wilson Bulletin 89: 310-324.Search in Google Scholar

Kilham, L. 1979. Courtship and the pair-bond of Pileated Woodpeckers. - The Auk 96: 587-594.Search in Google Scholar

Koenig, W. D. 2003. European Starlings and their effect on cavity-nesting birds. - Conservation Biology 17: 1134-1140. DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1739.2003.02262.x10.1046/j.1523-1739.2003.02262.xSearch in Google Scholar

Kohler, L. S. 1912. Status of the European Starling in Essex County, New Jersey. - Wilson Bulletin 24: 44-46.Search in Google Scholar

Kosinski, Z. & Ksit, P. 2006. Comparative reproductive biology of Middle-spotted Woodpeckers Dendrocopos medius and Great-spotted Woodpeckers D. major in a riverine forest. - Bird Study 53(3): 237-246. DOI: 10.1080/0006365060946143810.1080/00063650609461438Search in Google Scholar

Kotaka, N. & Matsuoka, S. 2002. Secondary users of Great-spotted Woodpecker (Dendrocopos major) nest cavities in urban and suburban forests in Sapporo City, northern Japan. - Ornithological Science 1: 117-122. DOI: 10.2326/osj.1.11710.2326/osj.1.117Search in Google Scholar

Lawrence, L. de K. 1967. A comparative life-history study of four species of woodpeckers. - Ornithological Monographs 5: 1-156. DOI: 10.2307/4016674710.2307/40166747Search in Google Scholar

Leopold, A. 1949. A Sand County almanac and sketches here and there. - Oxford University Press, New YorkSearch in Google Scholar

Lindell, C. 1996. Patterns of nest usurpation: When should species converge on nest niches? - The Condor 98: 464-473. DOI: 10.2307/136956010.2307/1369560Search in Google Scholar

Linsdale, J. M. 1929. Roadways as they affect bird life. - The Condor 31: 143-145. DOI: 10.2307/136297810.2307/1362978Search in Google Scholar

Lowther, P. E. 2000. Nuttall’s Woodpecker Picoides nuttallii. - In: Poole, A. & Gill, F. (eds.) The Birds of North America, no. 373. - The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and The American Ornithologists’ Union, Washington, D.C.10.2173/bna.555Search in Google Scholar

Löhrl, H. 1956. Der Star als Bruthohlenkonkurrent. - Die Vogelwelt 77(2): 47-50. (in German)Search in Google Scholar

Lombardo, M. P., Romagnano, L. C., Stouffer, P. C., Hoffenberg, A. S. & Power, H. W. 1989. The use of nest boxes as night roosts during the nonbreeding season by European Starlings in New Jersey. - The Condor 91: 744-747. DOI: 10.2307/136813510.2307/1368135Search in Google Scholar

Lumsden, H. G. 1976. Choice of nest boxes by Starlings. - Wilson Bulletin 88: 665-666.Search in Google Scholar

Marples, G. 1936. Behaviour of Starlings at nesting site. - British Birds 30: 14-21.Search in Google Scholar

Martin, K., Aitken, K. E. H. & Wiebe, K. L. 2004. Nest sites and nest webs for cavity-nesting communities in interior British Columbia, Canada: nest characteristics and niche partitioning. - The Condor 106: 5-19. DOI: 10.1650/748210.1093/condor/106.1.5Search in Google Scholar

Mathis, P. M. 1975. Incident of nest-site related aggressive behavior in the Flicker, Colaptes auratus. - Migrant 46: 73-74.Search in Google Scholar

Mazgajski, T. D. 2000. Competition for nest sites between the Starling Sturnus vulgaris and other cavity nesters - study in forest park. - Acta Ornithologica 35(1): 103-107.Search in Google Scholar

Mazgajski, T. D. 2003. Nest site choice in relation to the presence of old nests and cavity depth in the Starling Sturnus vulgaris. - Ethology, Ecology and Evolution 15: 273-281. DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2003.952267210.1080/08927014.2003.9522672Search in Google Scholar

Mazgajski, T. D. 2007a Nest hole age decreases nest site attractiveness for the European Starling Sturnus vulgaris. - Ornis Fennica 84: 32-38.Search in Google Scholar

Mazgajski, T. D. 2007b Effect of old nest material on nest site selection and breeding parameters in secondary hole nesters - a review. - Acta Ornithologica 42(1): 1-14. DOI: 10.3161/000164507781646960Search in Google Scholar

Mazgajski, T. D. & Rejt, L. 2006. The effect of forest patch size on the breeding biology of the Great-spotted Woodpecker. - Annales Zoologici Fennici 43: 211-220.Search in Google Scholar

