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<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
The launch announcement of the construction of a new, futuristic, emission-free city in Saudi Arabia in the form of a 170-kilometer line – <italic>The Line</italic> – by Mohammed bin Salman, Crown Prince and Chairman of the Neom Company Board of Directors, aroused a discussion about ideal cities, the geometry of a linear city and its legitimacy. It provoked questions whether a city built in such a way could provide an appropriate answer to contemporary and future urban problems, as its authors and promoters expected. On this occasion, it is impossible not to refer to the urban history to look at similar ideas of linear cities and the attempts to implement them for over 150 years. Although it has not been possible to fully realize the linear city in accordance with the initial assumptions of the concept so far, today it may turn out that the utopia will become a reality. There are quite significant reasons for this. The aim of the article is to familiarize the reader with the contemporary interpretation of the idea of a linear city, which may become a compositional prototype for the urban planning of sustainable cities in the future.
</abstract>

<italic>The Line</italic> – The Saudi-Arabian Linear City Concept as the Prototype of Future Cities

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
Virtual reality and the digital architectural representations of buildings that exist in the cyber realm are gathering more and more users as their platforms develop spaces better suited for the virtual human. Design of sites and interiors is being carried out by both experienced creators and those completely lacking skill in spatial creativity. Research was conducted during the course of two record gathering sessions lasting two weeks each, one at the beginning of February in the year 2020, the other at the end of the year in the last two weeks of the month of November 2020. Information was gathered about the population status of the most visited worlds at those times, as well as their specificity in architectural design traits. Comparison of the data showed that humans who attend online social gatherings and interactions in virtual reality worlds shifted their favor from median traits to those representing more high-end quality at the end of the year. Demographics show a rise in the amount of users aged between 6-10, and 21-35, in comparison to that of the beginning of 2020 where the dominant age group was between 16 and 21 years old. The global lockdown due to the pandemic attracted people from the home office generation who preferred architectural spaces of higher quality, larger and more complex floor plans, and spatial representations of high-rise residential, nightlife and fictional spaces for virtual human to human socializing and interaction.
</abstract>

Virtual reality architectural spaces and the shift of populace in online social VR platforms in 2020

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<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
The article deals with the issue of the application of modern shading analysis methods using computer software. Obtaining the optimal exposure of buildings in the urban context, issues related to insolation of rooms and meeting other requirements regarding access to natural light are an extremely important element of design work. Despite the high rank of the above issues, in practice designers rarely have the opportunity to verify their theoretical analyses with the results obtained <italic>in situ</italic> during and after the construction of the facility. The need for this type of verification can be imagined in the case of claims by users. However, it is not easy to implement, because in reality the measurement would have to take place on specific days of the year and under favourable weather conditions. This article summarises the results of sample tests, generated with the most commonly used programmes and field tests in nature using simple observational research methods. The obtained data revealed significant measurement discrepancies. The comparative analysis of the obtained results clearly indicates the need for a more critical look at the effects of using modern tools in the work of architects. This article is the result of the initial stage of the author’s research, ultimately aimed at the use of a wider spectrum of methods on a larger scale, on the examples of real architectural objects.
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The Problems with the Application of Contemporary Software for the Analysis of Shadowing of Architectural Objects

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<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
This paper deals with the possibilities of architectural design of wooden structures in the digital age. The first part of the paper presents the material-based design as a new approach to shaping free-form objects. The problem is that a new geometry requires new materials or a new approach to old, well-known building materials and structures. The lack of suitable materials to build curvilinear free-form surfaces has led to the use of traditional materials in new ways.
The second part describes the historical techniques of designing and manufacturing of curvilinear wooden forms. They were compared to digital tectonics as a new methodology in architectural design. Historically, architects and carpenters used the stereotomy method and manufactured non-standard wooden elements (e.g. guitarde dormers and balconies), taking into account the inherent properties of the material. Digital CAD/CAM technologies have radically changed the conceptual approach to architectural and engineering design. Architectural forms created with the use of digital parametric tools are considered in terms of geometry, material properties and means of production. Such well-known buildings as Chesa Futura in St Moritz (Switzerland) and Weltstadthaus in Cologne (Germany) were presented as model examples of digital tectonic design in wooden architecture.
In the Discussion, the paper presents the advantages of timber architecture. The new generation of high-performance wood materials offers unique architectural possibilities. The digital era led to the transformation of traditional tectonics into digital tectonics operating in terms of construction logic shaped according to the principles of digital design and fabrication tools. The CAD/CAM system is the basic formula of digital tectonic approach and it unveils inherent properties of wood as a natural material.
</abstract>

