<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> Housing markets as well as the overall economy develop unevenly. Business cycles are the result of the diverse dynamics of their development. The housing market, as one of the components of economic systems, is influenced by business cycles, at the same time affecting them as well. It should be noted, however, that the special nature of this market may determine a different course of housing market cycles in comparison with changes in business cycles. The aim of the paper is to identify similarities and differences in the shaping of the housing market cycle and the business cycle. The analysis will be conducted on the basis of experience from the Polish market and selected Western markets.</abstract>

HOUSING MARKET CYCLES IN THE CONTEXT OF BUSINESS CYCLES

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>Within the scope of real estate appraisal, the Depreciated Replacement Cost method is mostly seen as a solution of last resort, when no other option is available. Nonetheless, it is ever more useful in addressing various estimation needs. In its basic formulation, the method suffers from several simplifications that lead to rather rough results. Here we try to go beyond these limits. To this end, we propose a variant based on the following three cornerstones. The first is the partition of the replacement cost into its fundamental components, at least according to three cost items: building structure, finishes, and installations. The second cornerstone is the formulation of different depreciation curves for each of the cost items mentioned above, by processing distinct data on useful life and residual life. Finally, the third cornerstone is represented by the definition of a complex depreciation function to take into account both the original useful life of the construction and its lengthening due to partial or full refurbishments.</abstract>

Depreciated Replacement Cost: Improving the Method Through a Variant Based on three Cornerstones

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> The global idea of building state Land Administration Systems was to determine the infrastructures for the implementation of land policies and land management strategies in support of sustainable development. This new paradigm in science has directed many studies towards the development of concepts for the integration of various spatial information systems in the framework of interoperable infrastructures. Each infrastructure includes institutional arrangements, a legal framework, processes, standards, land information, management and dissemination systems, and technologies required to support allocation, land markets, valuation, control of use, and development of interests in land.Many countries are in the process of developing Land Administration Systems (LAS). Databases of Land Information Systems (LIS), including cadastres, land registries, tax registries and land-use plans, are integrated to improve Land Information System functions and provide effective support for other systems and economic processes.This article analyzes the LAS construction process in Poland with particular emphasis on the functionality of the infrastructure supporting the widely understood sustainable development of land, the economy and society. The presented solution may be an important model (template) for other national infrastructures.</abstract>

Land Administration System for Sustainable Development – Case Study of Poland

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> In the economic theory, competition is considered to be a fundamental principle of the free market. Due to the competition, customers get lower prices, better service quality, more and more choices. The competition in the real estate market is a very important factor in its development. Buying or selling real estate is often one of the most important financial transactions, which require the purchaser. With the reference to the above, the participants of the real estate market need to analyse a number of transactions and do a detailed understanding of the market before making a decision and finding a deal that meets all the expectations which will not be diverging significantly from remaining offers functioning in the given area of the market. The phenomenon of competition is very advantageous for buyers of a real estate, because it shows a wide range of various possibilities which one should consider before making a final choice.Times of crisis trigger a tendency of the growing competition in the property market, what results in a decrease in real estate prices. This article brings up the issue of price and non-price competition on the real estate market and the influence which it exerts on the decision of the purchaser. The aim of this paper is to present the phenomenon of the competition at three levels (levels), by examining what relationship occurs between the entities functioning on the market, what occurs between entities and objects, and how the entities, i.e. individual real estate, compete with each other. This study will be conducted with methods of statistical analysis of the market, however Herfindahl-Hirschman Index will be used to measure competition on the local real estate market.</abstract>

The Problem of Competition on Real Estate Market on the Example of the Local Housing Market in Olsztyn

