The first state of Georg Freudenhammer’s map of Palatinatus Posnaniensis from 1645

. The subject of this analysis is Georg Freudenhammer’s map of Palatinatus Posnaniensis , editions of which were published by all major publishing houses of the 17 th century: the Blaeu family, Jans ­ sonius, Schenk/Valk or Janssonius van Waesbergen. The formerly unknown first state was dedicated to the new Queen of Poland, Louise Marie Gonzaga. The author hypothesises that it was probably a gift from the author of the map, who participated in Krzysztof Opaliński’s envoy to the future queen. The speed at which this work was produced did not allow for its final completion, so in the later state of the map, a number of additions were made, the addressee of the dedication was changed, and the text of the royal privilege to print it was added. Several features indicate that Freudenhammer’s original intention was changed over time, and the

One of the Old Polish cartography's most important works is the Palatinatus Posnaniensis map by Georg 1 (Jerzy) Freudenhammer.We know little about the biography of the map's author.The first information was provided by Samuel Linde (1771Linde ( -1847) ) in his work Janociana: Freudenhammer supposedly came from Wschowa and was a medical officer (chief physician) in the city of Poznań (Linde, 1819, pp. 125-126).This episode in the cartogra pher's life is later recalled by Łukaszewicz (1797-1873) in his Obraz historyczno-statystyczny miasta Poznania (Historical and statistical picture of the city of Poznań), detailing what the work of the city physician consisted of, yet the source of his knowledge is Linde 1 The author's signature on the map, dedicated to Opa liński, was "G.F.M." [= Georg Freudenhammer Medicus] (Blaeu's and Janssonius's version).Some scholars have questioned the validity of interpreting the initial of the name as "Georg".Rutkowski (2015, pp. 422-423) believes that the name was "Gotfryd".We will not settle this issue here, as it requires separate biographical studies; we will consi stently use the more common form "Georg" in the literature.cited above (Łukaszewicz, 1838, p. 25).Little else can be found in Wrzosek's (1948Wrzosek's ( -1958, p. 132, p. 132) biographical note in the Polski Słownik Biograficzny (Polish Biographical Dictionary), albeit here the author also mentions the post of physician to the Poznań Voivode Krzysztof Opaliński .He probably held this post from 1643; such a date may follow from an analysis of a letter by Krzysztof Opaliński to his brother Łukasz (1612-1662), sent from Sieraków on 27 October 1643, in which he wrote that Freudenhammer was "a mercenary at my service and my household." 2 Similarly, scanty information can be found in Wielkopolski słownik biograficzny (Greater Poland Biographical Dictionary, Górska-Gołaska (1981)).
A significant event in Freudenhammer's activity was his participation in Voivode Opa liński's envoy to France in 1645.Opaliński was to marry, per procura, Marie Louise Gonzaga (1611-1667; as a Queen of Poland her name was Louise Mary) on behalf of King Władysław IV (1595-1648), and then accompany her on a trip to Poland.We know the description of the mission from a number of sources, including Krzysztof's letters to Łukasz.Freudenhammer is mentioned several times in these letters.His role was not only that of a medic, but also that of a kind of secretary to the voivode, taking care, together with Baron Jan Ludwik Wolzogen (1599-1661), of the proper setting of the lega tion and the early notification of cities along the route with specially printed advice letters (Pollak et al. 1957, p. 280;Sajkowski, 1956, p. 245).Freudenhammer traveled with the embassy through Amsterdam, and they even stayed there for a while.Opaliński purchased many works of art, (Sajkowski, 1956, p. 246) and perhaps it was during this time that Freu denhammer established contact with Blaeu and decided to have the map printed by him.The copperplate certainly remained in Amster dam, and over time, Freudenhammer sent corrections to it, perhaps to one of the copies he owned.
What the first state of the map looked like can be explained by the copy of the map held in the National Library of Paris (Palatinatus Posna niensis in Majori Polonia primarii nova delinatio / per G.F.M., sign.ark:/12148/btv1b531921813,  Joannes Blaeu).At first glance, this copy re sembles the map in Blaeu's atlases, but one may notice several significant differences upon closer examination, both in the iconogra phic programme and in the content.Since it is clear that both maps were printed from the same copperplate, the Paris copy can be con sidered as the first state of this map.An ornate cartouche in the upper left corner of the map shows a dedication to Queen Marie Louise.The cartouche contains the following dedication: To the most serene Princess and Lady P. Louise Marie, by God's grace, Queen of Poland and Sweden, Grand Duchess of Lithuania, Ruthenia, Prussia, Mazovia, etc. born

