Post-1800 copies of Atlas Silesiae : may we talk about the second edition?

. In the earlier paper (Paprotny, 2022b) I have presented all known states of maps encountered in the 1750 (i


Introduction
Atlas Silesiae, with four general maps of Silesia and sixteen maps of individual principalities, was published in Nuremberg by Homann Heirs in July 1752, with the year 1750 on the title page (this edition is hereafter called AS-HH).Its appearance crowned thirty years of field work, revisions, editing, and printing, plagued by organizational and technical problems, to mention only non-uniform length units.Being the first state-financed official mapping of Silesia the authors of the maps as well as publishers of the Atlas has also to struggle with bureaucratic structures of first Habsburg, then Prussian monarchies.This change of dependency was consequence of the First (1740-1742) and the Second (1744-1745) Silesian War which for two centuries sealed the transition of Silesia from Austria to Prussia, next to Germany.The misleading date on the title page (1750 instead of 1752) resulted from the ban on Atlas publication issued by Prussia's king Frederic II (afraid of hostile use of the maps), lifted only in October 1750.A long and complicated genesis of the 1750 (i.e.1752) edition of Atlas Silesiae, as well as the origin of its individual maps, have been thoroughly researched thanks to the first--hand documentation from the epoch preserved in the archives (Heyer, 1890; Horodyski, 2002;  Konias, 1990; Novák, 1951a, 1951b).
At the time of AS-HH appearance (July 1752) Homann Heirs was in the hands of Johann Michael Franz and Johann Georg Ebersberger, both closely related with late Johann Baptist Homann, founder of the company (died 1724), and his son Johann Christoph (died 1730).Since the late 1750's the firm was run by Franz's and Ebersberger's successors who managed to keep its position among Germany's cartographic enterprises despite the severe economic crisis, an aftermath of the Third Silesian or Seven Years War (1756-1763).The gradual decline began in the last decade of the 18 th c. when more productive competitors emerged on Germany's and Austria's map markets.Beginning in the 19 th century Homann Heirs entered the final period of life, marked by change in the company's ownership.Christoph Fembo acquired half of its shares in 1804 and in 1813 became the sole owner, running the firm till death (1848) under the name "Privilegierte Kunstund Landkarten-Handlung Christoph Fembo (vormals Homann Erben)". 1 The post-1800 copies of Atlas Silesiae discussed here appeared in Fembo's time.We call them AS-CF and define as including at least one map dated after 1800 which is listed in "Index mapparum", the map register.
Unlike the 1750 (i.e.1752) AS-HH edition the post-1800 AS-CF has been virtually ignored by historians of cartography.It is particularly striking in otherwise detailed monographic works on Homann publishing house and its cartographic output (Diefenbacher et al., 2002;  Heinz, 2002; Sandler, 1888a, 1888b), and on post-1800 German atlases (Espenhorst & Crossman, 2008).Apart from a few sketchy mentions (Janczak, 1976, p. 77; Kot, 1970, pp.49-50;  Kozica, 2009, pp.103-105), only two papers pay some attention to Fembo's "second edition" of the Atlas, as their authors name it (Wytyczak, 2019, pp.78-81; Zembaty, 1958,  pp.91-94).Zembaty positively notes updated administrative boundaries and new settlements added to maps in the AS-CF copy he examined but criticizes their "poor execution" and an outdated picture of Upper Silesia, then undergoing fast industrialization.In his opinion, AS-CF was a step back compared with AS-HH.Wytyczak's description of the "forgotten atlas of Silesia" as he calls the AS-CF, is much more detailed though limited to maps of Silesian principalities since based on inspection of the incomplete LABW copy (see point 2.2 below).He praises the updated content of AS-CF, particularly extensive information about the economy of the area, as well as more accurate image of the terrain.Interestingly, neither Zembaty nor Wytyczak recognizes AS-CF maps of Silesian principalities as later states of respective maps from AS-HH, printed from the same though deeply modified plates.

Copies of AS-HH
Silesian States, which financed production of the Atlas, concluded in 1735 a contract with the Homann Heirs publishing house.It called for reduction of the prototype manuscript maps drawn by Johann Wolfgang Wieland and Matthäus Schubarth to the uniform "Sansonian" size (at the cost of diverse scales), as well as for engraving copper plates, printing, and colouring the maps.According to the contract, 2,500 copies of each Atlas map were to be printed, 2 equivalent to 2,500 sets of maps comprising the Atlas. 3Another contract between the States and the Breslau (now Wrocław) bookseller Johann Jacob Korn, concluded in 1739, obliged him to sell to subscribers only complete sets (although later he got permission to sell also individual maps).Whether and how would sets of the maps be bound was left to individual decision of the buyers, though Atlas bound volumes might have been also offered by Korn.Due to the large number of original printouts more than a hundred copies of AS-HH have been preserved to this day in libraries and collections worldwide (and many more single maps, often extracted from disbounded Atlas copies). 4Some sets have survived as collections of loose maps, sometimes backed with linen, sectionalized and folded, occasionally kept in cardboard boxes from the epoch.More common are bound AS-HH copies, unsurprisingly demonstrating variety of forms and types of bindings, most often as large format volumes (usually in imperial folio).For a review of bindings of Atlas Silesiae from Polish collections see Sroka (2014).

