<abstract xml:lang="en"><title style='display:none'>Accounting Treatment of Goodwill in IFRS and US GAAP</title>The article presents an overview of the new accounting treatment of goodwill regarding International Financial Reporting Standards and American Generally Accepted Accounting Principles. Goodwill acquired through a business combination is no longer amortized but tested for impairment. Despite the fact that the objective of the new International Financial Accounting Standard has been to move towards international convergence; significant differences between standards still exist. The article presents the main changes of the regulation in the last years and the key differences between the two accounting treatments. In spite of the new accounting approach there are still lots of discussions, which indicate that the field is still not properly regulated. Finally, the article offers possible directions for future research and reporting practice.</abstract>

Accounting Treatment of Goodwill in IFRS and US GAAP

<abstract xml:lang="en"><title style='display:none'>Sun Tzu's "The Art of War" and Implications for Leadership: Theoretical Discussion</title>We present a study of the Art of War from a leadership perspective, one in which we make a closer connection to the context of general organization and management. The Art of War written by Sun Tzu is one of those books that could be classified in the genre of pop-culture. Although its content used to be considered as a carefully protected state secret in the past, it is now available to everyone. Its use has in the past century of moved from warfare also to other areas of human activity. Strategic advices that it contains can be used in many more areas than just the conduct in the times of war. In fact, the success in wars, as well as in business, of course, depends on leadership, which is why we identify the positive and negative attributes of a leader in relation to strategic leadership. People are those who fight in battles and are also those who win them; and the most important person in every battle is the general. Historically, a number of successful military commanders ascribe the credit for their victories to Sun Tzu's principles. In addition, this wisdom is now being examined and used by senior executives from all around the world, especially in Asia, because it can be utilized in many business and political situations. The Chinese classic "The Art of War" is still considered as one of the most influential and important works on strategy, why a discussion on theoretical and practical implications of Sun Tzu's strategic leadership theory in a global environment is also included.</abstract>

Faculty of Economics, University of Ljubljana, Kardeljeva ploščad 17, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia

Faculty of Organizational Sciences, University of Maribor, Kidričeva cesta 55a, SI-4000 Kranj, Slovenia

Higher Business School of Professional Studies Novi Sad, Vladimir Peric-Valter 4, Novi Sad, Serbia

Sun Tzu's "The Art of War" and Implications for Leadership: Theoretical Discussion

<abstract xml:lang="en"><title style='display:none'>A Successful CRM Implementation Project in a Service Company: Case Study</title>Customer relationship management - CRM implementations increased rapidly in Slovenia in the last few years, following the trends elsewhere. Studies reporting how the implementation project goes on before, between and after the implementation are scarce. We offer a thorough case study analysis of the CRM implementation with a positive outcome in a Slovene service company. Case study demonstrates that CRM implementation is a holistic and complex concept, which means that it is not merely an integration of new information technology, but everything that happens around the business processes changes. We recommend that the company has already established a process approach and the orientation toward customers. Study showed the need for efficient leadership, acquirement of resources and CRM strategy implementation control; trust to the software solution shouldn't be self-understood. Through implemented analytical CRM company can improve the relationship with customers, achieve larger information sharing between employees and accept better strategic decisions.</abstract>

Sanolabor, d. d., Leskoškova 4, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia

Faculty of Management, University of Primorska, Cankarjeva 5, 6104 Koper, Slovenia

