Spontaneous flora of O.V. Fomin Botanical Garden of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Ukraine

For the first time we compiled a full checklist of the spontaneous flora of O.V. Fomin Botanical Garden of Taras Shevchenko National University, Kyiv. Native (281) and alien (243) taxa of the flora were analyzed. Among the alien species there are 115 xenophytes (including 71 archaeophytes and 44 neophytes), 128 ergasiophygophytes (including 3 archaeophytes and 125 neophytes). Four species of alien plants were listed for the first time for the flora of Ukraine: Arabis procurrens , Lactuca sibirica , Polanisia dodecandra subsp. trachysperma and Talinum paniculatum . It was found that the alien fraction of the flora is dominated by a stable component (54.7%), and among the ergasiophygophytes, most taxa (86.3%) are unstable components. Among the native plants, those species with a polyregional distribution predominate. This ratio is typical for transformed flora that have lost their natural structure. Among the alien species, the majority are sub-Mediterranean (43.6%), American (23.9%) and Asian (18.1%) in origin. In the biomorphological structure of the species of native plants perennial grasses predominate (65.3%), among xenophytes - annual grasses are dominant (74.8%), and among ergasiophygophytes perennial grasses predominate (43.8%). But despite the large number of alien plants in the botanical garden, their invasion can be mostly contained. The most widespread invasive plant is Parthenocissus vitacea , in addition, a number of potentially invasive plants need monitoring, in particular Parietaria officinalis , Phytolacca acinosa , Thladiantha dubia and some others. In addition, there is a list of introductions which have high naturalization rates and over time could replenish the composition of


Introduction
The study of biodiversity remains an important topic of biological research.The floras of introduction centres (such as botanical gardens and arboretums) are very complex and dynamic biosystems.
O.V. Fomin Botanical Garden of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv (further in the text -the Botanical Garden) is one of the first introduction centres in Ukraine.It was established in 1839, its development and operation is associated with the activities of prominent botanists of the XIX century and the first half of the XX century: A.L. Andzheiovskyi, O.S. Rohovych, R.E.Trautfetter, I.F.Shmalhausen, O.V. Fomin, O.I. Sokolovskyi (О.V. FOMIN BOTANICAL GARDEN. CATALOGUE OF PLANTS, 2007).Taxonomic diversity of plants of the Botanical Garden has long attracted the attention of domestic botanists, in particular, the role of botanical collections in the emergence and distribution of new foreign plants of Ukraine was noticeable (ROGOVICH, 1869;PROTOPOPOVA, 1973;MOSYAKIN & YAVORSKA, 2001;MOSYAKIN & MOSYAKIN, 2021).Since the last inventory of wild plants of the Botanical Garden (BEREZKINA ET AL., 2007), significant additions to its composition have been published (KONAIKOVA ET AL., 2015; BIOTA OF THE O. V. FOMIN BOTANICAL GARDEN, 2021).Therefore, to date, the accumulated information about the spontaneous flora of the Botanical Garden needed a new generalization.
The main objective was to conduct a full inventory of the spontaneous flora of the Botanical Garden and to generalize its taxonomic composition for the entire period of research.

Study area
The Botanical Garden is located in the central part of Kyiv.Today its area is 22.5 hectares, it consists of three functional parts; it has a park part, a scientific part and the area near the main building of the university.
Geographically, the garden is located on the northern edge of the Kyiv upland region of the Right Bank Forest-Steppe.The natural boundary between Polissya and the Forest-Steppe in our time can be traced in relief and runs in close proximity to the garden (Fig. 1).It has been suggested that several ephemeroids in the spontaneous flora of the Botanical Garden, including Gagea minima and G. transversalis, have remained here since the existence of deciduous forests in the River Lybid valley (PEREGRYM & CHEKALIN, 2014).However the natural vegetation of the territory of the Botanical Garden has not survived to this day, nor most of the original composition of planting laid down in the XIX century.Currently, the main habitats where spontaneous flora is represented are forest plantations, irrigated lawns and synanthropic areas.

