<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
In literary works, the dialogue is expressed by direct speech construction. The direct speech construction consists of author’s words (AW) and character’s words (CW). The predicate verbs of AW in the dialogue form include not only verbs indicating speech (TVS) but also verbs that do not denote speech (TVN). The dialogue forms are divided into four types according to the positional combinations of AW and CW. Type A: AW is in preposition to CW; Type B: AW is in postposition to CW; Type C: AW is in interposition to CW; Type D: AW includes CW. Previous studies have not paid sufficient attention to the relationship between TVN and the dialogue forms. This paper proposes two analysis criteria: 1) frequency of the 4 types indicated above and frequency of TVN, 2) frequency of the 4 types and frequency of TVN depending on semantics. Here, we study the material selected from Russian novels and Japanese novels of the second half of the 19th – second half of the 20th century. Our analysis has revealed the following: 1) in Russian novels, TVN appears intensively in type C, while in Japanese novels TVN does not appear disproportionately in a specific type of the dialogue form while the use of TVN depends on the most frequently used dialogue form. 2) TVNs meaning ‘facial expression’ and ‘gesture’ are frequently used in all dialogue forms in Russian and Japanese novels. Theoretically, TVN and type C are closely related, but it seems that TVN appears differently in type C due to the difference in recognition of type C between Russian and Japanese.
</abstract>

The Relationship Between Dialogue Forms and Verbs of Non-Speech in Russian and Japanese Novels

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
Several Slavic and Baltic languages have an “aggressive” antipassive construction, where in a reflexive marker is used to mark object omission. The construction often carries habitual or potential aspectual meanings and is restricted to a small group of verbs. This study examines the lexical restrictions of the constructions across a sample of 11 Slavic and Baltic languages, with a special focus on Russian. The results show that across the languages, the construction is used to express a set of concepts, of which ‘hit’ and ‘push’ are the most prototypical. Verbs used in the antipassive express unwanted action on an animate patient, and they also share features of inherent atelicity and potential reciprocality. All languages in the survey display syncretism of reciprocal and antipassive markers, resulting in ambiguous plural subject constructions. Based on this, it is suggested that the “aggressive” antipassive with animate subjects has grammaticalized from the reciprocal function of the reflexive marker. Lexical semantics hence play an important role in the extension of functions of reflexive markers in these languages.
</abstract>

The Dog Bites: On the “Aggressive” Antipassive in Slavic and Baltic

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
Since English is primarily the medium of communication for international business and trade. In addition to being the official language of many international organizations (such as the UN, WHO, etc.), it has become a lingua franca in the modern world. English language lessons are delivered and required in many secondary schools globally. English is taught by many public schools as a compulsory subject, sometimes at the expense of other languages. Taking into account the rapid global spread of the English language, the article examines the main advantages and disadvantages of English being a global language providing an example of Ukrainians living abroad and in their home country. Postcolonial and globalization theories are analyzed to demonstrate that the spread of English is a result of the British Empire and the rise of the United States as a global actor in international relations thereafter. On the contrary, the linguistic human capital theory and theory of cultural capital underline that language proficiency may serve either as a limitation or a getaway in socioeconomic situations. The article deploys a qualitative research method, namely, online surveys of Ukrainians in Poland, Estonia, Germany, Spain, and Ukraine. The results indicate that English as a global language provokes inequalities for Ukrainians whose English skills are even below pre-intermediate level, both within Ukraine and outside their home country. The driving motivation for both groups to learn English is better job opportunities.
</abstract>

Advantages and Disadvantages of Globalization of the English Language for Ukrainian People