A Successful CRM Implementation Project in a Service Company: Case Study

<abstract xml:lang="en"><title style='display:none'>Organisational Effectiveness and Customer Satisfaction</title>This paper presents a test of the relationship between organizational culture as a crucial indicator of organizational effectiveness and customer satisfaction using service-unit data from two health resorts. Ensuring survival of the service organisation in the long run requires adaptations which are oriented towards achieving maximum customer satisfaction. This study intended to unveil the effect organisational factors have on customer service orientation from the customer and employee point of view within a two health resort service setting. The finding suggests that when trying to predict the comparative degree which organisational effectiveness factors have in satisfying customers' needs, performance, adaptability and mission can be of the highest importance. Some effects like performance were uniform for employees and customers, while others varied depending on the organisation and the customer or employee group. Furthermore, findings suggest that service performance and organisation mission of the service organisation predict customer satisfaction based on established and proven health services. In this context there is no room for innovation, despite the fact that employees and customers do not share similar views about the impact of organisational effectiveness. Developing an effective service organisation can provide a competitive advantage to the organisation. Critical for the success of the service organisation is that organisational agents have a clear view of the existing organisation effectiveness and a clear view of the customer expectations in this area.</abstract>

Institut za samorazvoj d.o.o., Kidričeva 75a, 4220 Škofja Loka, Slovenija

Organisational Effectiveness and Customer Satisfaction

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title><bold>Background and Purpose</bold>: The aim of this paper is to present the influence of Industry 4.0 on the development of the new simulation modelling paradigm, embodied by the Digital Twin concept, and examine the adoption of the new paradigm via a multiple case study involving real-life R&amp;D cases involving academia and industry.<bold>Design</bold>: We introduce the Industry 4.0 paradigm, presents its background, current state of development and its influence on the development of the simulation modelling paradigm. Further, we present the multiple case study methodology and examine several research and development projects involving automated industrial process modelling, presented in recent scientific publications and conclude with lessons learned.<bold>Results:</bold> We present the research problems and main results from five individual cases of adoption of the new simulation modelling paradigm. Main lesson learned is that while the new simulation modelling paradigm is being adopted by big companies and SMEs, there are significant differences depending on company size in problems that they face, and the methodologies and technologies they use to overcome the issues.<bold>Conclusion:</bold> While the examined cases indicate the acceptance of the new simulation modelling paradigm in the industrial and scientific communities, its adoption in academic environment requires close cooperation with industry partners and diversification of knowledge of researchers in order to build integrated, multi-level models of cyber-physical systems. As shown by the presented cases, lack of tools is not a problem, as the current generation of general purpose simulation modelling tools offers adequate integration options.</abstract>

Industry 4.0 and the New Simulation Modelling Paradigm

<abstract xml:lang="en"><title style='display:none'>Influence of Demographic Factors on Employee Satisfaction and Motivation</title>Nowadays, human resource management and development is becoming more significant due to the fact that a man has gained a new place and a new role in all social processes and in their management. The sheer employees' characteristics, i.e., demographic factors, besides the organisational factors, have a certain influence in this area. By adequate understanding of both demographic factors and their influence, it is possible to apply measures to make the employees satisfied and motivated. This paper points out such influences on the employees' satisfaction and motivation. Also, the interaction of certain demographic factors is presented, such as the professional qualification, years of working experience and age, onto employees perceiving satisfaction and motivation and onto respective consequences. In order to determine the employee satisfaction and motivation, the responses from the employees to questions divided into six groups (material conditions, security, acceptance and social component, respect and status, self-confirmation and loyalty), were used. The research was done on a set of 328 employees in the telecommunications sector in Serbia.</abstract>

Influence of Demographic Factors on Employee Satisfaction and Motivation

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
<sec><title style='display:none'>Background and purpose</title>
This literature review examines labour market trends, focusing on workplace flexibility. It analyses grey literature and statistical reports to understand the impact of policies promoting sustainable digitisation. The analysis seeks to understand how these strategies have influenced labour market dynamics.
</sec>
<sec><title style='display:none'>Methodology</title>
The research utilised descriptive and compilation techniques to analyse grey literature, focusing on theoretical frameworks and temporal trends. It analysed non-traditional publications, reports, and statistical data to understand emerging labour market trends, particularly workplace flexibility and sustainable digitisation policies. This approach provided unique insights beyond traditional academic publications.
</sec>
<sec><title style='display:none'>Results</title>
Three major themes were identified by the review of grey literature sources. First is the impact of digitalisation on the labour market, the second is flexible working arrangements, and the third is working time flexibility.
</sec>
<sec><title style='display:none'>Conclusion</title>
The digital revolution transforms lifestyles and practices, leading to novel work forms. The pandemic has accelerated this trend, focusing on digitisation for work optimisation and flexibility. These new work forms increase productivity efficiency and reduce operational costs. Technological integration affects work quality and employee competencies, influencing the workforce’s needs.
</sec>
</abstract>