Advances in Digital Design and Fabrication of Wooden Architecture

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
The article deals with the topic of implementation of renewable energy sources (RES) in architecture. The method of comparative analysis was adopted in order to identify certain directions, emerging trends regarding the use of solutions based on RES in architecture at various scales. Conclusions were formulated on the basis of study visits and analysis of selected national pavilions at Expo 2015 in Milan and the main assumptions related to the implementation of the adopted solutions and strategies for sustainable development. The article also analyses policies related to the application of advanced technologies in the Digital Smart City Milano 2015 strategy as a part of the Italian Smartainability project, initiatives and projects related to the use of RES presented at the exhibitions inside the national pavilions, as well as overviews of Expo 2017 Astana and Expo 2020 Dubai in the field of renewable energy.
</abstract>

Renewable Energy Sources in Architecture of the World Expo

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
Learn, experiment and enjoy it – the joy of understanding should translate into the joy of creation, then the joy of creation fits itself spontaneously into the creative process. Learning means sharing knowledge and joy of leading others into the unknown areas they have not discovered yet. Teaching is a constant interaction and exchange on the intellectual and emotional levels, as well as mental and cultural levels – it is also establishing role models and social attitudes.
Young designers are faced with challenge of translating the virtual world into the physical world in the current era of digital technologies. The use of parametric design programs allows them to create a versatile, functional, but artistic interactive environment, capable of shaping the urban interior within the city. This paper aims to present a design process and effect of an experimental, innovative academic program of semester course “Immersive environments and interactivity in designing architectural interiors and their surroundings”. The final projects demonstrate the versatility of understanding and implementing the program and the plasticity of shaping public spaces – valuable skills in a student’s path of design selfdevelopment.
</abstract>

Philosophy of Urban Design Teaching with the Use of Interactive and Parametric Digital Tools

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
This paper explores the possibilities of the use of computer-aided design models focused on imitating the works of Nature, its form-forming processes and behaviors. Tracking the development of the cybernetic models aimed at architects, the achievements of John H. Frazer and his team of scientists are presented. These are the first working morphogenetic models addressed to architects that use generative and evolutionary tools in search of new architectural forms. Models and design strategies developed between 1968 and 1995, including the Reptile System, the Interactivator and the Janssen Model, are presented. The IT solutions used in them provided the basis for the creation of modern computational tools coupled with digital technology.
</abstract>

Generative and Evolutionary Models in the Design of Architectural Form - Insights from History

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
The author attempts to answer the questions, what is beauty in architecture and how the canon of beauty has changed in view of extending the possibilities of geometric control and the development of digital technology. The basis of classical beauty was the aesthetics of forms based on the belief that there was an objective beauty that the ancients understood mathematically. Using the achievements of predecessors gives us the opportunity to develop their thoughts using the principles originally laid the base for further research, or to widen the field of the methods used.
The modern science of beauty studies forms that come from nature. Studying the laws governing these shapes and proportions, we encounter the mathematical and geometric conditions in which Pythagoras and Plato found the secret of beauty. The subject of the article is to formulate the problem of searching for and creatively shaping an architectural form in a complex relationship to the generally understood nature through a research analysis of the theoretical foundations of the concept of classical beauty from a philosophical, artistic, mathematical and social point of view. The analysis of this issue shows nature as the main instrument in shaping the pattern of perfection and beauty to the present times.
</abstract>

