Tourism, Hospitality and COVID-19: Business Challenges and Transforma�ons; the Case of Des�na�on and Resort Planning, Development, and Policy Framework

Objec�ve: This paper aims at restoring tourism and hospitality economic sectors following the nega�ve impacts of the COVID-19. It addresses how behaviour

�ons. However, these restric�ons were not healthy for the development of the global economy.
The paper seeks to analyse the challenges and transforma�ons of the COVID-19 pandemic to the global economy. To a�ain this, the tourism and hospitality sectors of the economy will be placed under perspec�ve. In apprecia�on that the pandemic occasioned restricted movements domes�cally and from one country to another, its impacts on des�na�on and resort planning will be assessed (Jiang & Wen, 2020). The influence of the development of a policy framework to govern these sectors' opera�ons will also be highlighted. The analysis is determined to discuss the restora�on of the tourism and hospitality economies despite the pandemic's nega�ve impacts.

Conceptual Framework
Coronavirus  has been defined by the World Health Or-ganiza�on (WHO) as a newly found type of SARS virus that has been a worldwide pandemic of respiratory illness. The origin of the disease is a�ributed to China in December 2019. Lauren Sauer, MS, the director of opera�ons with the John Hopkins Office of Cri�cal Event Preparedness and Response, confirmed that the virus was spread through the droplets released into the air from an infected person (Arain, Thalapparambath, & Al Ghamdi, 2020). One of the characteris�cs of these droplets is their inability to travel for longer distances. It is upon this characteris�c that social distancing was implemented as a measure of preven�ng the spread of the pandemic. However, the form of social distancing is employed depending on the severity of the disease. In some cases, total lockdowns were considered the most effec�ve measures as they would considerably limit the viruses soared.
The other significant term in economics is a social science focusing on the produc�on, distribu�on, and consump�on of goods and services. It has also been described as studies on how individuals, business en��es, countries, and other interna�onal legal personal-i�es make choices regarding resource alloca�on and the a�ainment of profitability (Mankiw, 2020). One of the tenets governing the school of economics is the presump�on that human beings act with ra�onal behaviour. The behaviour ensures that they seek and a�ain the op�mal or maximum level of benefit, happiness, or u�lity in every aspect of their ac�ons. Economics can be categorized into two major components: macroeconomics and microeconomics. Macroeconomics deals with the economy's general behaviour while the la�er concerns individuals and businesses. For example, in rela-�on to the COVID-19 pandemic, macroeconomics will be interested in the pandemic changes to the tourism and hospitality sectors of the economy in general (Baldwin & Weder di Mauro, 2020). Similarly, microeconomics will highlight the pandemic's effects on the individual stakeholders of business in these two sectors.
In light of the meaning a�ributed to economics, a defini�on of the economy can also be extrapolated. The term has been described as an area of produc�on, distribu�on, trade, and consump-�on of various stakeholders' goods and services (Mankiw, 2020). It is a social domain emphasizing the prac�ces and material expressions of produc�on, u�lity, and resources management. The economy results from a group of factors that correlate to influence demand, supply, and profitability. The factors depict a set of values, cultures, educa�on, technological innova�ons, socio-poli�cal structures, and an economy's legal ramifica�ons. Economies can be categorized as market-based, command-based, green economy, gig economy, new economy, and the global economy.
A market-based economy is pegged on the interplay between demand and supply of goods and services. This form of an economy requires economic agents and the medium and form of exchange between the par�es. A command-based economy, on the other hand, is premised on poli�cal goodwill. The poli�cal agents directly influence the chain of produc�on and distribu�on of goods and services (Mankiw, 2020). A green economy is focused on lowcarbon emissions and resource efficiency, and sustainability. A gig economy focuses on the alloca�on of short-term jobs through on-line pla�orms. The term new economy alludes to contemporary standards and prac�ces. Lastly, the global economy refers to the collec�on of all the economic systems of the world.
The hospitality industry comprises five core categories: food, hotel, travel, tourism, and leisure ac�vi�es. These businesses receive money from domes�c or local economies from visitors who spend quality �me in their hotels and leisure facili�es. Hospitality is directly �ed to the tourist business (Gursoy & Chi, 2020). Each company's success is �ed to another's success. The second sector is related to these two economic sectors in the travel industry, which allows mobility within a state or between states. The travel sector permits both labs and visitors to be transferred to tourism and hospitality enterprises.
Research's other essen�al words are des�na�on and resort planning. A Loca�on Management Strategy (DMP) refers to a tourist economic management business plan for one's des�na�on (Hristov & Petrova, 2018). The core of the document is gathering and presen�ng in�ma�ons and ac�ons found via a des�na�on management procedure. The plan is important in iden�fying areas requiring coopera�on from other economic partners. Resort planning, however, is a constant process of designing a comprehensive and regulated resort growth. Resort planning helps resorts to pos-i�on themselves strategically, a�rac�ng as many visitors as possible. Resort planning analyses prevalent and current elements that may affect company opera�ons and profitability.