Copies of AS-CF
Relative abundance of preserved AS-HH copies strongly contrasts with a very small 2 Original contract provided for 18 maps: 16 maps of principalities and the general map of Silesia printed on two sheets.
3 Why just such number of copies was commissioned by the States remains unclear.It seems to be unreasonably high as for the number of subscribers (which, admittedly, is not known to the author) and too low as for the number of printouts pulled from a single copperplate (estimated for about 3,000-5,000 per plate; see Diefenbacher et al., 2002,  p. 98). 4 Author's estimate based on WorldCat, KVK and catalogues of national libraries.According to Sroka (2014, p. 321, footnote 1) 28 copies of Atlas Silesiae have been preserved in major Polish libraries.This is evidently underestimated number as it does not include copies in private hands and in more obscure regional collections.number of known AS-CF exemplars. 5Only six have been found in course of this study: five in standard atlas bindings and one being collection of separate maps of Silesian principalities, lacking general maps (LABW copy): 1. LoC copy: Library of Congress, Washington (LCCN map51000862). 6. SBB copy: Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin-Kartenabteilung (sign.Kart.N 14941).
Additionally, two "ghost" AS-CF copies can be traced in the literature: -Copy described by Zembaty (1958,  pp.91-91), once in the collection of Muzeum Śląska Opolskiego (Opole Silesia Museum in Opole, Poland), now probably lost.9According to Zembaty's paper the copy's title page and "Index mapparum" are identical with these in AS-HH, while maps of principalities are dated 1806, 1808 ("majority of maps"), 1809, 1812, and 1813.
-Copy from the library of Thomas Sydenham, auctioned in Paris in December 1817, of which nothing more is known.10

Composition of Atlas Silesiae: AS-CF vs. AS-HH
Copies of Atlas Silesiae published before and after 1800 have the same general composition.Following title page and list of maps ("Index mapparum"), they include twenty maps: general map of Silesia, two maps of Lower and Upper Silesia, map of the diocese of Breslau (Wrocław), and sixteen maps of Silesian principalities.11Except for the general map of Silesia, all printed content of both AS-HH and AS-CF was pulled out from the same set of copperplates, more or less deeply modified to later states.

Title page
All copies of AS-HH have identical title page with the publisher's imprint "HOMANNIANIS HEREDIBVS | NORIMBERGAE MDCCL".The same unchanged title page can be found also in early copies of AS-CF (LoC and SBB exemplars).It was probably not before Fembo's full takeover of the company in 1813 when the title page printed from the same though modified plate started to appear in AS-CF, with imprint changed to: "HOMANNIANIS HEREDIBVS | nunc CHRISTOPHORO FEMBO.1813.| NO-RIMBERGAE.C.P.R.B.M.".The new imprint not only updated the publisher's name and date of publication but also introduced an acronymic version of the privilege "Cum Privilegio Regis Bavariae Maiestatis".The privilege reflected political changes following the 1806 dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation, a process which shifted the city of Nuremberg from the emperor's domain to the Kingdom of Bavaria (see Figure 1).

"Index mapparum"
The index is a one-page listing of maps included in the Atlas, supplemented with register of Silesian free state countries, printed from the same and unchanged plate for inclusion to both AS-HH and AS-CF copies of Atlas Silesiae.

General map of Silesia
The general map which follows "Index mapparum" in AS-HH copies, Tobias Mayer's DUCA-TUS SILESIAE Tabula geographica generalis, was printed from two plates: A (undated, known in three states), and B (dated 1749, four states).Printouts from both, in all recorded states, can be found in AS-HH copies. 12n post-1800 copies of AS-CF the outdated Mayer's map was replaced with the newly engraved Generalcharte von SCHLESIEN, drawn by Franz Ludwig Güssefeld, a prolific cartographer cooperating with Homann Heirs since 1770's.This map appeared as a single in 1802 and was followed by editions dated 1806 ("Zweite Ausgabe"), 1813, and 1818 ("Neue Ausgabe").Besides being distributed separately exemplars of the 1806, 1813, and 1818 editions served also as a general map of Silesia in post-1800 copies of Atlas Silesiae.