Workplace Flexibility: Identifying New Trends and Directions from the Grey Literature Sources

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
<sec><title style='display:none'>Purpose</title>
The study’s main purpose is to investigate the impacts of human capital efficiency (HCE) on the firm performance of non-certified and quality-certified firms from the European Foundation for Quality Management (EFQM) Excellence Model. The study also examines the relationship between firm performance and quality-certificates from the European Foundation.
</sec>
<sec><title style='display:none'>Design/methodology/approach</title>
By using a sample of 282 non-certified and 22 quality-certified firms from 2017 to 2021, the current study employed a two-step system generalized method of moments (GMM) estimation to analyse the empirical data. The dummy variable is used to examine the relationship between quality-certificates and firm performance. The dummy interaction term is employed to quantify the impacts of HCE on the firm’s performance for quality-certified firms.
</sec>
<sec><title style='display:none'>Findings</title>
The results revealed that quality-certificates and firm performance have a positive relationship. Quality-certified firms perform better and earn more profits than non-certified firms. HCE has a positive impact on firm performance for both types of firms. Moreover, the quality-certified firms utilize HCE in an efficient way to earn more profits compared to the non-certified firms.
</sec>
<sec><title style='display:none'>Originality</title>
This is the first study to use a comprehensive analysis to emphasize the HCE for non-certified and quality-certified firms separately. The effects of quality-certificates on firm performance in the context of HCE are also being highlighted for the first time in this research.
</sec>
<sec><title style='display:none'>Practical implications</title>
The current study’s findings are fruitful for academics, managers, researchers, policymakers, and other firm management. The findings will encourage the management of the firms to implement the total quality management (TQM) approach within their firms.
</sec>
</abstract>

Human Capital Efficiency and Firm Performance of Quality-Certified Firms from EFQM Excellence Model: A Dynamic Panel Data Study

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
<sec><title style='display:none'>Background/Purpose</title>
The aim of this paper is to verify the applicability and accuracy of the Altman model in the case of Slovenian companies. The use of the Altman model is hugely popular and widespread among financiers, analysts and other stakeholders who want to determine the creditworthiness of a company’s operations and the likelihood of it running into financial difficulties in the coming years.
</sec>
<sec><title style='display:none'>Methods</title>
The study was conducted on a sample of 66 Slovenian companies, which were divided into two equal groups: bankruptcy and non-bankruptcy companies. Based on accounting data for the last five years, the authors of this paper calculated the Z-Score, which is based on the Multiple Discriminant Analysis (MDA). By calculating the statistical error of the estimate (type I and II), the authors verified the extent (in percentage terms) to which the companies had been correctly classified by the model. The Mann-Whitney U test was used to check whether there was a difference in the average Z-Score between the two groups of companies.
</sec>
<sec><title style='display:none'>Results</title>
The authors determined that the reliability of the Altman model was 71.21% when tested at the upper bound (the threshold value of the Z-Score was 2.6) and 80.30% when tested at the lower bound (the threshold value of the Z-Score was 1.1). This is similar to other countries, where the reliability was found to be over 70% in most cases. Despite the lower reliability of the model, the Z-Score proved to be an important factor in differentiating between the two groups of companies, as bankruptcy companies had a lower value of this indicator than non-bankruptcy companies.
</sec>
<sec><title style='display:none'>Conclusion</title>
Based on the results of this study, as well as those of other studies, it can be summarized that the Altman model is a fairly good way for companies to determine the success of their business in a relatively simple and quick way and also to predict the potential risk of their operations in the future. However, since the reliability of the model is not 100%, it is important to be careful when making business predictions and carry out additional in-depth analyses or use other methods.
</sec>
</abstract>