Historical overview
In the XIX century the university botanical garden (research botanical garden) was the central introductory institution of the then Kyiv educational district, and due to the distribution of some invasive plants, it attracted the attention of botanists.Thus, ROHOVYCH (1869) noted that in 1842 Cyclachaena xanthiifolia was distributed from the Botanical Garden to ruderal habitats and by the 1860s had distributed to many places in old Kyiv and its environs.Somewhat later, V. Montrezor cited 13 species of native plants for the territory of the university garden (MONTREZOR, 1886(MONTREZOR, -1890)).SHMALHAUSEN (1897) pointed out Mirabilis nyctaginea from the Botanical Garden.In the XX century JAKUBOWSKIJ (1904) noted Alliaria petiolata, Allium scorodoprasum, Bryonia alba, Bunias orientalis, Impatiens parviflora and Veronica teucrium in the territory of the garden growing wild.
In Soviet times, OKSIUK (1924) indicated that Phedimus spurius and Physochlaina orientalis were growing wild in the territory of the Kyiv Botanical Garden, Yu.M. Semenkevych also indicated Geranium pyrenaicum and Melica ciliata (SEMENKEVYCH, 1925(SEMENKEVYCH, , 1926)).In the middle of the last century MALUSCHYTSKA (1948) published a list of wild herbaceous plants of the botanical garden and this work became the first purposeful research in Ukraine, which was entirely devoted to the spontaneous flora of the introductory institution.In general, the author cited 220 taxa with different indicators of naturalization. Later, MALUSCHYTSKA (1949) noted alien taxa that were distributed across Kyiv from the Kyiv Botanical Garden: Cyclachaena xanthiifolia, Impatiens parviflora, Mirabilis nyctaginea, Oxalis stricta, partly Asclepias syriaca and Galinsoga parviflora.In the second half of the XX century and at the beginning of the XXI century there was fragmentary information about some wild species of plants in the territory of the University Botanical Garden in some publications (FLORA OF THE USSR, 1936USSR, -1965;;PROTOPOPOVA, 1973;GOLYACHENKO ET AL., 1992;CHOPYK ET AL., 1998;MOSYAKIN & YAVORSKA, 2001;KOLISNICHENKO, 2005).
In the new century, a preliminary inventory of the modern varieties of wild tree and herbaceous plants of the Botanical Garden was prepared by V.I.Berezkina and co-authors (BEREZKINA ET AL., 2007).In general, the authors listed 245 species of spontaneous flora and initiated its monitoring.As of 2008, there were already 314 species in the flora and the structure of its current composition was studied (GUBAR & YAKUSHENKO, 2009) O.V. FOMIN BOTANICAL GARDEN, 2021).
Thus, the history of studying the spontaneous flora of the Botanical Garden began with the work of A. Rohovych and dates back more than 150 years.Until now, it was important to summarize all the above information to create a generalized checklist of the historical flora of the garden and its analysis.

