<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
The orientation of society towards the so-called “digital age” has had a significant impact on social life and at the same time on economic life. This impact has been accompanied by the constant change of social behavior, orienting society towards a new approach to information technology. ICT and the Internet have helped to eliminate geographical, time and cost barriers, making life more dynamic.The increase in the number of Internet and social media users has affected the restructuring of the relationship between these users, their relationship with businesses, the way of doing business, the way of education, job search, employment, entertainment, etc. The growing popularity of social networks has made it possible to create a new economic environment based on collaboration and communication. Nowadays, social networks have become the most important communication channels. Everywhere in Albania, social networks are used to communicate with acquaintances, to set up business, to communicate with customers and for many other reasons. Social media has come a long way from connecting people only to playing a crucial role in all businesses. People moved online, and they are very social. And brands have noticed the change, of course. Previously, the presence of a business was signed by a physical store and newspaper ad. But in the digital age, the business reputation lives and dies for its position on social media. Social media has the ability to drive buyers to a new product or a good deal. But not only that, social networks create a sense of community and involve people in a way of shopping.
</abstract>

The power of social media in Albanian businesses

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
The evolution of international regulation in the field of protection of children’s rights has its first beginnings as early as 1924, with the adoption of the Declaration on the Rights of Children. Ordinance for the benefit of children, also known as the Declaration of Geneva. “The delinquent child must be saved” is the rule from this document which emphasizes the need for special treatment, care and assistance of the child who has crossed the limits of legal and social norms as well as behavioral rules. It is clear that the violation of children’s rights is the most serious form of violation of human rights, and that a state cannot be called democratic if it does not proclaim and guarantee these rights.
The norms provided for in international conventions are in the spirit of special care and protection, assistance and containment of minors. International conventions have imperative importance for the states that have signed them, and the international community develops a permanent activity in order to adequately implement the norms of international conventions by the signatory states. The purpose of this paper is to emphasize, through descriptive and normative legal methods, the importance of international legal acts in the advancement of children’s rights at the national and international level.
</abstract>

International norms and standards for juvenile justice

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
Deliberative polling has emerged as a promising method for promoting democratic reform and citizen engagement in various contexts, however, its potential and limitations in hybrid regimes, where democratic governance is challenged by a mix of democratic and authoritarian features, remain relatively unexplored. This paper focuses on the case of North Macedonia, as a country that has undergone significant political and societal transformation especially in the recent years. Despite efforts to promote democratic reforms, the country continues to face challenges in terms of ensuring democratic governance and citizen participation. In a hybrid regime, like North Macedonia’s, political leaders might not be inclined to value citizens’ input, and the media environment might not be free from influence, which limits access to varied and reliable sources of information. Civil society organizations may also encounter limitations on their operations, and institutional assistance may be insufficient. Additionally, the population’s diversity could make it difficult to reach and build trust with citizens. In this context, deliberative polling represents an opportunity to engage citizens in meaningful political dialogue and institutional reform. This paper examines the potential of deliberative polling as a tool for promoting governance in North Macedonia and highlights the challenges and limitations faced in this process.
</abstract>

Deliberating in the Gray Zone: North Macedonia’s Hybrid Regime and Deliberative Democracy Exercise

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
For more than 45 years, Albania was ruled by one of the harshest dictatorial regimes that Europe has experienced during the 20-th century. The communist regime in Albania had several special features, starting from its origins and establishment, and continuing further with its special characteristics, the society and the economic-social system it built. These features set it apart from other communist regimes in Eastern Europe. But what remains as the primary feature of the communist regime in Albania is its loyalty and steadfastness in following and further developing the Stalinist model, a model that was finally abandoned in Eastern Europe and the USSR in the mid-1950s, and further in China after the death of Mao Zedong (1978). This study aims to investigate the special characteristics underlying the Stalinist model and the causes that enabled its implementation, adaptation and development in the conditions of the rule of the dictatorial regime in Albania.
</abstract>

Stalinism and the Stalinist model: Comparative study on its origins and characteristics in the communist regime in Albania

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
The regulations stated in Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) define that it is prohibited for companies to engage in agreements that are anticompetitive in nature with one another. E-commerce platforms have emerged as significant commercial channels in the virtual realm. The antitrust scrutiny has been drawn towards the limitations imposed by both suppliers and marketplaces on selling through such platforms. There exists a perception among certain individuals that there is a degree of conflict between the two approaches, wherein competition authorities are accused of endorsing marketplace platforms by prohibiting platform bans in distribution contracts, while simultaneously scrutinizing the business practices of these platforms (Colomo, 2018). Notwithstanding, it is imperative to note that this does not inherently denote an inconsistency. Although it is crucial for retailers to retain their autonomy in terms of vending their products through diverse sales channels, it is incumbent upon marketplace platforms to adhere to the regulations governing antitrust. In this sense main purpose of this manuscript is the analysis of anti-competitive behavior in digital markets.
</abstract>