Application of the Altman Model for the Prediction of Financial Distress in the Case of Slovenian Companies

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
<sec><title style='display:none'>Background</title>
Using the correct type of motivation is pivotal in triggering employees’ affirmative work attitudes, such as work performance, job satisfaction, or voluntary retention, ultimately leading to increasing the organization’s overall efficiency. Despite the ongoing academic debate, academics provide practitioners with mixed results on which motivation factors are relevant for targeted employee groups whose needs are under the economic and socio-psychological pressure of the rapidly evolving environment. Elton Mayo was the first to acknowledge these socio-psychological factors as significant motivation drivers almost a century ago.
</sec>
<sec><title style='display:none'>Methods</title>
Therefore, the purpose of this paper, using the narrative literature review method (supported by a systematic search strategy) on 83 articles, is to evaluate the research findings on employees’ motivation (related to their affirmative work attitudes) and to unfold the motivation theory’s advancement.
</sec>
<sec><title style='display:none'>Results</title>
Key motivation drivers were identified and unified into five motivation sets applicable to different employee groups. The findings also suggest that most academic works, theoretically grounded in classical motivational concepts, are quantitative analysis-based.
</sec>
<sec><title style='display:none'>Conclusion</title>
To increase the efficiency of employees’ performance, internal motivation or internalization of external motivation seems to be the best solution. Employees’ “floating” needs call for practitioners to be trained in techniques from psychology.
</sec>
</abstract>

Employee Motivation in Contemporary Academic Literature: A Narrative Literature Review

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
<sec><title style='display:none'>Purpose</title>
Owing to the COVID-19 pandemic, the importance of virtual teams has increased during this period. There is a gap in current literature about the transformation of cultural diversity, how it appears in face-to-face interactions, and how it does in virtual teamwork. Global, virtual coworking requires different skills in order to communicate efficiently and understand the team members. This paper analyzes the importance of intercultural communicative competence in virtual and face-to-face teamwork.
</sec>
<sec><title style='display:none'>Methodology</title>
The research was conducted with a quantitative methodology to see the pattern regarding teamwork throughout culturally diverse teams. A total of 133 questionnaires were obtained for the data analysis. The collected data were then analyzed by using the IBM SPSS Statistics 27 program.
</sec>
<sec><title style='display:none'>Findings</title>
The results found that intercultural communicative competence is crucial in virtual teams. With better intercultural competence, cultural differences can be identified and considered during project management. However, in face-to-face teamwork, it seems to be more complex. Willingness to discover another culture and eagerness to understand fellow teammates makes a higher priority than being temporarily effective due to intercultural competence.
</sec>
<sec><title style='display:none'>Conclusion</title>
Intercultural communicative competence is a crucial workplace requirement in today’s globalized world, regardless of branch, profession, or geographic location. The ability to understand people with different cultural backgrounds is an increasingly important competency both virtually and in face-to-face interactions.
</sec>
</abstract>

Intercultural Communicative Competence in Virtual and Face-to-Face Teamwork: A Quantitative Analysis of Culturally Diverse Teams