McAtee, W. A. 1940. An experiment in songbird management. - The Auk 57: 333-348. DOI: 10.2307/407900010.2307/4079000Search in Google Scholar

McComb, A. M. G., Kernohan, R., Mawhirt, P., Robinson, B., Weir, J. & Wells, B. 2010. Great-spotted Woodpecker (Dendrocopos major): proof of breeding in Tollymore Forest Park, Co. Down. - Irish Naturalists’ Journal 31: 66-67.Search in Google Scholar

McDevitt, A. D., Kajtoch, L., Mazgajski, T. D., Carden, R. F., Coscia, I., Osthoff, C., Coombes, R. H. & Wilson, F. 2011. The origins of Great-spotted Woodpeckers Dendrocopos major colonizing Ireland revealed by mitochondrial DNA. - Bird Study 58: 361-364. DOI: 10.1080/00063657.2011.58261910.1080/00063657.2011.582619Search in Google Scholar

Michalczuk, J. & Michalczuk, M. 2016. The reproductive biology of the Syrian Woodpecker Dendrocopos syriacus in a newly colonized area of south-eastern Poland. - Journal of Ornithology 157: 179-187.10.1007/s10336-015-1265-7Search in Google Scholar

Mikusiński, G., Angelstam, P. & Sporrong, U. 2003. Distribution of deciduous stands in villages located in coniferous forest landscapes. - Ambios 32(8): 520-526. DOI: 10.1579/0044-7447-32.8.52010.1579/0044-7447-32.8.520Search in Google Scholar

Miller, A. H. & Bock, C. E. 1972. Natural History of the Nuttall Woodpecker at the Hastings Reservation - The Condor 74(3): 284-294. DOI: 10.2307/136659010.2307/1366590Search in Google Scholar

Mitchell, A. D., Kirkconnell, A. & Wells, L. J. 2000. Notes on the status and nesting ecology of Fernandina’s Flicker Colaptes fernandinae. - Bulletin of the British Ornithologists’ Club 120: 103-112.Search in Google Scholar

Moeed, A. & Dawson, D. G. 1979. Breeding of Starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) in nest boxes of various types. - New Zealand Journal of Zoology 6(4): 613-618. DOI: 10.1080/03014223.1979.1042840410.1080/03014223.1979.10428404Search in Google Scholar

Moore, G. E. 1937. Probable effects of Starling. - Bluebird [Missouri Audubon Society] April: 34.Search in Google Scholar

Moore, W. S. 1995. Northern Flicker Colaptes auratus. - In: Poole, A. & Gill, F. (eds.) The Birds of North America, no. 166. - The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and The American Ornithologists’ Union, Washington, D.C.10.2173/bna.166Search in Google Scholar

Morrison, D. W. & Caccamise, D. F. 1985. Ephemeral roosts and stable patches? A radiotelemetry study of communally roosting starlings. - The Auk 102: 793-804.Search in Google Scholar

Morrison, J. L. & Chapman, W. C. 2005. Can urban parks provide habitat for woodpeckers? - Northeastern Naturalist 12(3): 253-262. DOI: 10.1656/1092-6194(2005)012[0253:CUPPHF] 2.0.CO;2Search in Google Scholar

Navas, J. R. 2002. Las aves exóticas introducidas y naturalizadas en la Argentina. - Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales 4(2): 191-202. (in Spanish with English Summary)10.22179/REVMACN.4.12Search in Google Scholar

Nichols, L. L. & Jackson, J. A. 1987. Interspecific aggression and the sexual monochromism of Redheaded Woodpeckers. - Journal of Field Ornithology 58: 288-290.Search in Google Scholar

Nilsson, S. G. 1984. The evolution of nest-site selection among hole-nesting birds: the importance of nest predators and competition. - Ornis Scandinavica 15: 167-175. DOI: 10.2307/367595810.2307/3675958Search in Google Scholar

Nilsson, S. G., Johnson, K. & Tjernberg, M. 1991. Is avoidance by Black Woodpeckers of old nest holes due to predators? - Animal Behaviour 8: 439-441. DOI: 10.1016/S0003-3472(05)80845-010.1016/S0003-3472(05)80845-0Search in Google Scholar

Oberholser, H. C. 1896. A preliminary list of the birds of Wayne County, Ohio. - Bulletin of the Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station 1(4), Article XXIV.10.5962/bhl.title.25893Search in Google Scholar

Ónodi, G. & Csörgő, T. 2013. Relationship between vegetation structure and abundance of Great-spotted Woodpeckers (Dendrocopos major) in a mosaic habitat. - Ornis Hungarica 21: 1-11. DOI: 10.2478/orhu-2013-001110.2478/orhu-2013-0011Search in Google Scholar