Data and methods
The study was conducted within the territory of the Botanical Garden during 2021.Previous works on the study of wild plants of the Botanical Garden were used as the basis for the checklist (MALUSCHYTSKA, 1948;О.V. FOMIN BOTANICAL GARDEN. CATALOGUE OF PLANTS, 2007; KONAIKOVA ET AL., 2015) and fragmentary floristic information from other literary sources was utilised (SEMENKEVYCH, 1925(SEMENKEVYCH, , 1926;;MALUSCHYTSKA, 1949;PROTOPOPOVA, 1974;GOLYACHENKO ET AL., 1992;KOLISNICHENKO, 2005;PEREGRYM & CHEKALIN, 2014).Herbaria were studied, these were: KW (The National Herbarium of Ukraine, Kyiv); KWHA (Herbarium of the M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden, Kyiv); KWU (Taras Shevchenko National University, Kyiv, Ukraine); Herbarium of the Botanical Garden of Odessa I.I.Mechnikov National University; and LE (Herbarium of the Komarov Botanical Institute, Saint Petersburg, Russia).In addition, observations published on the Internet were also utilised (BIOTA OF THE O.V. FOMIN BOTANICAL GARDEN (KYIV), 2021).The nomenclature is according to GBIF (2021), and the full names of taxa are given in the appendices.
As part of the spontaneous flora, we considered wild plants that were not introduced directly, as well as escaped plant from the culture.The body of the flora was divided into immigration groups, which correspond to its division into native and alien fractions, and the latter were divided into groups according to the time and method of inclusion into the flora (PYŠEK ET AL., 2004;THELLUNG, 1922): native plants are plants whose natural range covers the study area; xenophytes are unintentionally introduced plants; ergasiophygophytes are alien plants that were introduced into the flora and later naturalized (escaped plants).Some researchers (BARANOVA ET AL., 2018) also single out the intermediate group of xeno-ergasiophygophytes -alien plants that were originally cultivated in some regions, but penetrated the studied flora independently; in our study, we classified such plants as xenophytes.Depending on the time of immigration alien plants are divided into two main groups: archaeophytes which are alien plants that penetrated the flora up to 1500; and neophytes are alien plants that have independently penetrated into the flora after 1500.
The origin of alien plants was compared with the works of: PROTOPOPOVA (1973), MOSYAKIN & YAVORSKA (2002), PROTOPOPOVA & SHEVERA (2014), et al., but the origin of some plants needed an explanation.In the work on the research topic (GUBAR & YAKUSHENKO, 2009) an important remark was made about the wild flora of the plants of the Forest-Steppe, which didn't grow naturally on the territory of the Botanical Garden: within its range the species cannot be alien.In this work we follow this approach, although debatable, but it greatly simplifies the study of spontaneous flora of introductory institutions.At the same time, we consider local species that grow exclusively in plantations, as part of the cultural flora.
In the course of studying the spontaneous flora of introductory institutions, the actual task was to distinguish between ergasiophygophytes (alien flora) and ergasiophytes (cultural flora).This question is covered in a previous article by one of the authors on the example of the spontaneous flora of the M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (SHYNDER, 2019а).In most cases, tree ergasiophytes were referred to as spontaneous flora when adult self-seeded individuals were detected at a distance of more than 100 m from adult trees, and grass ergasiophytes at more than 50 m.If the seed selfregeneration of introduced plants was recorded within or near the collection and exhibition plantations, these taxa were considered to be part of the cultivated flora.
According to a similar principle, an optimized classification of invasive activity of ergasiophygophytes in the N.V.As can be seen, naturalized introducers, which are capable of self-renewal only within plantations, are not considered as part of the spontaneous flora.Therefore, in the course of the study, we reviewed the status of some plants that were listed as wild in the Botanical Garden.
The general checklist of flora (Appendix 1) includes all taxa of wild plants recorded during the entire period of research at the Botanical Garden.Instead, we consider the taxa of spontaneous flora recorded in the last 10 years as the modern (actual) composition of the flora.It includes taxa confirmed by us, as well as those listed in the work (KONAIKOVA ET AL., 2015).Most of the calculations are given for the general checklist of the flora, and are the most important for its current composition.
The project «Biota of the O.V. Fomin Botanical Garden (Kyiv)» was created on the basis of the iNaturalist resource for research needs (BIOTA OF THE O. V. FOMIN BOTANICAL GARDEN, 2021).The observations of cultural and spontaneous flora of the Botanical Garden within its framework are covered.Samples of some plants found during the study were transferred to the herbaria of O.V. Fomin Botanical Garden (KWHU) and M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden (KWHA).