Research Problem
Although the COVID-19 resulted in adverse impacts on the global economy, there are s�ll opportuni�es that can be exploited to restore the tourism and hospitality economies. The research appreciates that the implementa�on of movement restric�ons in the form of the banning of flights and lockdowns impacted heavily on the economy's tourism and hospitality sectors (Nicola et al., 2020). As a consequence, the sectors' ability to survive and thrive was threatened. Na�onal and interna�onal organiza�ons that relied on travel, tourism, and hospitality could not sustain the economy as most of them were forced into closure as a mechanism of minimizing the spread of the pandemic. The banning of interna�onal flights impacted the transport and tourism sectors of the global economies greatly as airline companies could not contribute to economic development, which was already crumbling in other economic sectors. Despite these consequences, pandemic survival required modi-fica�on and adap�on. One of the ideas stressed was the necessity to learn how to live with the infec�on (Baum et al., 2020). Essen-�ally, the principles indicate that people around the world should accept behavioural change given the necessity to restore the global economy. Part of the study issue is how behavioural changes influence the global economy. Subsequently, these developments are analysed from the perspec�ve of the COVID-19 pandemic, demonstra�ng a linkage between it and economic progress. Part of the study topic is to provide advice on the pandemic-related economic restora�on process. The economy's tourism and hospitality industries will rely substan�ally upon it.

Research Ques�ons.
This study is guided by three research ques�ons: 1. How has the COVID-19 affected the tourism and the hospitality 2. industries? 3. What is the rela�onship between the COVID-19 pandemic and? 4. the economic development of a country? 5. What policy measures can restore the global economy of the 6. tourism and the hospitality sectors?

Research Objec�ves
The research paper is premised on three main research objec�ves. These are: 1. To find out how the COVID-19 affected the tourism and the hospitality industries. 2. To establish the rela�onship between the COVID-19 pandemic and the economic development of a country. 3. To determine and recommend policy measures that can restore the global economy of the tourism and the hospitality sectors.

Research Significance
The research is based on the assump�on that change is inevitable. Individuals, companies, and governments are expected to embrace the no�on of change. The unan�cipated COVID-19 epidemic had severe unfavourable impacts on the state and the global economy. Isola�on techniques, self-quaran�ne, and lockdown methods to prevent viral transmission severely affect the overall pro-duc�vity and profitability of major economies (Snooks, 2020). The consequences were caused largely by limi�ng the freedom of movement for people. One research ques�on acknowledges that tourism and hospitality are among the most impacted economic sectors, both worldwide and domes�cally. Evidence indicates the hotel economy gradually recovered from the pandemic's effects. However, more has to be done as the number of revenues during the virus' earliest phases was tremendous. The hotel industry had its lowest profit when governments pondered complete lockdowns to stop the pandemic's alarming spread (Nicola et al., 2020). The report indicates that given the present COVID-19 business climate, to recoup from these losses, it needs to make considerable adjustments to how it carries out its opera�ons. The same applies to the tourist industry. The cornerstone of this industry is the health of staff and consumers. Therefore, policy should a�empt to ensure the safety and health of these economic players. Consequently, clients will have faith in the tourist and hospitality industry, improving their possibility of profitability.
The report contends that although these isola�on methods successfully decrease the epidemic's spread and impact, the effects of the epidemic have been delayed. According to this study, the economic ramifica�ons of COVID-19 would greatly hit the tourism sector if no measures were taken. WHO has suggested that, even as countries begin restructuring and repairing their economy, there is a need to maintain a high threshold of health standards necessary to avoid and minimize the spread of coronavirus (Cucino�a & Vanelli, 2020). Therefore, the study aims to provide advice on how global economies might adjust themselves and adapt to the pandemic-induced changes. The results of this study will be beneficial in building a founda�on for making sugges�ons on how to revive global economies.