Map of Lower Silesia
The second map in AS-HH and AS-CF is Johann Matthias Haas' DUCATUS SILESIAE TABULA GEOGRAPHICA PRIMA INFERIO-REM EIUS PARTEM, printed from plate A (three states recorded) and plate B (four states).All states pulled from plate A as well as states 1 and 2 printed from plate B can be found in copies of AS-HH.
The early post-1800 copies of the Atlas include map of Lower Silesia in state B2, unchanged from the one used in AS-HH (an example is the LoC copy).In later copies of AS-CF the Lower Silesia map printed from modified plate B is seen, being either in the third state, without the date 1745 removed from the title cartouche and from the upper margin (as in SBB copy), or in the fourth state, with the italicised note "nunc Christopho.Fembo.| C.P.R.B.M." added to the cartouche (as in RGS and both BN copies).These gradually introduced changes demonstrate how the Homann Heirs, having no new and up-to-date replacement for the then obsolete Haas' map, tried to conceal evidence of the latter's age and keep up at least with changes in the company's ownership (see Figure 2).

Map of Upper Silesia
The third map in AS-HH and AS-CF is J.M. Haas' DUCATUS SILESIAE TABULA ALTERA SUPERIOREM SILESIAM, dated 1746.It was printed from plate A (six states recorded) and plate B (three states).Copies of AS-HH include all states printed from plate A (possibly except for the first state 13 ) as well as states 1 and 2 pulled from plate B.
Map of Upper Silesia present in AS-CF copies was printed from plate B. In early post-1800 exemplars it was in state B2, with "Norimb.| A o .MDCCXXXXVI" in the title cartouche (as in LoC and SBB copies), and in those issued later in state B3, with "Norim-| bergae, nunc | Christopho.Fembo."(as in RGS and both BN copies).Details differing states B2 and B3 are presented in Figure 3.

Map of the Diocese of Breslau (Wrocław)
The map prepared under the supervision of Rev. Johann Ignaz Felbiger, the fourth in all 13 None of thirteen examined copies of AS-HH does include the 1 st state of this map (see Appendix: Table 4).

Maps of Silesian principalities
Sixteen maps of Silesian principalities (duchies) included in the 1750 (1752) AS-HH are dated either 1736 (fourteen maps) or 1739 (two maps).Examples of the full spectrum of their early states are combined in individual AS-HH copies, with no evident regularities in composition (see Table 4 in Paprotny (2022b), updated in the Appendix here).
In post-1800 AS-CF copies, we see these sixteen maps printed from the same yet radically modified copperplates, most noticeably in the title area.Ornate baroque cartouches present on AS-HH maps, adorned by floral elements, landscapes, putti, coats-of-arms, figurative scenes characteristic for the mapped principalities, etc., had been erased from the plates before printing maps seen in AS-CF.All titles and other accompanying information, on AS-HH maps in elaborate Latin, were simplified and changed to German.More essential is the mo- In other known copies of AS-CF, evidently published later, all maps of principalities are printed from plates updated by Sotzmann, being in differing states and diversely dated (see Table 1).It should be noted that the majority of updated maps of Silesian principalities were distributed as separate prints -which is why their loose exemplars are more common today than AS-CF copies, albeit much more rare than 1736-1739 maps known from AS-HH.
Although the earliest updated maps of Silesian principalities are dated 1806, Sotzmann started working on them much earlier, possibly even in the last decade of the 18 th c.The idea may have come to him with the publication of F.A. Zimmermann's Beiträge zur Beschreibung von Schlesien.14This work served Sotzmann as a source of detailed and up-to-date topographic information on various parts of Silesia.In a letter to F.J. Bertuch, editor of Allgemeine Geographische Ephemeriden (AGE), he remarked: "During 60 years since the maps of principalities were published (1736 to 1739), a great number of new villages, colonies and granges were established [in Silesia], making the [AS-HH] maps outdated comparing to [description in] Zimmermann's Beiträge" (Sotz-mann, 1809, pp.241-242). 15Indications of Sotzmann's early involvement in updating these maps can be found also in titles of his other two works: -1791 map KARTE von den im Oppelschen Creise neu angelegten Oertern, nach welcher das 14 Blatt des Schlesischen Atlasses von Wieland, verbessert werden kann 16 directly refers to improving map of the Opole (Oppeln) principality from the "Schlesische Atlass", i.e.AS-HH; -1800 map SCHLESIEN nach dem Wielandschen Atlas, den Beyträgen des Herrn Kammercalculators Zimmermann zur Beschreibung von Schlesien und andern vorzüglichen Hülfmsitteln bearbeitet, 17 drawn according to the "Wielandschen Atlas" (i.e.AS--HH) and Zimmermann's work, presents content which is updated comparing with AS-HH maps.