Results and discussion
It is obvious that the original flora of the territory of the Botanical Garden was forest with separate coastal-water and meadow species.The modern spontaneous flora of the Garden is an anthropically transformed flora in the conditions of the directed introduction of plants.According to the results of the inventory, it has been established that 524 taxa (species and subspecies) from 291 genera and 71 families have been recorded in the territory of the Botanical Garden.There are 281 native taxa and 243 alien taxa (Table 1).The current composition of the flora is 426 taxa, including 386 recorded by us.
For the first time we have recorded 4 taxa of alien plants for the flora of Ukraine from the territory of the Botanical Garden, these are Arabis procurrens, Lactuca sibirica, Polanisia dodecandra subsp.trachysperma and Talinum paniculatum.Also recorded for the first time for the flora of the Right-Bank Forest-Steppe and (or) the urban flora of Kyiv: Cymbalaria muralis, Cyperus glomeratus, Phedimus stoloniferus, Ranunculus acris subsp.friesianus, Tradescantia × andersoniana.The level of species richness of the Botanical Garden seems to be quite high, compared to other commensurate institutions of equal size (SHYNDER, 2019b).In general, landscape monotony doesn't contribute to taxonomic representativeness, but the study of spontaneous flora since the XIX century, allowed us to study its composition in detail.The level of adventization of the Garden's flora is 46.3% (its current composition is 47.9%).This level indicates the predominance of the anthropic factor in the formation of the composition of the spontaneous flora over the natural one (SHYNDER, 2019b).It should be noted that the adventitia indicators obtained by us exceed the previously given ratio, which is about 35.4% (GUBAR & YAKUSHENKO, 2009).Probably, this is due to a detailed study of the taxonomic composition of ergasiophygophytes in the last period.In other scientific centers of plant introduction and acclimatization in Eastern Europe, this indicator is very different and depends on many factors, for example, in the M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden the level of adventization is 40.9% (SHYNDER, 2019b) According to the spectrum of leading families (Table 2), the native flora of the Botanical Garden belongs to the Rosaceae type, which is typical of Central and Northern Europe and the positions of the «boreal» family Cyperaceae and the «arid-Eurasian» family Fabaceae are lower.Such a family spectrum is inherent in the flora of broadly deciduous forest regions (KHOKHRYAKOV, 2000).In terms of the composition of the alien fraction on time of arrival kenophytes (70.8%) prevail over archaeophytes, which is typical for modern alien flora (Table 3).By origin, the flora is dominated by ergasiophygophytess (52.7%) which is typical for spontaneous flora of plant introduction and acclimatization centers (SHYNDER, 2019b).So, in the Main Botanical Garden this indicator is 53.8% (SHYNDER, 2019b), in the Main Botanical Garden its 85.4% (VINOGRADOVA ET AL., 2015), in the State Dendrological Park «Alexandria» it is 59.8% (SHYNDER & DOIKO, 2020), and in the urban flora agglomeration of Kyiv city it is 46.5% (MOSYAKIN & YAVORSKA, 2002).
According to the time of immigration, the spontaneous flora is dominated by neophytes (69.6%), and in addition, most archeophytes are xenophytes (Table 3).In the flora of the Botanical Garden among ergasiophygophytes there are only three archeophytes, according to (PROTOPOPOVA & SHEVERA, 2014): Agrostemma githago, Althaea officinalis and Lycium barbatum.
According to the degree of naturalization, alien species belong to two main components of flora: stable and temporary.The first component combines completely naturalized alien species (agriophytes, epecophytes).The temporary element of the flora includes plants, which exist in the places of introduction only during one season or life expectancy of introduced individuals without the formation of subsequent generations (ephemerophytes) or from a local population (colonophytes).It is advisable to include a large group of ergasiophygophytes, which are regularly dispersed or distributed by other means near the places of cultivation.Among the most pronounced patterns in the studied flora is the predominance of a stable component among archaeophytes, and among neophytes we observed the predominance of a temporary component (Table 3).In general, the stable component (54.7%) predominates in the alien fraction.
Among xenophytes, a stable component also predominates (79.6%), but among the ergasiophygophytes there is a very high proportion of unstable component (74.2%).This is expected for the flora of the plant introduction and acclimatization center, where a large number of ergasiophytes are at different stages of naturalization and different stages of exit from the cultivation.For comparison, in the alien flora of the Kyiv Agglomeration the share of the stable component is 46% (MOSYAKIN & YAVORSKA, 2002).The geographical structure of the native fraction has a very pronounced predominance of species from a wide area -Paleoarctic (together with Eurasian), Euro-Mediterranean and other similar geoelements (Table 4).Instead, the share of regional geoelements (European, forest-steppe, steppe, sub-Mediterranean, etc.), which mainly determine the geographical spectrum of the Ukrainian flora, is much lower and is 25.3%.Thus, the geographical spectrum showed that the studied flora is derived, due to the complete absence of natural vegetation.
Among alien flora taxa, those of sub-Mediterranean origin predominate (43.6%), as well as American (23.9%) and Asian (18.1%) (Table 5).The spontaneous flora of Dendrological Park «Alexandria» and M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden have a similar structure (SHYNDER & DOIKO, 2020).Fractional analysis allows us to clarify the geographical structure of both different immigration groups of the alien fraction.Thus, among xenophytes, the share of the sub-Mediterranean element is 53.0%, which gives the whole group a clear southern character.The ergasiophygophytes are dominated by species of sub-Mediterranean (35.1%) and American (31.3%)Origin.This spectrum can be described as multi-regional and it indicates the diverse introductory activity of the Botanical Garden, thanks to which plants from different continents have naturalized in Kyiv.The biomorphological structure of the flora is formed in accordance with the existing abiotic conditions, the same applies to its individual fractions, the corresponding spectra of which are radically different (Table 6).Among the native species, perennial grasses predominate (65.3%), among xenophytes -annual grasses are dominant (74.8%, including 74.6% among archaeophytes and 75.0%among neophytes), but among ergasiophygophytes these are dominated by perennial grasses (43.8%), also high proportions of trees (25.8%) and annual grasses (19.5%).A similar biomorphological structure was observed for the spontaneous flora of the National Botanical Garden (SHYNDER, 2019b), Dendrological Park «Alexandria» (SHYNDER & DOIKO, 2020), and Main Botanical Garden (VINOGRADOVA ET AL., 2015).This division is explained by the different ways of forming the native fraction of the flora and includes several groups of the alien fraction.Xenophytes have migrated a distance of many thousands of kilometers and biomorphologically the most adapted were low-growing biomorphs; among which the most expansive were annuals, but trees and shrubs are not represented among such plants.Instead, the introductory work in the Botanical Garden contributed to the active naturalization of woody and herbaceous perennials directly in the conditions of continental Ukraine.Thus, among the introduced plants, the tendency to naturalization and high competitiveness are found mainly in perennial biomorphs, and among them the share of woody plants is the largest, compared to other immigration groups.It should be noted that the predominance of annuals is a characteristic feature of alien floras (PROTOPOPOVA, 1973).Important in the study of spontaneous flora is the analysis of invasive plant species.On the territory of the O.V. Fomin Botanical Garden grows some alien highly invasive species, but their expansion is largely contained.Currently, the most widespread invasive plant is Parthenocissus vitacea.Other highly invasive ergasiophygophytes have been retained or even eradicated, for example Asclepias syriaca, Heracleum mantegazzianum, H. sosnowskyi, Solidago canadensis, etc.. Several potentially invasive plants need to be monitored as they tend to increase in number and occupied area, these are specifically: Parietaria officinalis, Phytolacca acinosa, Thladiantha dubia, and some others.