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>We find that critical factors affecting real estate project decisions can vary while market changes in the city of Ahmedabad have led to the majority of landmark buildings facing obsolesce, redevelopment and spatial redundancy. Case studies can assist in data collection in the cultural context and accommodate indirect observations of the variables analyzed in the early stages of research (Teegavarapu &amp; Summers, 2008; Rowley, 2002). Decisions have led to capital losses for some, while bringing about profitable opportunities for developers who take timely risks.We also find that the land pooling technique used by the State in city development has successfully promoted land banking for public purpose but has also contributed to speculative land price appreciation. AHP rankings show that the surveyed practicing developers prioritized location factors such as neighborhood character and availability of land above land use zones and land auctions. Among project factors, FAR (Floor Area Ratio), abutting road width and road frontage of the land ranked higher compared to building design. In the professional practice category, the availability of finance, the timing of project announcement and past project experience of the developers ranked higher compared to brand value and speculation.</abstract>

Evaluating Critical Factors Impacting Real Estate Development Decisions

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> Real estate management activities evolved with the development of the real estate industry, the needs of property investors and general changes in the market environment. Today, these activities require a comprehensive approach on the one hand, but on the other, are more and more specialized. The paper presents an integrated view of real estate management on the example of a multidimensional basic concept of real estate management developed under German market conditions. Detailed analysis of this concept was preceded by a review of approaches to real estate management made on the basis of literature and own research. It was on this basis that opportunities and application fields of the integrated model of real estate management in Polish market conditions were characterized. The presented concept can be used both as a raster to harmonize real estate management activities and tasks in business practice, as well as a classification scheme for the evaluation of scientific research. This concept is an important step on the way to structuring and organizing real estate management as a professional service according to the indications of management science.</abstract>

An Integrated Approach to Real Estate (Porfolio) Management

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
This study fills a significant research gap in Malaysian government-led homeownership and affordability. Centered on crucial market attributes influencing these initiatives, insights from low-income groups were obtained. The primary aim of this study was to assess the importance of various market attributes on government homeownership initiatives in Malaysia. The data were collected from low-income groups using a structured questionnaire, providing valuable insights into the unique challenges faced by this demographic. A Relative Importance Index (RII) was employed to analyze the data, revealing that Financial Market Factors, Household Financial Capacity, Housing Affordability and Accessibility, and Government Housing Policies were the market attributes of the highest importance in shaping government homeownership efforts. The results of the exploratory factor analysis demonstrated that the Financial Market Factor was the most influential component, as indicated by its mean rank. This study sought to incorporate the valuable perspectives of respondents regarding integrating future value into financing models. Respondents' opinions reflected a significant level of support for such innovative approaches. This study examines the crucial market attributes influencing government homeownership initiatives in Malaysia. The findings underline the potential of incorporating future value into financing models to enhance housing affordability for low-income groups and promote broader homeownership objectives.
</abstract>

Evaluating Market Attributes and Housing Affordability: Gaining Perspective on Future Value Trends

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
Real estate appraisal, also known as property valuation, plays a crucial role in numerous economic activities and financial decisions, such as taxation assessment, bank lending, and insurance, among others. However, the current methods used in real estate appraisal face several challenges related to fundamental aspects such as accuracy, interpretation, data availability, and evaluation metrics. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to identify the current status of real estate appraisal methods, highlighting challenges and providing guidance for scholars to undertake further research in addressing them. The methodology retrieves the most recent papers published in the Scopus database over the past five years, covering the period from 2019 to the end of 2023, with an emphasis on empirical studies. These retrieved papers serve as references to capture the current status of real estate appraisal methods. The research findings confirm a clear trend towards increased utilization of artificial intelligence techniques, especially machine learning, but with unfinished work regarding related challenges. Artificial intelligence techniques enhance the accuracy of real estate appraisal, paving the way for improved decision support systems in business, financial, and economic sectors.
</abstract>

Identifying the Current Status of Real Estate Appraisal Methods

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
The issues of “real estate management” (REM) and “real estate valuation” (REV) are very important from the perspective of the economic development of any country. This is because they refer to one of the most important factors of production, which is real estate. The article assumes that REV is all the processes that allow for valuation, while REM is all the processes that allow for the management and administration of real estate. Both of these processes were referred to the “real estate market cycle” (REMC) and the “real estate lifecycle” (REL). The article analyzed 365 articles published in the Journal of Real Estate Management and Valuation (REMV) (eISSN: 2300-5289). The article is a review paper and has been prepared as part of a summary of scientific research carried out between 2013 and 2022.
</abstract>