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
<sec><title style='display:none'>Background/Purpose</title>
Artificial intelligence (AI) has traditionally been used for quantitative analysis using explicit data. However, much of the information critical to decision making remains undocumented and is not stored in a structured way. This study explores the integration of AI, specifically ChatGPT, into Theory of Constraints (TOC) Thinking Process (TP) tools.
</sec>
<sec><title style='display:none'>Method</title>
In this study, we applied ChatGPT to a real-world IT project management case using a variety of research methods, including international literature analysis, observation, and personal experience. The use of the TOC TP allowed us to understand the decision-making process of ChatGPT and to systematically explore its advantages and limitations in creating logical trees of TOC TP.
</sec>
<sec><title style='display:none'>Results</title>
ChatGPT significantly enhanced efficiency and depth in TOC TP data collection and analysis, effectively addressing logical leaps for more coherent structures. It also promoted deeper analytical thinking and aided root cause identification. The integration of ChatGPT into the TOC TP process led to faster decision-making, reduced bias, and clearer analysis. Challenges of ChatGPT including the need for human oversight, specific TOC TP training, and ethical considerations were noted.
</sec>
<sec><title style='display:none'>Conclusion</title>
This study provides an initial investigation into the use of ChatGPT in TOC TP tools. The results suggest that ChatGPT has the potential to be a valuable tool for organizations seeking to improve their decision making and performance. However, further research is needed to validate these findings and explore the full potential of AI in TOC TP.
</sec>
</abstract>

Leveraging ChatGPT for Enhanced Logical Analysis in the Theory of Constraints Thinking Process

<abstract xml:lang="en"><title style='display:none'>Data Envelopment Analysis - Basic Models and their Utilization</title>Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) is a decision making tool based on linear programming for measuring the relative efficiency of a set of comparable units. Besides the identification of relatively efficient and inefficient units, DEA identifies the sources and level of inefficiency for each of the inputs and outputs. This paper is a survey of the basic DEA models. A comparison of DEA models is given. The effect of model orientation (input or output) on the efficiency frontier and the effect of the convexity requirements on returns to scale are examined. The paper also explains how DEA models can be used to assess efficiency.</abstract>

Faculty of Organizational Sciences, University of Belgrade, Jove Ilića 154, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia

Faculty of Organizational Sciences, University of Maribor, Kidričeva cesta 55a, 4000 Kranj, Slovenia

Data Envelopment Analysis - Basic Models and their Utilization

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title><bold>Background and Purpose:</bold> This article tested a structural model that examines the mediating role of organizational commitment on the link between perceived organizational support, perceived alternative job opportunities, and turnover intention, and the moderating role of job satisfaction on the proposed relationships.<bold>Methodology:</bold> Using convenience sampling technique, a self-administered survey was conducted on a pool of Jordanian small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs). The obtained data (n=270) were analyzed with contemporary variance-based structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) software SmartPLS v3.<bold>Results:</bold> Findings revealed that organizational commitment mediates the association between perceived organizational support and turnover intention, perceived alternative job opportunities and turnover intention. In addition, job satisfaction did not moderate the associations between organizational support, perceived alternative job opportunity and organizational commitment.<bold>Conclusion:</bold> The present study is among the first to show the mediating mechanism of organizational commitment on the link between perceived organizational support, perceived alternative job opportunity and turnover intention. Theoretical and practical implications are drawn, before pointing to potential future research directions that build on the evidence-based positions argued for in this study.</abstract>

Perceived Organizational Support, Alternative Job Opportunity, Organizational Commitment, Job Satisfaction and Turnover Intention: A Moderated-mediated Model

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title><bold>Background and purpose:</bold> This study examines crisis management practices (CMPs) for micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in the field of tourism during the global coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. The purpose of this study is to analyse how tourism SMEs reacted to the crisis caused by the pandemic. The present research aims to determine which operational CMPs were deployed by tourism SMEs to minimize the impact of the crisis.<bold>Design/Methodology/Approach:</bold> This study focuses on the following types of tourism SMEs – lodging facilities, food and beverage (F&amp;B) facilities, and tourist agencies (TA). A total of 574 valid online questionnaires were obtained from SME managers. The structured questionnaire included 27 CMPs belonging to the four dimensions of crisis management – workforce, cost control, organizational support and marketing CMPs. Exploratory factor analysis and the non-parametric Kruskal Wallis H test and Mann-Whitney U test were used to investigate SMEs response to the crisis.<bold>Results:</bold> Results indicate that SMEs primarily focus on the following CMP dimensions (respectively): workforce, cost control, organizational support, and promotional and customer-related marketing practices. Results show that there are statistically significant differences in the usage of different CMPs among the different types of SMEs.<bold>Conclusion:</bold> The use of selected variables enables an internationally comparable benchmarking process and facilitates the improvement of tourism SMEs crisis management. The conclusion provides suggestions for future research and useful information for scholars, policy makers, and tourism managers.</abstract>