Orchan, Y., Chiron, F., Shwartz, A. & Kark, S. 2013. The complex interaction network among multiple invasive bird species in a cavity-nesting community. - Biological Invasions 15: 429-445. DOI: 10.1007/s10530-012-0298-610.1007/s10530-012-0298-6Search in Google Scholar

Osborne, P. 1982. Some effects of Dutch elm disease on nesting farmland birds. - Bird Study 29(1): 2-16. DOI: 10.1080/0006365820947673310.1080/00063658209476733Search in Google Scholar

Pimentel, D., Lach, L., Zuniga, R. & Morrison, D. 2000. Environmental and economic costs of nonindigenous species in the United States. - BioScience 50: 53-65. DOI: 10.1641/0006-3568(2000) 050[0053:EAECON] 2.3.CO;2Search in Google Scholar

Pocock, I. 2015. Ireland’s great spots. - BirdWatching 29(6): 28-32.Search in Google Scholar

Polder, E. 1963. Starling and woodpecker interactions. - Iowa Bird Life 33: 42-43.Search in Google Scholar

Pranty, B. 2007. Status and distribution of Common Myna (Acridotheres tristis) in Florida. - North American Birds 61: 658-665.Search in Google Scholar

Price, R. E. Jr. 1971. The Red-cockaded Woodpecker in Scotland County, North Carolina. - Chat 35: 42-44.Search in Google Scholar

Raffaele, H., Wiley, J., Garrido, O., Keith, A. & Raffaele, J. 1998. A guide to the birds of the West Indies. - Princeton University Press, Princeton, New JerseySearch in Google Scholar

Raphael, M. G. & White, M. 1984. Use of snags by cavity- nesting birds in the Sierra Nevada. - Wildlife Monograph 86.Search in Google Scholar

Remm, J., Lohmus, A. & Remm, K. 2006. Tree cavities in riverine forests: What determines their occurrence and use by hole-nesting passerines? - Forest Ecology and Management 221: 267-277. DOI: 10.1016/j.foreco.2005.10.01510.1016/j.foreco.2005.10.015Search in Google Scholar

Riensche, D. & Cogswell, H. L. 1993. Western sycamore woodland with scattered oaks. - Journal of Field Ornithology 64 (Suppl.1.): 34.Search in Google Scholar

Roberge, J-M., Mikusinski, G. & Svensson, S. 2008. The White-backed Woodpecker: umbrella species for forest conservation planning? - Biodiversity Conservation 17: 2479-2494. DOI: 10.1007/ s10531-008-9394-410.1007/s10531-008-9394-4Search in Google Scholar

Robinson, R. A., Siriwardena, G. M. & Crick, H. Q. P. 2005. Status and population trends of Starling Sturnus vulgaris in Great Britain. - Bird Study 52: 252-260.10.1080/00063650509461398Search in Google Scholar

Scheffer, T. H. & Cottam, C. 1935. The Crested Myna, or Chinese Starling, in the Pacific Northwest. - U.S. Department of Agriculture Technical Bulletin, no. 467. Washington, D.C.Search in Google Scholar

Sedgwick, J. A. & Knopf, F. L. 1990. Habitat relationships and nest site characteristics of cavity- nesting birds in cottonwood floodplains. - Journal of Wildlife Management 54: 112-124. DOI: 10.2307/380891010.2307/3808910Search in Google Scholar

Selander, R. K. 1966. Sexual dimorphism and differential niche utilization in birds. - The Condor 68: 113-151. DOI: 10.2307/136571210.2307/1365712Search in Google Scholar

Self, B. 2003. Vancouver Crested Mynas gone. - Winging It 15(5): 7.Search in Google Scholar

Shelley, L. O. 1933. Some notes on the Hairy Woodpecker. - Bird Banding 4: 204-205.Search in Google Scholar

Shelley, L. O. 1935. Flickers attacked by starlings. - The Auk 52: 93.10.2307/4077146Search in Google Scholar

Short, L. L. 1974. Habits of three endemic West Indian woodpeckers (Aves, Picidae). - American Museum Novitates, no. 2549.Search in Google Scholar

Short, L. L. 1979. Burdens of the picid hole-excavating habit. - Wilson Bulletin 91: 16-28.Search in Google Scholar

Short, L. L. 1982. Woodpeckers of the World. - Delaware Museum of Natural History, Greenville, Delaware, Monograph Series, no. 4.Search in Google Scholar