as Princess of Mantua and Montferrat, as well as Nevers, Mayenne and Rhetel, to my Most Gracious Lady, as a gift is given and dedicated by G.[eorg] Freudenhamer, medical doctor.
When creating the map, the author of the dedication alluded to the origins of the queen, whose family, originating from northern Italy, was well established at the French court.The dedication is surmounted by a shield of arms, flanked by two putti, bearing two composite coats of arms: that of the Republic and that of the Gonzagas, the lords of Mantua and Mont ferrat and at the same time the imperial vassals.Above the shields, we find a closed royal crown; the other, smaller one is below the shields and surmounts the braided initials: VLR [= Vladislaus Ludovica Reges].On the second state of the map, the cartouche re mained, but the dedication to the queen was replaced with a dedication to Krzysztof Opaliński, and his coat of arms was included (Figure 3).In addition to the queen's complex multi-field coat of arms, the map incorporated the coat of arms of the Republic of Poland as a counter point in the upper righthand corner: the coat of arms features an eagle with its head facing to the right (heraldic left), placed on a cartouche and surmounted by a closed royal crown.
Below the dedication cartouche, Freuden hammer placed an ornamental drapery with a Latin panegyric in honour of the future queen, which in the late state of the map was replaced by a praise of the homeland, Polonia Maior (Figure 4):

FOR THE QUEEN Bride, you soon with your husband will raise with a victorious hand
The royal sceptre over the Northern Lands: Accept, as a happy divination, part of the Kingdom on paper, Which for thee and thine shall be permanent territory.

Georg Freudenhammer, medic
The analysed map also lacks the mention of the royal privilege that Blaeu (or Freudenham mer himself?) received for the publication of the map.In the later state, the privilege was placed to the right of the title cartouche.* * * A separate category of differences comprises missing additions and errors in the content.The upper and lower frames (here blank) lack the division into degrees and minutes that were introduced in the next state.Across the entire surface, there are delicate, diagonally running guide lines made by hand with ink, but their purpose is difficult to determine.In the northern part, Wałcz (P.Wałcz, D. Die Krone) swapped places with Czaplinek (Czaplinek).After this error was corrected, lakes Raduń and Zamkowe (without names) were added to the atlas maps in the vicinity of Wałcz.The first state also shows a road from Swarzędz (Squarzenc, P. Grzymołowo,6 G. Schwarsentz) through Poznań (P.Posnan, G. Posen) and further Pniewy (P.Pniewi, G. Poune), Siera ków (P.Sierakow, G. Zirckaw) to Drezdenko (P.Dresno, G. Driesen), which is removed in the later state.It is difficult to say what was the purpose of that road.This is not the Polonia Maior (Greater Poland) section of the legation, as this set off from Sieraków and not from Swarzędz.Compared to the first state, the second state features more elaborate carto graphic symbols of some localities: in the case of Poznań, more towers and a pastoral (denot ing the seat of a diocese) were added, Gniezno (P.Gnesna, G. Gnisen), Wschowa (P.Zchowa, G. Fräwstadt), Kościan (P.Koscian, G. Kosten) and Wałcz (as mentioned above) also have more towers.
There is also a set of errors which are not corrected, e.g.incorrect location of Sarnówko (here: Sarnowo) near Rawicz or errors relating to distance.7 * * * Freudenhammer must have been proud of his study, so he thought it might make a perfect gift for the queen of Poland.He dedicated the work to her, which was, after all, a fairly common practice at the time (Skrycki, 2022).We can assume that only a few copies of this map were printed at that time.
At this point, it is also necessary to question the date of publication of the atlas map com monly accepted in the Polish literature (de facto second state).Following an enigmatic mention by Rastawiecki (see footnote 3), all research ers accepted the year of 1645 as the date the map dedicated to Opaliński was published.However, Rastawiecki was describing the second state of the map, while the first state likely originated between the marriage (Novem ber 5, 1645) and the coronation (July 15, 1646).Therefore, I believe that, following van der Krogt, the publication date for the second state should be considered as 1659 in the second (Spanish-language) volume of Blaeu's atlas.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Map of Palatinatus Posnaniensis edited by J. Blaeu (Atlas Maior, Amsterdam 1662; from the collection of the National Library, ZZK 14 781, Public domain)

Figure 3 .
Figure 3.Comparison of dedicatory cartouches of the first and second state (excerpts from Figures 1 and 2) 8