Crisis Management Practices in Tourism SMEs During the Covid-19 Pandemic

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> Background and Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to empirically analyse the effects of sustainability-oriented innovation practices on the overall organizational performance. Further, this paper also aims to advance understanding of the measurement of corporate sustainability practices with the focus on innovation dimensions. Design/Methodology/Approach - The study uses data obtained from a survey of 116 organizations encompassing both the manufacturing and service industries in Slovenia. Descriptive statistics were used in order to determine the level of sustainability-oriented innovation practices deployment. Exploratory factor analysis was applied to extract the underlying factors and to provide a basis for assessing their reliability and validity. In addition, regression analysis was used to quantify the effect of sustainability practices on the organizational performance. Results - Data analysis result showed that sustainability-oriented innovation practices are significantly associated with organizational performance. Therefore, empirical evidence from this research confirmed the premise that building innovation competencies and integrating innovation activities in organization’s processes lead to performance benefits. This contributes to the debate about the potential for organizations to be sustainable and competitive. Conclusion - The presented research on corporate sustainability provides important theoretical and practical insights on which the deployment of sustainability-oriented innovation practices are conducive to fostering a broader set of performance benefits. As such, managers should increase organizations’ capacity for innovation which can be beneficial in terms of performance implications and achieving sustainability goals</abstract>

University of Maribor, Faculty of Organizational Sciences, Kidričeva cesta 55a, SI-4000 Kranj, Slovenia

Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Sweden

Lund University, Department of Service Management, Sweden

The Relationship between Sustainability– Oriented Innovation Practices and Organizational Performance: Empirical Evidence from Slovenian Organizations

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> Background and Purpose: The survey was performed to determine the reasons that lead students to possibly commit plagiarism during their studies. By doing so, we wanted to determine the main reason for the appearance of plagiarism and how, within this main reasons, various indicators of plagiarism are judged and, finally, how demographic data and student motivation for study are associated with the reasons for plagiarism.Design/Methodology/Approach: A paper-and-pencil survey was carried out among 17 faculties of the University of Maribor in Slovenia. A sample of 139 students 85 males and 54 females participated in this study, ages ranged from 19 to 36 years. The questionnaire contained 95 closed questions referring to: (i) general data, (ii) education, (iii) social status, (iv) awareness of plagiarism, and (v) reasons for plagiarism. Parametric and nonparametric statistical tests were performed depending on distributions of the answers.Results: The results reveal that information and communication technology is largely responsible for the plagiarism with two reasons highlighted: ease of copying and ease of access to materials and new technologies. We also found some differences between low and high motivated students. Different average values of the answers considering motivation for study were confirmed for academic skills, teaching factors and other reasons for plagiarism, where the average for lower motivated students is significantly different (higher) than the average for higher motivated students. At the end we could find no direct relationship between the average time spent on the Internet and plagiarism.Conclusion: The transmission of knowledge is the basic mission of faculties. This mission is based on moral beliefs about the harmfulness of its abuse, and plagiarism is exactly such abuse. Regardless of the students past at this point professors are those who could greatly contribute to the right set of skills to keep students off plagiarising.</abstract>

University of Maribor, Faculty of Organizational Sciences, Kidričeva cesta 55a, 4000 Kranj,

UNION-Nikola Tesla University, Faculty of Business Studies and Law, Staro Sajmiste 29, 11070 Belgrade,

Reasons for Plagiarism in Higher Education

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Organizacija

Journal of Management, Informatics and Human Resources

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 Organizacija (Journal of Management, Informatics and Human Resources) is an interdisciplinary peer-reviewed journal which...