Theore�cal Framework
This study uses the Modern Disaster Theory to theore�cally look at the Tourism, Hospitality and COVID-19: Business Challenges and Transforma�ons; the Case of Des�na�on and Resort Planning, Development, and Policy Framework. Disaster law is a repertoire of laws to cope with disastrous threats. This paper provides basic a�empts towards simula�ng the quan�ta�vely familiarized analogy using current por�olio theory. Modern disaster theory, similarly, to the corporate finance model, sees catastrophe law as the op�mum por�olio of legal norms. Op�mal catastrophe prepara�on consists of finding, implemen�ng, and keeping that por�olio of regula�ons at the border of effec�ve governance. Disaster management starts with knowledge of societal contribu�on to disasters.
Natural disasters as such do not destroy; environmental tragedies only cause loss to the degree that human ins�tu�ons put people and property in the line of destruc�on. A genuinely compassionate approach to catastrophe legisla�on extends this first iden�fica�on to a profound comprehension of the social injus�ce and this can be used to define the COVID-19 disasters to the global tourism and hospitality scenario.
The other theory is the behavioural economics theory that draws its legi�macy on psychological changes and tries to explain why people can reach irra�onal decisions. The theory argues that factors related to the environment, personal and behavioural character-is�cs determine market or consumer behaviour (Thaler, 2016). The theory is relevant to this study as it explains why some of the consumers of the tourism and hospitality industries declined to embrace the reopening of reac�onal and accommoda�on facili�es.

Literature review
One of the ar�cles that this research will rely upon is the COVID-19 Genera�on: A Conceptual Framework of the Consumer Behavioural Shi�s to be Caused by the COVID-19 Pandemic. The authors of this secondary source, Zwanka and Buff, provide a review of the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic the consumer traits, purchasing pa�erns and preferences, and their global interconnectedness (Zwanka & Buff, 2020). The authors argue that the pandemic has influenced consumer pa�erns and psychographic behaviours, affec�ng marke�ng strategies and outcomes. In assessing the effects of the current 2020 pandemic, the authors are guided by precedent on the impacts of the significant milestones such as the JFK assassina�on, Iran Hostage Crisis, Terrorism, and the 2008 worldwide economic contrac�on and how they influenced the economy. The authors reiterate that major catastrophic events of the world affect human behaviour in rela�on to the purchase of goods services. Thus, in very devasta�ng events, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, there is a need for altering the behaviours of the market stakeholders with the view of adap�ng to the changes occasioned by the event (Zwanka & Buff, 2020). To elaborate on the current pandemic's role, the authors relate it to the effects of the global flu epidemic of 1918. The global flu is reported to have triggered and influenced the crea�on of na�onal health services in most of the European countries.
Larson and Shin (2018) expound on the asser�on by Zwanka and Buff (2020), by sta�ng that catastrophic events such as terrorist a�acks and pandemics create fear among human beings that contribute to their changing. The authors give examples of the Great Depression and World War II crisis that set pla�orms for the modern welfare state. Viewing the coronavirus disease in light of these examples helps understand that the virus's changes to consumer behaviours call for adaptability by the contributors of the economy (Larson & Shin, 2018). An example of a market behavioural change occasioned by the pandemic, according to this ar�cle, is increased forms of online shopping and ordering. Thus, the tourism and hospitality departments are expected to adjust their policies and cultures to reflect this behaviour change from their respec�ve customers. Gursoy and Chi (2020), in their ar�cle, note that the world's economy has been shut down considerably. The authors analyse the plethora of challenges the pandemic has occasioned the hospitality industry (Gursoy & Chi, 2020). According to the ar�cle, the strategies used to fla�en the COVID-19 curve like lockdowns, stayat-home orders, travel, and mobility restric�ons led to the temporary closure of many hospitality businesses. Gursoy and Chi (2020) note that over �me, the hospitality industry has been recovering from the pandemic's adverse impacts. However, the full realiza�on of stability will take a longer �me since customers are more concerned with their welfare and safety (Gursoy & Chi, 2020). As the businesses make policy changes to reflect and meet the customers' safety concerns, it will require more �me for them to a�ain full confidence in the services offered by this industry.
Jiang and Wen's (2020) study indicated that the reopening of sitdown restaurants and resump�on of air travel and other forms of travel will not assure its customers' hospitality business. The findings found out that about 50% of the interviewed individuals were hesitant to resume using sit-down restaurants immediately a�er reopening (Jiang & Wen, 2020). The same sta�s�cs were evident for travelling. According to the ar�cle, this fear was a�ributed to a lack of trust and confidence regarding individual welfare. This assessment will be highly relied upon to establish the extent of the pandemic's impacts on the tourism and hospitality departments.
A comparison is made between the factors that drove the hospitality business before the COVID-19 pandemic and a�er in the United States (Baum et al., 2020). According to this ar�cle, some of the highlighted factors that influence the industry before the pandemic included increased disposable income, new trade trends, and rising online business a�ributed to high internet penetra�on, the web presence of hotels, and tourism directories. The authors highlight the rela�onship between the tourism and hospitality industries. The ar�cle affirms that, immediately a�er the pandemic's incep�on, hospitality industries in all regions of the world were affected. This was in the form of sudden cancella�on of accom-moda�on reserva�ons by customers (Baum et al., 2020). Accordingly, the most affected sectors included food and beverages, travel and tourism, lodging, and recrea�on. The ar�cle further provides an analysis of fourteen company profiles and how the pandemic impacted them.