Beauty of Nature’s Forms in Classic Approach in Modern Architecture

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
Many universities in Poland are based in historic buildings. As public facilities, they must have accessibility for people with disabilities. Therefore, historic buildings undergo regular reconstruction to ensure accessibility on the basis of technical and construction regulations and the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. For the purpose of the study, those with exceptional architectural, cultural and historical are presented. The article is concerned with determining the current state of accessibility of selected Polish universities for students with mobility disabilities. The first part of the paper deals with the verification of the background material in the form of statistical data and support programmes for the studied group of users. The second part presents historical information about the historic buildings along with a qualitative analysis of the elements already applied to eliminate architectural barriers. Nine selected historical teaching facilities located both in Warsaw and scattered throughout the country were analysed using the field observation method. The conclusion presents the results indicating the application in the realizations of the principle of rational improvement stating that the preservation of historic value can become paramount to ensuring full accessibility. Still, monuments should be treated individually, and the same applies to disabilities, where each is different and requires individual perception and treatment.
</abstract>

Access to Education in Terms of the Elimination of Architectural Barriers – On the Example of Selected Polish Universities Located in Historic Buildings

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
The aim of the article is to examine the possibility of using the Temporary Innovation System (TIS) structure in the analysed projects in Lebanon, as well as to verify to what extent nature-based solutions (NBS) can be understood through the prism of TIS. The article presents several examples of nature-based solutions (NBS) in various locations in Lebanon as ways to improve the climate and relations between residents of smaller cities. The study used a case study methodology in which four nature-based solutions (NBS) projects in two Lebanese cities were analysed and compared with the expected characteristics of TIS.
</abstract>

An Analysis of Social Innovation Systems in Liban – Impact of Nature-Based Solustions on the Quality of Life in a City

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
Scattered information about cordwood masonry was gathered from different sources such as books, professional articles, popular articles and websites. historical cordwood masonry construction techniques and newer cordwood masonry construction techniques were included. current teachings of ecological construction practices were added, and private and professional individuals’ knowledge. three main cordwood wall types were evaluated and the wall type - single log with centered insulation space - was found to be optimal. spruce <italic>(Picea abies)</italic> was identified as the best suited tree species in norway. mixing of clay based mortar was explained. load bearing can be done with post framework, or the cordwood walls themselves can be load bearing. solutions for stabilising corners were found. it is optional to clad the house or leave it unclad. momentums for future scientific research were pointed out, such as finding thermal transmittance u (w/m2K) for woods and mortars, and understanding humidity transportation efficiency in different types of wood with/without cladding. unanswered questions were set forth. this is a pre-scientific literature study. 
</abstract>

Entrance to the Field of Cordwood Masonry

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
Włodzimierz Naumiuk is a recognized folk woodcarver and sculptor from Kaniuki, Podlaskie voivodeship, N-E Poland. He was “discovered” in the 1960s and invited for art exhibitions, and his sculptures were subjects of press notes, newspaper articles and also research works, including, among others, an extended paper by Jacek Wołowski, published in 1985 in “Polska Sztuka Ludowa”. In this paper, some hitherto unknown aspects of Naumiuk’s technical proficiency related to woodworking and carpentry are presented, with focus on his vernacular carpentry skills and knowledge. The objective of this work is to bridge the gap between Naumiuk’s art and carpentry skills and knowledge, in order to place his art in a wider technology context. This work is based on personal interviews with Włodzimierz Naumiuk, on 05.04.2021, 03.09.2022 and 01.11.2022.
</abstract>

Folk Sculptor Włodzimierz Naumiuk – As a Carpenter

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ARCHITECTURAE ET ARTIBUS

 Architecturae et Artibus journal is a double-blind peer-reviewed, scientific quarterly focused on research in the field of architecture, urban design, planning,...

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 Architecturae et Artibus journal is a double-blind peer-reviewed, scientific quarterly focused on research in the field of...

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