RETRACTED: Anti-competitive behavior in digital markets

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
In verb system of different languages there is a distinction of finite and nonfinite form of verbs. Finite verbs have morphological categories of tense, mood, person and number. These categories cannot be found in nonfinite form of the verbs (Bech, 1955). Nonfinite form of verbs do not give evidence for mood, person and number (Hentchel &amp; Weydt, 1994).
Comparing nonfinite form of verbs has been the object of different studies. The purpose of these studies is identifying the differences and similarities of nonfinite form of verbs in different languages.
In one language a nonfinite form might be missing, whereas in another language a nonfinite verb is present. These changes make a big difference in morphology and syntax. Every language has its own feature based on grammatical rules.
The purpose of this study is an analysis of syntactical functions of Participle II in German language and participle in standard Albanian language by finding the difference and similarities between them. Participle II of German language or as it is different named past participle coincide with nonfinite form participle of Albanian language. The participle of Albanian language and Participle II of German language have many similar uses in terms of verbs and adjective features. Participles have similar syntactical functions but there are also a lot of differences.
</abstract>

A comparison between syntactical functions of Participle II in the German language and participle in standard Albanian language

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
The right to choose as a political right dates back to the ancient times of humankind. The right to choose in its beginnings was in a narrow circle of people. It did not include the entire political, economic and social spectrum, but different groups, classes and interests. The saying can be that there were no real elections.
Even Kosovo, in the history of its political development, dates the right to universal and equal suffrage after the Second World War. However, those elections were never free and not even based on the will of citizens to be elected and to vote. The candidates for election were the favorites of the occupying and monist power. The monistic one-party system, as such, by itself could not offer even an approximate opportunity to hold free and democratic elections.
In fact, the right to free and democratic elections for the first time was sanctioned and implemented in the first elections for the Republic of Kosovo institutions (Constitutional Framework, 2001).
This paper aims to explore different aspects of the complex phenomenon of criminal offenses against voting rights, in order to raise the level of treatment of this phenomenon in Kosovo’s society. The organization of free and democratic elections and their success is one of the key points of evaluation of new democracies, considering that free elections are the foundation of a democratic society. Conceiving that this process is related to the quality of life of the voter, to the perspective of society and the development of the country in general.
</abstract>

Criminal Offenses against voting rights

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
The study is divided in two major parts. First, a presentation of the history of the Greek legal order and the organization of the judicial system with a focus on the judicial system of control of constitutionality highlights the legal culture regarding the use of foreign precedents in constitutional cases, describes the complexities regarding the exercise of control of constitutionality, and justifies the reasons that the constitutional case law of the Council of State (CoS) is selected for quantitative measurement. Second, the study analyses from a quantitative and qualitative perspective the results of the measurement of the number of explicit citations in foreign precedents in the constitutional cases of the CoS. It is worth noting that the majority of the citations in German case law refer to the case law of the <italic>Existenzminimum</italic>, a finding that is being approached from a qualitative perspective too.
</abstract>

The adoption of foreign case law by the Greek courts and the emergence of the <italic>Existenzminimum</italic> doctrine by numbers - Between constitutional interpretation and legitimacy

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
This study was conducted to determine and compare the factors influencing the increase in stress levels of students at German and Albanian universities. In addition to descriptive statistics to analyze the data, the authors used factor analysis, the Independent Samples t-Test, and bivariate correlation among others in the study. An online questionnaire divided into three sections was used as a tool for data collection. The description of statistics expressed in percentages and the data analysis were performed using SPSS software, Version 16. The results showed that students experienced a high level of stress, 44.1214, with some variations among them. The results confirmed a higher level of stress among Albanian students compared to German students. On the other hand, the results indicated that the “Fear of failing exams” factor had a greater impact on increasing stress levels among German students compared to Albanian students.
</abstract>

Differences in stress levels between Albanian and German students

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
The 2022 strategic report on international narcotics control of the United States Department of State, estimates that Albania remains a country susceptible to money laundering, due to corruption, the presence of organized crime networks, as well as deficiencies in legislation and supervision.1 Whereas, according to the Basel Index for the risks of money laundering and terrorist financing, Albania ranks 93rd out of 152 jurisdictions, with 4.75 out of 10 points.2
The main sources of money laundering are related to drug trafficking and other organized crime activities, while the most widespread methods of money laundering are construction, real estate and business development projects.3 Despite the reform of justice and efforts to improve the fight against money laundering, the country faces challenges in terms of capacities, insufficient supervision of some sectors, as well as the lack of cooperation between law enforcement and supervisory bodies. Albania is in the conditions of insufficient control mechanisms, in relation to the size of informal money.
Referring to the report of the European Commission for Albania of 2023, the problems related to money laundering in the country remains an area that requires attention and further results.4 Also, the report shows that Albania has made progress in terms of implementing the recommendations of the Committee of Experts for the Evaluation of Measures against Money Laundering and the Financing of Terrorism (hereinafter: Moneyval),5 as well as the action plan of the Special Financial Action Task Force (hereinafter: FATF),6 with the aim of improving effectiveness in the field of money laundering. Also, since February 2020, Albania is part of a political commitment to engage with the FATF and Moneyval, in the framework of the fight against money laundering and the financing of terrorism.
</abstract>