Research Findings and Analysis
How has the Covid-19 affected the tourism and the hospitality industries?
This paper notes that unexpected outbreak-like illnesses are no longer unusual. The world is facing infec�ous epidemics of numerous forms, some�mes with global repercussions. Going through the archives, one may find devasta�ng epidemics that impacted the path of human history. For example, the epidemic that peaked from 1347 to 1351 altered the landscape of Europe and the world, wiping off 17% of the 450 million worldwide popula�on.
Spanish flu and subsequent epidemics of various scales presented serious signals to the world's public health agencies and health systems. Advances in technology and science have improved global health systems, including, for example, ar�ficial intelligence, which can predict the loca�on of the next outbreak, the development of effec�ve drugs, the design of new molecules that could stop viral replica�on, and so on. Yet, dangers of new and re-emerging illnesses showed no diminu�on, rather, they were more prevalent. The world has seen and feared infec�on epidemics of different intensity in terms of effect and geographical coverage during the last several decades. With repeated emerging and reemerging of epidemics of various scales of illness, forecas�ng the next one became very elusive.
COVID-19 unprecedentedly affects the hotel business in the world. The consequences are uncertain since the eventual pandemic magnitude is s�ll to be ascertained. For example, hotel oc-cupancy in Ethiopia decreased to 43% and revenue per available room plummeted by 30.5% for the week ending on March 14. The World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC) believed that over 50 million travel and tourism jobs were in danger worldwide in 2020. Hotels and hospitality are key cash sources, with the poten�al to create thousands of jobs yearly. The tourist industry's hotels and hospital subsector have had their share of Ethiopia's government's COVID-19 lockdown policy difficul�es. With the government pro-clama�on to limit the "stay-at-home policy" and "social distancing" trend, most restaurant enterprises were badly damaged. This prompted swi� shutdowns in towns and states to stop the spread of the COVID-19 illness, which shocked many restaurants and hotels throughout the na�on.