Conclusions
O.V. Fomіn Botanical Garden is one of the first scientific centers of plant introduction and acclimatization in Ukraine, which has existed for more than 150 years, and for a long time an extremely rich spontaneous flora with a complex immigration, geographical and biomorphological structure has formed there.It was established that 524 taxa of wild plants were recorded here during the whole research period, 281 of them are native and 243 are alien.Among the alien plants, 115 xenophytes (71 archaeophytes and 44 neophytes), and 128 ergasiophygophytes (3 archaeophytes and 125 neophytes) were identified.It is noted that the studied flora has not preserved its original native features and is completely transformed.In particular, taxa with a wide distribution range predominate among native plants and their geographical structure has almost no typical regional features.
For the first time the full checklist of spontaneous flora is presented and a structural analysis is carried out.It is established, that in the alien fraction of the flora in general the stable component prevails (54.7%), but among the ergasiophygophytes most species (86.3%) belong to the unstable component.Alien species are dominated by plants of sub-Mediterranean (43.6%),American (23.9%) and Asian (18.1%) origins.In the biomorphological structure among the native species perennial grasses predominate (65.3%), among the xenophytesannual grasses are dominant (74.8%), while among ergasiophygophytes perennial grasses predominate (43.8%) and there is a high proportion of trees (25.8%).
From the middle of the XIX century to the present day, the Botanical Garden has become a centre for the spread of a number of alien plant species, in particular Cyclachaena xanthiifolia, Galinsoga parviflora, Oxalis stricta and others.At the same time, now phytoinvasions in the Botanical Garden are mostly contained.Currently, the most widespread invasive plant is Parthenocissus vitacea, in addition, a number of potentially invasive plants need monitoring, in particular Parietaria officinalis, Phytolacca acinosa, Thladiantha dubia and some others.

Fig. 1 .
Fig. 1.Location map of the Botanical Garden The relief of the park part is very rugged and is represented by several ravines and steep, partially eroded slopes of the left side of the River Lybid valley.The soil cover of the Botanical Garden is represented by grey forest and sod-podzolic soils.At the time of the creation of the Botanical Garden, this area was fragmentarily covered with shrubs and forests, and part of it was used for urban landfill (HAVRYLIUK & RECHMEDIN, 1956; MARYNYCH ET AL., 2003; О.V. FOMIN BOTANICAL GARDEN CATALOGUE OF PLANTS, 2007).It has been suggested that several ephemeroids in the spontaneous flora of the Botanical Garden,

Table 1 .
Higher taxa of the spontaneous flora of the Botanic Garden , in the Main Botanical Garden it is 40.0%(VINOGRADOVA ET AL., 2015), in the National Dendrological Park Sofiyivka of the National Academy of Science of Ukraine (Uman, Ukraine) it is 19.1% (KOVTONIUK, 2021), in the State Dendrological Park «Alexandria» of NAS of Ukraine (Bila Tserkva, Ukraine) it is 31.2%(SHYNDER & DOIKO, 2020), in the Syrets dendrological park of national importance (Kyiv, Ukraine) it is 43.5% (SHYNDER ET AL., 2018).

Table 2 .
The main families of the spontaneous flora of the Botanical Garden

Table 3 .
Immigration structure of the alien fraction of the flora of the Botanical Garden

Table 4 .
Geographical structure of the native fraction of the flora of the Botanical Garden

Table 5 .
Geographical structure of the alien fraction of the flora of the Botanical Garden