Money laundering - Harmonization of Albanian legislation in the framework of EU membership

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
Financial transactions involving cryptocurrencies have seen significant growth in recent years. Individuals and companies are using cryptocurrencies as a medium of exchange. This unstoppable process has brought opportunities for the cost-effective performance of financial transactions, but at the same time challenges for law enforcement institutions. A significant portion of cryptocurrency transactions are conducted outside the conventional banking financial system. Such transactions are difficult for law enforcement authorities to trace. There is a high possibility that cryptocurrencies will be used by money launderers to hide their identity and launder their proceeds of crime. Offshore Financial Centers, which apply a high degree of anonymity, are widely using cryptocurrencies. Countries and international institutions should take coordinated action to tackle money laundering in the field of virtual currencies as it is very difficult for one country, alone, to fight the phenomenon of money laundering in the world of cryptocurrencies. The study focuses on the difficulties faced by financial institutions and law enforcement authorities in tracking cryptocurrency transactions in the context of prevention of money laundering, seen from the Albanian perspective.
</abstract>

Cryptocurrencies and Money Laundering

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
The Prosecutor’s Office is the only constitutional body that carries out criminal prosecution, when it becomes aware of a criminal offense.1 Within the framework of the exercise of this constitutional right, when it becomes aware of a criminal offense, it must not necessarily pursue criminal prosecution. In all cases where it verifies that at first sight, or prima facie, there are legal reasons that prevent it from pursuing criminal prosecution, such as the cases: when the fact does not constitute a criminal offense, the criminal fact does not exist, the suspect dies, there are reasons for impunity related to the offense and the author, or in all other cases provided for in the law, the prosecution takes the decision not to initiate criminal proceedings.2 The prosecution takes the decision not to initiate criminal proceedings, when prima facie, it is clear that there is no criminal offense, or there are circumstances that do not allow the criminal proceedings to continue and investigative actions to be carried out. Given the nature of this decision, in which the prosecutor’s office only verifies and does not carry out investigative actions, the prosecutor’s decision must be quick. With the changes made to Article 291 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, the decision not to initiate criminal proceedings must be taken within 15 days from the moment of registration of the criminal report and not within 30 days as it was before the changes in 2017.
This time change seems to be in accordance with the nature of this decision, since its taking has only verification and not investigative reasons. But how has this deadline been implemented in practice? What are the consequences of not respecting this deadline, in relation to the decision made? All of these will be part of the analysis of this manuscript.
</abstract>

Legal changes of the decision not to initiate a proceeding in the Albanian criminal procedure code, their implementation in practice

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
The migration is a form of mobility that is carried out in many ways, in different times and different distances. In the migration process, apart from the motives, the distance and the place are important. Today, thanks to traffic systems, the migration flows tend to become more and more massive and global. Also, the culture and economy in the globalization process is distributed widely, motivating even more international migration. On the other hand, human migration can contribute to economic and cultural globalization. The migratory movements have traditionally played a very important role in developing and distributing the population all over the world. But what are the causes, consequences and strategies of Albanian migration after 1990? The used methodology consists of analysis, synthesis and evaluation. The migration of Albanians has played an important role in demographic developments in Albania after 1990 and is one of the biggest problems of the country. In these conditions, it is imperative that in all the projects and strategies that were developed for Albania, to take into account the changes and effects that the migration process brings in different spatial ranges.
</abstract>

Global migration strategies: Albanian migration after 1990

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
While the situation of crime victims is analyzed by law enforcement officers, victims of human rights violations deserve special attention due to the very fact that these violations were ‘performed’ by the state, through its official employee or a person who acts in the capacity of an official. This fact does not in any way change the right of the victims to be treated with kindness and respect, nor does it affect their right to benefit from justice mechanisms and to have immediate solutions.
It should be understood that such a violation of individual rights committed by or with the consent of a state official, can seriously damage the relationship between citizens and the State. The outcome of law enforcement, in terms of the current condition of law and order, depends on the existence of good relations with the public. When law enforcement officers carry out practices that contradict the rights and freedoms of the individual, the very link between the organism as a whole and the community is endangered.
Trust and security are two conditions for fruitful communication and cooperation between the community and the law enforcement body. When trust and security are weakened due to the illegal and arbitrary behavior of law enforcement officers, the quality of cooperation and communication is also weakened. Special care should be taken for the victims of such violations so that the occasional incidents do not have devastating consequences on the image and work of the entire law enforcement organization.
</abstract>

Victims of criminal offenses: Their needs, rights and respect in practice

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Balkan Journal of Interdisciplinary Research

Balkan Journal of Interdisciplinary Research is a professional, double-blind, peer-reviewed, open-access journal. BJIR is published in English three times a year and provides a forum for...

Balkan Journal of Interdisciplinary Research is a professional, double-blind, peer-reviewed, open-access journal. BJIR is published in English...

Balkan Journal of Interdisciplinary Research

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