Rela�onship between the COVID-19 Pandemic and the Economic Development of a Country.
The immediate associa�on between COVID-19 and economics is that the epidemic caused an economic collapse as seen in the closing or deprecia�ng the scope of the same business. According to Gursoy and Chi (2020), the COVID-19 pandemic was the worst global economic era. Governments, na�ons, and other interna-�onal legal personali�es confronted a problem of combining the health and safety concerns of people with other components of life, such as social life and economic growth. The study results suggest that one of the differences between the COVID-19 pandemic and most other catastrophic situa�ons is that the former permi�ed a brief gap in con�nuing with other elements of life while addressing the impacts of the catastrophic occurrences (Gursoy & Chi, 2020).
Findings from interviews with poten�al tourists and the person using hospitality facili�es such as rela�onal and housing suggested that the number of people eager to welcome the reopening of these facili�es was much lower. Different foreign governments have decided to reopen tourism and hospitality services and ameni�es to recover and repair their failed economies. The conclusion of these interviews revealed that over 50% of those who previously used hospitality facili�es were unlikely to reopen restaurants and similar services (Dzambazovski & Metodijeski, 2020). Also, almost 50% of clients were unwilling to go to new places throughout the pandemic's dura�on. The data showed that fewer than 20% of the total number ques�oned u�lized hospitality facil-i�es and services a�er tourist and hospitality enterprises reopened. The upshot of this is that tourism and hospitality departments could not acquire the poten�al to restore global economic restora�on only by reopening their services. Instead, commercial organiza�ons had to establish that they could ensure client safety, which would involve �me.
All 18 %of the clients, however, said they would only accept to go provided the loca�on had fewer COVID-19 occurrences. The remainder of the popula�on (almost 78%) renounced their travel arrangements to new places �ll the epidemic ended. 17% of the overall group stated their readiness to travel when COVID-19 was discovered and available. About 40% of hotel clients were prepared to pay extra for these services as long as greater a�en�on was given to safety considera�ons.
Research results also show that the epidemic impacted elements driving the hospitality sector before and a�er the outbreak. In the US, for example, the pre-COVID tourism and hospitality company en��es were controlled by increasing the amount of discre-�onary money and using Internet pla�orms to market a set of services supplied. Some of the most impacted US businesses were Airbnb Inc., Choice Hotels Interna�onal Inc., and Pizza Inc. (Zwanka & Buff, 2020). Even once these establishments reopened, many consumers decided to remain at home.
Analysis of the preceding study data reveals that the COVID-19 pandemic's beginning and development-induced dread among travellers and hospitality customers. The eventual effect of this was a decreased use of these services, therefore decreasing their con-tribu�on to the economy.
What policy measures can restore the global economy of the tourism and the hospitality sectors?
Opening the industry will be harder than closing it down, requiring a balanced methodical approach (Ozili & Arun, 2020). While the pandemic has severely affected tourism and the precau�ons put in place to restrict the virus, tourist flows are also a poten�al vector for viral propaga�on. Arguably, while the delay in reopening and con�nuing uncertainty present addi�onal obstacles for the industry, moving too fast risks further reducing government and consumer confidence in ge�ng the industry up and opera�ng for the longer term. Eventual repercussions will rely not only on the dura-�on of the epidemic that will affect company survival but also on possible long-term changes in travel behaviour as a consequence of the crisis -would individuals be more careful about travelling abroad in the future? The crisis is projected to have a las�ng influence on consumer behaviour, driving the transi�on to online, with more focus on sanita�on and healthy living, and increased usage of cashless and contactless payment methods (Rasul et al., 2021). The effect on travel behaviour remains to be seen, but tourist sectors such as cruise and airlines are already planning to increase health screening and sanitary procedures, and there is a significant acknowledgment that more will have to be done to restore the trust of travellers. Such measures will need to be fully executable by small-and micro-enterprises, and the government has a role to play in coopera�ng with leading na�onal industry associa�ons to promote these enterprises. Businesses will also need to take ac�on to safeguard employees at the forefront of tourist services (Rasul et al., 2021).
Another issue will be how to welcome visitors will be in des�n-a�ons, as the nega�ve percep�on of tourists as risk carriers by the host community may also be a consequence of the pandemic, while local communi�es in pre-crisis des�na�ons have recovered from problems associated with high visitor volumes and overcrowding.

Research Methodology and Data Introduc�on
This sec�on details the precise methods and materials u�lized in the research. The study includes a vivid descrip�on of the study area, how research has been developed, the materials that have been used in the research to achieve the study objec�ve, how and where the data have been collected, the targeted popula�on, sample procedures, and the size, as well as the data analysis methods.