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
The article presents factors influencing the choice of verbal aspects in Polish legal texts. The Polish legal language norm generally uses imperfective verbs (hereinafter: ipf) in the present tense. The reason is not only the universal directival function of the present tense but also a specific function of the imperfective aspect in Polish, i.e., its definitional meaning. Other Slavic languages use perfective verbs (hereinafter referred to as: pf) as a standard legal norm in codes. The first part of the text, based on Łaziński, Jóźwiak 2017 and Łaziński 2020, is a theoretical analysis with the use of linguistic and legal background.
In the second part of the article, the authors present the results of a survey using a fictional statute where respondents had to choose an appropriate verbal aspect. By applying such a strategy it is possible to evaluate the significance of different factors influencing the aspect choice described in the first part of the texts and other factors considered in the survey. In the authors’ opinion, the conclusions of the survey and theoretical discussion have important consequences for both linguistics and law, especially for the grammatical interpretation of the law.
</abstract>

Imperfective and Perfective Verbs in Polish Legal Texts. Linguistic Analysis and Results of a Survey

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
Greenpeace Australia Pacific is an “independent campaigning organization that uses peaceful protest and creative confrontation to expose global environmental problems” (Greenpeace Australia Pacific, 2023), such as the issues of climate change and environmental sustainability. The aforementioned problems are often communicated by Greenpeace Australia Pacific to its stakeholders and the general public via online means, for instance, Facebook. Given that currently there is insufficient research that investigates Greenpeace Australia Pacific’s online discourse on Facebook, this article presents a mixed-methods study that aims to explore how metonymy is used in disseminating environmental and climate changerelated issues by Greenpeace Australia Pacific. In order to do so, the study involves a corpus of status updates that are found on Greenpeace Australia Pacific’ official Facebook page. The corpus is searched manually for the presence of metonymy and the types of metonymic mappings. The results of the qualitative analysis indicate that there are the following metonymic mappings in the corpus: “from a fossil fuel corporation to a polluter”, “from the name of the corporation to its actions”, “from the name of the country to the country’s government”, “from the name of the environmental organisation to its actions”, and “from the name of the vessel to its actions”. Thereafter, a quantitative analysis of the corpus is carried out in order to calculate the most frequent types of metonymic mappings. The results indicate that the metonymic mapping “from the name of the corporation to its actions” is the most frequent in the corpus, whose occurrence is concomitant with multimodality. These findings and their discussion are further presented in the article.
</abstract>

Metonymy in Online Discourse on Facebook by Greenpeace Australia Pacific

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
The article presents a study that aims at casting light on evidentiality in a corpus of argumentative essays written by a group of upper-intermediate university students of English as a Foreign Language (EFL) whose first language is Norwegian (henceforth – participants). The corpus of the participants’ essays was examined for the markers of evidentiality, which was operationalised as the source of textual information that originated outside the current text (Hyland, 2005). Specifically, the corpus was searched for reporting verbs associated with evidentiality (for instance, to indicate, to posit, to show, etc.). The results of the corpus analysis indicated that the participants’ argumentative essays appeared to be marked by such verbs associated with evidentiality as to argue, to claim, to say and to state. These findings were discussed in the article through the lens of didactic considerations that would be relevant to tertiary EFL contexts.
</abstract>