"Edition" in the cartographical context
"Edition", the term widely used in descriptive bibliography, may be quite confusing when applied to cartographical material. 18Its definitions presented in the documents standardizing 15 Reference to 60 (instead of 70) years is probably printing error (the letter was published in the 1809 volume of AGE) 16 This woodcut map was published in Berlin by J. F. Unger (Paprotny 2022a, p. 346).It was engraved in then new technique of carving against the grain of hard wood using tools for engraving in metal, a method devised by the British engraver Thomas Bewick. 17Map published in 1800 by Schneider und Weigel in Nuremberg (Paprotny, 2022a, pp.367-368).
18 See, e.g., Skrycki's (2022) paper on the Lubinus' map of Pomerania in which undefined terms "edition", "printing", and "version" are used interchangeably.both using fuzzy descriptors ("substantially", "essentially"), may be precise enough for contemporary published material but are intrinsically inappropriate for description of maps produced before introduction of machine printing.For the early maps the counterpart of "edition" -sensu largo -is the term "plate", meaning the printing matrix (Verner, 1965; Verner, 1974). 19hile the woodcut or copperplate map is defined by the plate from which it was printed, and by changes done to that plate between separate printings (responsible for the emergence of the map's "states"), "edition" is a subsidiary term relating not to the map itself but to the act of its publication.Identical copies of a map, printed from the same and unchanged plate (i.e.being in the same state), may come from different editions of the map or its source volume (atlas or book).Such copies cannot be associated with the specific edition unless there are additional elements printed outside the map's platemark area -running title, signature, pagination, text on verso, etc. Originating source of many loose atlas maps can be determined upon checking these extra elements (for examples see Paprotny, 2022a).Specific edition of separately published copperplate maps is much more difficult to identify (unless it is explicitly declared, as on Güssefeld's 1806 Generalcharte mentioned in p. 3.2 above) as they rarely have such elements added in letterpress.
Individual editions of antique atlases, rarely featuring formal edition statement on the title page or in the colophon, are usually identified by the date of publication (if known or deducible).However, these dates are often unreliable as exemplified by Atlas Silesiae itself: first published by Homann Heirs in 1752 though dated 1750, then by Fembo, with 1813 on the title page but including maps dated 1817 and 1818 as in BN copies (see Table 1).Moreover, many atlases are notoriously undated (e.g., Schreiber's Atlas selectus), keep the unchanged date on 19 It should be noted here that the term "plate", as defined in both ACRL and IFLA, means not a printing matrix but a leaf printed chiefly or entirely with other technique than the letterpress.
the title page through many varying editions (e.g., Tirion's Nieuwe en beknopte Hand-Atlas), feature different dates on the title page and on frontispiece or the list of maps (as Wilkinson's General Atlas), etc.These limitations notwithstanding, the ACRL / IFLA rules are better suited for bibliographical description of early atlases or geographical treatises than for description of their maps.

Why post-1800 copies of Atlas Silesiae do not constitute a separate edition
There are internal arguments supporting this view, based on analysis of the known copies of the Atlas, and external ones, referring to the publication context and other factors: -Rarity of AS-CF copies suggests that they were compiled in single exemplars, possibly on individual order.This may explain why post-1800 Atlas Silesiae has been generally ignored by historians of cartography.
-The earliest known AS-CF copy (LoC) appeared most probably in 1808, and the latest one not before 1818 (see Table 1).The time span of at least ten years for publication of a modest number of differing copies of the Atlas hardly allows to consider this group to be a separate, intentionally planned and executed edition.
-Composition of known AS-CF copies most probably reflects the inventory of maps available for compilers at the date of compilation.Changes in composition testify that individual copies of AS-CF included recently updated maps and were issued rather sparsely (the possible exceptions are BN-254 and BN-359 exemplars which may have appeared consecutively in 1817 and 1818).

Conclusion
Importance of Atlas Silesiae for the early development of regional cartography of Central Europe remains unquestionable.Historically, its maps present detailed image of Silesia at the very end of the Habsburg era, just before the country changed its state affiliation to Prussia.Cartographically, the Atlas has become a landmark summary of the 18 th c. cartography of the area and a model for many maps and atlases which appeared in the second half of that century (Wytyczak, 2018).Maps of Silesian principalities, constantly updated and modernized, were published and distributed by Christopher Fembo as separate prints in the first decades of the 19 th c.Late states of these maps, compiled together with constantly updated editions of the brand new general map of Silesia and completely outdated maps of its Lower and Upper parts, appeared sporadically in bound volumes, mimicking the second edition of Atlas Silesiae but also prolonging the Atlas long life.