Research Design
The research used Strength Weakness Opportuni�es Threats (SWOT Analysis). The repercussions of restoring tourist and hospitality businesses on the economy and individual health and safety demerits are considered. Eventually, a balance is reached between the two factors to enhance the economy while decreasing the danger of exposure to the epidemic. This technique helps to discover the key variables and sugges�ons that will restore the global economy during the COVID 19 �meframe.
In addi�on, an Analy�c Hierarchy Process (AHP) technique helps priori�ze key aspects for the most effec�ve sugges�ons. Evidence and conclusions for the research were developed via one-on-one interviews and online ques�onnaire administra�on. The interviews offered an adequate chance to observe the data acquired manner and honesty. Research priori�zed qualita�ve study as opposed to quan�ta�ve research. However, quan�ta�ve analy�c features were used in one-on-one interviews.
Among the methods employed was a preliminary survey, which aided in acquiring higher knowledge of the research objec�ves and ques�ons, as well as qualita�ve data gathering. To collect qualit-a�ve data more effec�vely, ques�onnaires including both open and closed ques�ons were distributed across the research. According to the set research objects and targets, the survey was split into four parts. The first part included the respondent's demographic charac-teris�cs, including age, gender, educa�onal background, and length of stay in the region. The second part discussed how the COVID-19 has affected the tourism and the hospitality industries, the third sec�on the rela�onship between the COVID-19 pandemic and the economic development of a country while the fourth sec�on discussed whether policy measures can restore the global economy of the tourism and the hospitality sectors. Thus, these methods aided in the collec�on of data and in achieving the study's final goal. A person's confidence interval is the utmost amount of inaccuracy they are ready to accept. If 90% of respondents say yes and 10% say no, the paper may be willing to accept addi�onal inaccuracy. In contrast, if the replies were divided into 50% or 45-55% of the respondents such that about half of the respondents par�cipate in the survey, the paper may report less inaccuracy. The degree of uncertainty that could be allowed was represented by the confidence level. The analysis predicted that the propor�on of people who replied yes to one of the ques�ons would be more than the margin of error away from the actual answer, with a confidence level of 95%.

Method of data collec�on Type
Interviews Primary data source Online ques�onnaire Primary data Document Review Secondary

Content analysis Secondary
As for the online ques�onnaire, it was made accessible to the responders through all possible pla�orms that they use. It was made possible to be completed through a variety of contact points, including a web-based ques�onnaire, one delivered via email or via a text message as well as shared through social media.

Empirical Research Result
To guarantee paradigm consistency and coherence in the current research, a deduc�ve method was used, as it was simpler to find precise data amounts that allow for acceptable judgments on the subject ma�er and allow for the predic�on of happenings and the establishment of casual connec�ons. The benefits include the capacity to quan�fy the ideas, generalize findings and the results, and comprehend cause and effect rela�onships across set variables.
The results from one-on-one interviews with the par�cipants were able to convey the genuine sen�ment and perspec�ve of the par�cipants to restore the economy in light of the pandemic. It was obvious that most par�cipants were hesitant to reopen the tourism and hotel businesses owing to safety concerns.
Reviews were conducted by collec�ng ar�cles from scholarly journals and ar�cles, as well as by using the snowball effect to locate relevant papers and references. The databases that were consulted were Google Scholar, the SAGE Journals, Taylor & Francis Online, the Emerald and the Science Direct as well.
However, most par�cipants were prepared to visit and u�lize the resort for enjoyment and lodging only under three circumstances: quality ensured safety measures, vaccina�on availability, and pandemic termina�on.

Research limita�on
One of the study shortcomings was overemphasizing foreign tourist and hospitality facili�es and services. There was no sufficient image of domes�c tourism and hospitality. The study's other weak-ness was the small sample size. In one of the study methods, just five U.S. passengers gathered data. Addi�onal secondary data were gathered from scholarly publica�ons and media that were relevant to this research. Following that, secondary data were collected into a single source of knowledge that included an infinite number of facets of the study subject. It was cri�cal to revise this fact. This cannot be saturated to provide the rest of the world with a true image and perspec�ve. Similarly, only 100 individuals were interviewed in another research, of which only 78 successfully expressed their thoughts.

Conclusion
Different impacts were influenced due to the incep�on of COVID-19 in December 2019. One of the leading health concerns was securing individuals' health and safety against the adverse impacts of the pandemic. The global society implemented isola�on and quaran�ne measures to limit and control the spread of the pandemic. In the long run, these measures had nega�ve impacts on both domes�c and global economies by limi�ng the mechanism of demand and supply. Consequently, the interna�onal community was forced to implement measures that could strike the balance between the survival and restora�on of the economy and the control and deprecia�on of the pandemic's adverse impacts.
One of the sectors that were significantly impacted by the pandemic is the tourism and hospitality department. The research pa- flected on the collapsed economy. The study meets its objec�ves by providing recommenda�ons on how tourism and hospitality can a�ain restora�on, thereby contribu�ng to global economies. One of the recommenda�ons of ensuring the restora�on of the economy through profitability in the tourism and hospitality sectors is maintaining the highest standard of health and safety by business en��es. Secondly, the collabora�on of various stakeholders of the economy to develop new mechanisms and policy measures other than understanding concepts of behavioural change is also crucial. These recommenda�ons aimed to ensure that the tourism and hospitality industries enforce them progressively, thus restoring their economic relevance.