Simberloff, D. & Gibbons, L. 2004. Now you see them, now you don’t! - Population crashes of established introduced species. - Biological Invasions 6: 161-172. DOI: 10.1023/B:- BINV.0000022133.49752.46Search in Google Scholar

Smith, H. G. & Bruun, M. 2002. The effect of pasture on Starling (Sturnus vulgaris) breeding success and population density in a heterogeneous agricultural landscape in southern Sweden. - Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 92: 107-114. DOI: 10.1016/S0167-8809(01)00266-310.1016/S0167-8809(01)00266-3Search in Google Scholar

Smith, K. W. 2005. Has the reduction in nest-site competition from Starlings Sturnus vulgaris been a factor in the recent increase of Great-spotted Woodpecker Dendrocopos major numbers in Britain? - Bird Study 52: 307-313. DOI: 10.1080/0006365050946140410.1080/00063650509461404Search in Google Scholar

Smith, K. W. 2006. The implications of nest site competition from Starlings Sturnus vulgaris and the effect of spring temperatures on the timing and breeding performance of Great-spotted Woodpeckers Dendrocopos major in southern England. - Annales Zoologici Fennici 43: 177-185.Search in Google Scholar

Snow, D. W., Perrins, C. M., Gillmore, R., Hillcoat, B., Roselaar, C. S., Vincent, D., Wallace, D. I. M. & Wilson, M. G. 1998. - The birds of the western Palearctic. Concise edition. - Oxford University Press, New YorkSearch in Google Scholar

Snyder, J. S. 2003. Patent US6513454 B1. Martin house starling excluder. - U.S. Patent Office, Washington, D.C.Search in Google Scholar

Sorace, A., Petrassi, F. & Consiglio, C. 2004. Long distance relocation of nestboxes reduces nest predation by Pine Marten Martes martes. - Bird Study 51: 119-124. DOI: 10.1080/0006365040946134310.1080/00063650409461343Search in Google Scholar

Stevenson, H. M. & Anderson, B. H. 1994. The birdlife of Florida. - University Press of Florida, GainesvilleSearch in Google Scholar

Stickel, D. W. 1963. Natural history of the Red-bellied Woodpecker. - M.S. Thesis, Southern Illinois University, CarbondaleSearch in Google Scholar

Stighäll, K. 2015. Habitat composition and restocking for conservation of the White-backed Woodpecker in Sweden. - PhD Thesis, Orebro University, SwedenSearch in Google Scholar

Stone, W. 1908. European Starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) in Pennsylvania, New Jersey and Delaware. - The Auk 25: 221-222. DOI: 10.2307/407071110.2307/4070711Search in Google Scholar

Stoner, D. 1925. The toll of the automobile. - Science 61(1568): 56-57. DOI: 10.1126/science.61.1568.5610.1126/science.61.1568.5617819715Search in Google Scholar

Sutton, G. M. 1967. Oklahoma birds. Their ecology and distribution with comments on the avifauna of the southern Great Plains. - University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, OklahomaSearch in Google Scholar

Sutton, G. M. 1984. The Red-bellied Woodpeckers fail again. - Bulletin of the Oklahoma Ornithological Society 17: 1-3.Search in Google Scholar

Svensson, S. 2004. Onset of breeding among Swedish Starlings Sturnus vulgaris in relation to spring temperature in 1981-2003. - Ornis Svecica 14: 117-128.Search in Google Scholar

Szép, T., Nagy, K., Nagy, Z. & Halmos, G. 2012. Population trends of common breeding and wintering birds in Hungary, decline of long distance migrant and farmland birds during 1999-2012. - Ornis Hungarica 20(2): 13-63. DOI: 10.2478/orhu-2013-000710.2478/orhu-2013-0007Search in Google Scholar

Szlivka, L. 1957. Biological data on the Syrian Woodpecker, Dendrocopos syriacus balcanicus, and its relations towards the Starling, Sturnus vulgaris. - Larus 9-10: 43-56. [English translation by the Smithsonian Institution, 1973]Search in Google Scholar

Taber, S. R. 1921. A bird battle. - Bird-Lore 23: 243.Search in Google Scholar

Tashiro-Vierling, K. 1994. Population trends and ecology of the Lewis’s Woodpecker (Melanerpes lewis) in southeastern Colorado. - M.A. Thesis, University of Colorado, BoulderSearch in Google Scholar

Taylor, R. G. 1953. Starlings in Jamaica. - Ibis 95: 700-701.10.1111/j.1474-919X.1953.tb01902.xSearch in Google Scholar