Evidentiality in Argumentative Essays by Upper-Intermediate EFL Students

From the Editor

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
<bold>Purpose.</bold> The purpose of the study is to compare those linguistic means expressing modality in Russian and Polish written business texts which may cause difficulties in the translation process due to the close origin of both languages. The object of our study is business letters as a type of business document. According to observations supported by teaching experience, they most effectively enable foreigners learning Russian or Polish to acquire the ability to use various types of modalities. The subject of the study is the identification of linguistic means expressing modality in the original and translated Russian and Polish business texts and typology of these means from the point of view of the sender’s intentions.
<bold>Background.</bold> The study of modality is a problematic issue for linguists due to the lack of consistency in the theoretical approaches to this phenomenon. Modality has been analyzed, among others, by Bellert (1971), Boguslawski (1971), Jodlowski (1971), Boniecka (1976), Rytel (1982), Holvoet (1989), Koseska-Toszewa (1996), Komendziński (1997, pp. 95–104), Ligara (1997), Korytkowska (1997) and from more recent works we should mention: Tutak (2003, pp. 51–69), Maldžieva (2003), Greszczuk (2006), Malinovsky (2006), Labocha (2019; 2020), Dudek-Waligóra (2017), Heliasz-Nowosielska (2023) and Paducheva (2023). Among the abovementioned studies, there is a lack of solutions for the study of modality in business texts. Broadly speaking, two positions can be distinguished regarding the definition of modality. The first approach treats modality as “expressing the attitude of the statement sender to the transmitted content”, while the second approach sees the essence of modality “in the relationship between the transmitted content and the objective state of affairs” (Labocha 2020, pp. 205–206). In this study, we understand modality as the sender’s expression of the relationship between the content transmitted by them and the objective state of affairs.
<bold>Methods.</bold> The methodology of the study is constructed of the following components: comparative analysis (V. Zmarzer. J. Wawrzyńczyk), functionalpragmatic analysis (O. Leszczak), observation method (B. Malinowski, M. Weber) and qualitative method, mainly discourse analysis (T. van Dijk, J. Labocha). The research material consists of authentic texts of business correspondence taken from Internet sources and own translations.
<bold>Results.</bold> The language of business communication, mainly business correspondence, relies on a specific discursive modality, manifested in standard phrases and word combinations. It should be emphasized that the predominant type of modality in this type of communication is the informative, volitional, imperative and obligatory modality. Modality in business letters is verbalized with the help of template constructions, which in the linguistic image of the users’ worldview are associated with official professional discursive activity.
<bold>Discussion.</bold> Modality as a necessary component of every sentence in business letters is a universal speech category in both Polish and Russian. However, when translating, it is necessary to take into account the discursive peculiarities of each language.
</abstract>

Difficulties in Translating Modality Categories in Business Correspondence (based on Polish and Russian materials)

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
The paper deals with response particles in Lithuanian conversation. The results of the analysis provide evidence that sequential environments response particles are used in turn out to be central. Thus, the distinctive usages and functions of the particles are investigated in the following sequences: questionsanswers, assertions-reactions and directives-reactions. The paper considers similarities and contrasts among the Lithuanian affirmative as well as negative particles. The results of the analysis show that the particles mainly appear in positive responses, thus the inventory of the affirmative particles is much more abundant than that of negative particles. The primary functions of the particles encompass responding to a previous turn: they occur as positive or negative answers to polar (yes-no) questions, as responses to assertions or directives, and as so-called feedback (or back-channel) elements. Affirmative particles firstly operate as confirmation and agreement markers, while negative particles, on their turn, primarily operate as disagreement markers, though at times they have also a capacity of functioning as agreement devices. Sequential contexts appear to have an impact on the emergence of discursive (resp. interactional) meanings of response particles that have not been discussed in Lithuanian grammars.
</abstract>

Response Particles in Lithuanian Conversation and Turn Design

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
This study explores the issue of acquiring stylistic grammar by University students – teacher-trainees. The results of the observation made it possible to arrive at the conclusion about the expedience of teaching stylistic grammar to junior students of language schools, but with different levels of stylistic loading. With this in mind, a corresponding methodology is designed, which incorporates a system of stylistically oriented activities. They embrace non-communicative receptive, quasi-communicative receptive-reproductive and communicative productive exercises to be employed in the English classroom. It is maintained that the employment of the proposed system of activities begins in the junior years and continues through the University course in order to obtain expected learning outcomes.
</abstract>

Enhancing Registers and Styles: Grammatical Dimension

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LANGUAGE: Codification, Competence, Communication

International Scientific Journal

Language: Codification, Competence, Communication is a peer-reviewed open access scientific journal that publishes articles on linguistic issues and related disciplines, such as language...

Language: Codification, Competence, Communication is a peer-reviewed open access scientific journal that publishes articles on linguistic issues...