Management and Valuation in Real Estate Cyclea Decade of Experience

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
This paper employs the econometric models of relationships over time to evaluate the change in the unit prices of apartments on the local secondary markets in Warsaw and Szczecin, depending on various socioeconomic factors. Indicators reflecting the influence of socioeconomic aspects in these cities and the lagged values of housing prices, acting as so-called anchors in this model, were used as the independent variables.
The results obtained from this analysis indicate that it is the lagged prices of housing that have the strongest influence on the formation of price levels in the market. The study confirms the presence of the so-called price anchoring effect, which can be understood as the tendency of market participants to accept prices at levels that can be justified not only by socio-economic factors, but also by the price levels established in their minds.
The main purpose of the research presented here is to show that there is no close relationship between quoted housing prices and their objective factors. The quality of models reflecting these relationships clearly improves when lagged housing prices are introduced as the explanatory variables, which may confirm the price anchoring effect derived from behavioral economics, meaning that the heuristics of anchoring and adjustment can be applied to the analysis of the behavior of a collective of individuals - many market participants.
</abstract>

Econometric Modelling of Average Housing Prices in Local Markets and the Price Anchoring Effect

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
This paper investigates the anchoring bias in the real estate market, focusing on the impact of uninformative random values on price estimations. Through a randomized controlled trial, the study examines whether selective accessibility contributes to the anchoring effect and to what extent the bias is transmitted from estimated asking prices to transaction prices on the primary housing market. The study was conducted in 2023 among Krakow University of Economics students on the example of the Krakow housing market in Poland. A multiple regression model indicates that randomly assigned numbers serve as cues affecting price estimations, with potential differences of up to 10.5% of the asking price offered by a developer. Additionally, gender and decision-making competencies influence estimation patterns, suggesting varying attitudes towards price-setting strategies that can be implemented by developers. These findings contribute to understanding the complexities of decision-making in real estate markets and highlight avenues for further research.
</abstract>

The Effect of Anchoring Bias on the Estimation of Asking and Transaction Prices in the Housing Market

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
The assessment of income-producing properties - considered as the bulk of the existing assets - has rapidly increased. An efficient assessment of the market value of this kind of properties requires an adequate involvement of the main risk factors of the local real estate market for the determination of the capitalization rate for the income approach application. The aim of the work is to identify the most significant local real estate risk factors related to the market, the tenant and the context on the residential capitalization rate. The development of a regressive methodological approach applied to the residential sector of the city of Rome (Italy) is proposed. The obtained results show the susceptibility of the analyzed capitalization rate to the variation of the local real estate risk factors, in particular the per capita income and the variation of the rental values, by also considering the influences of the exogenous shocks and the expectation of the investors. The practical implications of the work consist in the possibility for evaluators to assess the likely changes in the capitalization rate in different residential contexts if variations occur in the most influential local risk factors identified by the proposed model.
</abstract>

Capitalization Rate and Real Estate Risk Factors: An Analysis of the Relationships for the Residential Market in the City of Rome (Italy)

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> Property valuation is characterized by uncertainty, understood not only as uncertainty of a single valuation, but also as a discrepancy between multiple valuations of the same property carried out at the same time and for the same purpose. A valuation is only an estimate, the outcome of which depends on the assumptions adopted by the valuer. Such assumptions may account for the potential of a property in a complex market environment in different ways. The objective of the paper is to present the methodology of research devoted to valuation uncertainty in highly developed markets to emphasize the need to conduct such research in Poland, and to indicate the areas in which professional organizations should undertake actions.</abstract>