Tobalske, B. W. 1996. Scaling of muscle composition, wing morphology, and intermittent flight behavior in woodpeckers. - The Condor 113: 151-177. DOI: 10.2307/408894310.2307/4088943Search in Google Scholar

Tobalske, B. W. 1997. Lewis’ Woodpecker Melanerpes lewis. - In: Poole, A. & Gill, F. (eds.) The Birds of North America, no. 284. - The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and The American Ornithologists’ Union, Washington, D.C.10.2173/tbna.284.pSearch in Google Scholar

Troetschler, R. G. 1970. The impact of the Starling (Sturnus vulgaris) on the native hole-nesting species of the San Francisco Bay region. - M.S. Thesis, San Jose State University, San JoseSearch in Google Scholar

Troetschler, R. G. 1976. Acorn Woodpecker breeding strategy as affected by Starling nest-hole competition. - The Condor 78: 151-165. DOI: 10.2307/136685010.2307/1366850Search in Google Scholar

Turner, E. L. 1908. Green Woodpecker versus Starling. - British Birds 2: 141-146.Search in Google Scholar

van Balen, J. H., Booy, C. J. H., Franeker, J. A. V. & Osieck, E. R. 1982. Studies on hole-nesting birds in natural nest sites. - Ardea 70: 1-24. DOI: 10.5253/arde.v70.p110.5253/arde.v70.p1Search in Google Scholar

Verheyen, R. F. 1969. Le choix du nichoir chez l’Etourneau, Sturnus v. vulgaris [The nesting box selection of the Starling, Sturnus v. vulgaris]. - Le Gerfaut 59: 239-259. (in French)Search in Google Scholar

Vierling, K. T. 1998. Interactions between European Starlings and Lewis’ Woodpeckers at nest cavities. - Journal of Field Ornithology 69(3): 376-379.Search in Google Scholar

Villard, P. 1999. The Guadeloupe Woodpecker and other islands Melanerpes. - Société d’ Études Ornithologiques de France, BrunoySearch in Google Scholar

Vysotsky, V. G. 2005. Survival of the Starling Sturnus vulgaris in the eastern Baltic: different stages of the population dynamics. - Avian Ecology and Behaviour 13: 1-10.Search in Google Scholar

Walters, E. L., Miller, E. H. & Lowther, P. E. 2002a Yellow-bellied Sapsucker Sphyrapicus varius. - In: Poole, A. & Gill, F. (eds.) The Birds of North America, no. 662. - The Birds of North America Incorporated, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania10.2173/bna.yebsap.02Search in Google Scholar

Walters, E. L., Miller, E. H. & Lowther, P. E. 2002b Red-breasted Sapsucker Sphyrapicus ruber, Rednaped Sapsucker Sphyrapicus nuchalis. - In: Poole, A. & Gill, F. (eds.) The Birds of North America, no. 663. - The Birds of North America Incorporated, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania10.2173/tbna.663.pSearch in Google Scholar

Wesolowski, T. 2007. Lessons from long-term holenester studies in a primeval temperate forest. - Journal of Ornithology 148: 395-405. DOI: 10.1007/s10336-007-0198-110.1007/s10336-007-0198-1Search in Google Scholar

Wiebe, K. L. 2001. Microclimate of tree cavity nests: Is it important for reproductive success in Northern Flickers? - The Auk 118: 412-421. DOI: 10.1642/0004-8038(2001)118[0412:MOTCNI] 2.0.CO;2Search in Google Scholar

Wiebe, K. L., Koenig, W. D. & Martin, K. 2007. Costs and benefits of nest reuse versus excavation in cavity- nesting birds. - Annales Zoologici Fennici 44: 209-217.Search in Google Scholar

Wiley, J. W. & Wunderle, J. M. Jr. 1993. The effects of hurricanes on birds, with special reference to Caribbean islands. - Bird Conservation International 3: 319-349.Search in Google Scholar

Willet, G. 1930. The Common Mynah breeding in Los Angeles. - The Condor 32: 301-302.Search in Google Scholar

Willimont, L. A. 1990. A case of competition between European Starlings and West Indian Woodpeckers on Abaco, Bahamas. - Florida Field Naturalist 18(1): 14-15.Search in Google Scholar

Wood, C. A. 1924. The starling family at home and abroad. - The Condor 26: 123-136. DOI: 10.2307/136321610.2307/1363216Search in Google Scholar

Zeleny, L. 1969. Starlings versus native cavity-nesting birds. - Atlantic Naturalist 24: 158-161.Search in Google Scholar

eISSN:
2061-9588
Language:
English
Publication timeframe:
2 times per year
Journal Subjects:
Life Sciences, other