UNCERTAINTY OF PROPERTY VALUATION AS A SUBJECT OF ACADEMIC RESEARCH

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> In this paper, the systems of real estate mass appraisal in some selected European countries will be discussed, in comparison with those of individual countries on other continents, in terms of similarities and differences in law, institutional scope and subjects responsible for its execution. With selected countries serving as an example, the practical aspects of operating the real estate owners’ taxation system will be discussed as well the data acquiring process, considered price-making factors, proceeding methodology and circumstances taken into account in real estate cadastral valuation, giving consideration to national specificity.</abstract>

Real Estate Mass Appraisal in Selected Countries – Functioning Systems and Proposed Solutions

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> This paper presents the principles of studying global spatial autocorrelation in the land property market, as well as the possibilities of using these regularities for the construction of spatial regression models. Research work consisted primarily of testing the structure of the spatial weights matrix using different criteria and conducting diagnostic tests of two types of models: the spatial error model and the spatial lag model. The paper formulates the hypothesis that the application of spatial regression models greatly increases the accuracy of transaction price prediction while forming the basis for the creation of cartographic documents including, among others, maps of land value.</abstract>

USE OF SPATIAL AUTOCORRELATION TO BUILD REGRESSION MODELS OF TRANSACTION PRICES

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> The paper indentifies and synthesizes the observed changes in the role of the property valuer on the property market. The authors of this paper provide a perspective on the changes in the educational programs for valuers. The main challenge for valuation professionals lies in developing a deeper understanding of market globalization and better analytical skills, with a view to assessing accurate values. The educational system at the university level should encompass programmes which will prepare valuers for providing proper advice affecting important investment decisions of real estate market participants. They stress the role of international and national organizations in re-shaping the profile of the valuer. The current critical attitude towards the valuation profession has forced the European body representing valuers, namely The European Group of Valuers’ Associations (TEGoVA) to speed up the harmonisation of the valuation practice in order to forestall more rigorous control by the EU. In response to this, all the major internationally recognised standard setting bodies, such as the above-mentioned TEGoVA and The Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors (RICS), are considering the need to add “risk analysis” to valuation reports. Such development should significantly affect future valuation educational and training programmes which will need to present a more holistic approach to real estate as an asset class.</abstract>

Faculty of Geodesy and Land Management University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn

The European Group of Valuers’ Associations

Modern Challenges Facing the Valuation Profession and Allied University Education in Poland

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> The article pertains to the topic of speculative price bubbles which arise in the real estate market. The individual parts of the article deal with the connection between the price bubble in the American real estate market and the global economic crisis, defining the concept of a price bubble with regard to the behaviors of market participants, providing a description of the environment generating price bubbles, and systematizing the reasons behind the formation of price bubbles. The analysis of behavioral aspects accompanying the existence of a price bubble is a key issue. The assumed considerations indicate that the housing price bubble could not exist in the real estate market (REM) if its formation was not accompanied by behavioral aspects. These aspects include, among others, giving in to temptations and emotions, limited rationalism, herd behavior, and seeking to make profits in a short amount of time at the expense of long-term negative consequences. The nature of these deliberations is theoretical.</abstract>

Price Bubble In The Real Estate Market - Behavioral Aspects

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> The paper presents the results of a comparison of the development of mean offer and transaction prices per 1m2 in primary and secondary residential real estate markets in 16 provincial capital cities in Poland, during the time period from the 3rd quarter of 2006 to the 3rd quarter of 2012. The quarterly data came from the residential real estate price database of the National Bank of Poland (NBP). The research concerns the dependencies in the residential real estate market between the following four price categories: offer prices in the primary market, transaction prices in the primary market, offer prices in the secondary market and transaction prices in the secondary market. For each city, the dynamics of each price category per 1m2, the existence of a linear correlation between the individual mean price categories in chosen subintervals and their convergence and variability in time were studied and compared.</abstract>

Primary and Secondary Residential Real Estate Markets in Poland – Analogies in Offer and Transaction Price Development

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Real Estate Management and Valuation

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