Production stages, microbiological risk and benefits on health of herbal teas

1. European Medicines Agency. Glossary on herbal teas. https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/regulatory-procedural-guideline/glossary-herbal-teas_en.pdf. Accessed 08 July 2020.Search in Google Scholar

2. Wachira FN, Kamunya S, Karorl S, Chalo R, Maritim T. The tea plants: botanical aspects. In: Preedy VR (ed.). Tea in health and disease prevention. 1^st ed. Academic Press 2012:3-18.10.1016/B978-0-12-384937-3.00001-XSearch in Google Scholar

3. Faydaoğlu E, Sürücüoğlu MS. History of the use of medical and aromatic plants and their economic ımportance. Kastamonu Univ Orman Fak Derg 2011; 11(1):52-67.Search in Google Scholar

4. FAO 2018. Current market situation and medium term outlook. Intergovernmental group on tea. http://www.fao.org/3/BU642en/bu642en.pdf. Accessed 08 July 2020.Search in Google Scholar

5. Ulusoy A, Şeker M. Türkiyede değişen çay tüketim alışkanlıkları projesi (the project of changing consumption habits tea in Turkey). https://issuu.com/8698858/docs/t__rkiye_de___de__i__en_cay_t__keti. Accessed 08 July 2020 [in Turkish].Search in Google Scholar

6. Hilal Y, Engelhardt U. Characterisation of white tea. Comparison to green and black tea. J Verbrauch Lebensm 2007; 2(4):414-421. doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00003-007-0250-310.1007/s00003-007-0250-3Search in Google Scholar

7. Akgül A, Ünver A. Bitkisel Çaylar. Gıda Mühendisliği Dergisi TMMOB Gıda Mühendisleri Odası 2001; 11:21-24 [in Turkish].Search in Google Scholar

8. Mishra BB, Gautam S, Sharma A. Microbial decontamination of tea (Camellia sinensis) by gamma radiation. J Food Sci 2006; 71(6):151-156. doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-3841.2006.00057.x10.1111/j.1750-3841.2006.00057.xSearch in Google Scholar

9. İncedayı B. A research on some properties of carbonated linden herbal tea beverage. Gıda 2007; 42(4):355-363. doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.15237/gida.GD1702510.15237/gida.GD17025Search in Google Scholar

10. Şöhretoğlu D. Tilia Cordota, Tilia platyphyllos, Ihlamur. In: Demirezer LÖ eds. Tedavide Kullanılan Bitkiler. 1^st ed. Ankara 2011: 679-682.Search in Google Scholar

11. Prchalová J, Kovařík F, Rajchl A. Evaluation of the quality of herbal teas by DART/TOF-MS. J Mass Spectrom 2017; 52(2):116-126. doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jms.390510.1002/jms.390528063268Search in Google Scholar

12. Cárdenas-Rodríguez N, González-Trujano ME, Aguirre-Hernández E, Ruíz-García M, Sampieri A, Coballase-Urrutia E, Carmona-Aparicio L. Anticonvulsant and antioxidant effects of Tilia americana var. mexicana and flavonoids constituents in the pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2014. doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/32917210.1155/2014/329172414726425197430Search in Google Scholar

13. Federici E, Multari G, Gallo FR, Palazzino G. Herbal drugs: from traditional use to regulation. Ann Ist Super Sanita 2005; 41:49-54. https://dx.doi.org/0.1016/j.taap.2007.10.005Search in Google Scholar

14. Aguirre-Hernandez E, Gonzalez-Trujano ME, Martinez AL, Moreno J, Kite G, Terrazas T, Soto-Hernandez M HPLC/MS analysis and anxiolytic-like effect of quercetin and kaempferol flavonoids from Tilia americana. J Ethnopharm 2010; 127:91-97. doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2009.09.04410.1016/j.jep.2009.09.04419799990Search in Google Scholar

15. Akin M, Demirci B, Bagci Y, Baser KHC. Antibacterial activity and composition of the essential oils of two endemic Salvia sp. from Turkey. Afr J Biotechnol 2010; 9(15):2322-2327. doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.5897/AJB2010.000-3037Search in Google Scholar

16. Tosun A, Tatlı İİ. Salvia officinalis, Tıbbi Adaçayı. In: Demirezer LÖ (ed.). Tedavide Kullanılan Bitkiler. 1^st ed. Ankara. 2011:615-618 [in Turkish].Search in Google Scholar

17. Ekren S, Sönmez Ç, Sancaktaroğlu S, Bayram E. The effect of different harvesting heights on the agronomical and technological properties of sage (Salvia officinalis L.) genotypes. Ege Üniv Ziraat Fak Derg 2007; 44(1):55-70.Search in Google Scholar

18. Önenç SS, Açıkgöz Z. Antioxidant effects of aromatic plants on animal products. Hayvansal Üretim 2005; 46(1):50-55.Search in Google Scholar

19. Lima CF, Azevedo MF, Araujo R, Fernandes-Ferreira M, Pereira-Wilson C. Metformin-like effect of Salvia officinalis (common sage): is it useful in diabetes prevention? Br J Nutr 2006; 96(2):326-333. doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn2006183210.1079/BJN2006183216923227Search in Google Scholar

20. Karami M, Shamerani MM, Hossini E, Gohari AR, Ebrahimzadeh MA, Nosrati A. Antinociceptive activity and effect of methanol extracts of three Salvia spp. on withdrawal syndrome in mice. Adv Pharm Bull 2013; 3(2):457-459. doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.5681/apb.2013.075Search in Google Scholar

21. Çelik F. Çay (Camellia sinensis); içeriği, sağlık üzerindeki koruyucu etkisi ve önerilen tüketimi. Turkiye Klinikleri J Med Sci 2006; 26(6):642-648 [in Turkish].Search in Google Scholar

22. Ross IA. Medicinal plants of the world. Vol 3. 1^st ed. New Jersey 2010:1-28.Search in Google Scholar

23. Chaturvedula VSP, Prakash I. The aroma, taste, color and bioactive constituents of tea. J Med Plants Res 2011; 5(11):2110-2124.Search in Google Scholar

24. Kim HS, Quon MJ, Kim JA. New insights into the mechanisms of polyphenols beyond antioxidant properties; lessons from the green tea polyphenol, epigallocatechin 3-gallate. Redox Biol 2014; 2:187-195. doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2013.12.02210.1016/j.redox.2013.12.022390977924494192Search in Google Scholar

25. El-Shahawi MS, Hamza A, Bahaffi SO, Al-Sibaai AA, Abduljabbar TN. Analysis of some selected catechins and caffeine in green tea by high performance liquid chromatography. Food Chem 2012; 134(4):2268-2275. doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.03.03910.1016/j.foodchem.2012.03.03923442685Search in Google Scholar

26. Shahidi F, Ambigaipalan P. Phenolics and polyphenolics in foods, beverages and spices: Antioxidant activity and health effects – a review. J Funct Foods 2015; 18:820-897. doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2015.06.01810.1016/j.jff.2015.06.018Search in Google Scholar

27. Fujiki H, Sueoka E, Watanabe T, Suganuma M. Primary cancer prevention by green tea, and tertiary cancer prevention by the combination of green tea catechins and anticancer compounds. J Cancer Prev 2015; 20(1):1-4. doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.15430/JCP.2015.20.1.110.15430/JCP.2015.20.1.1438470925853098Search in Google Scholar

28. Onakpoya I, Spencer E, Heneghan C, Thompson M. The effect of green tea on blood pressure and lipid profile: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2014; 24(8):823-836. doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.numecd.2014.01.01610.1016/j.numecd.2014.01.01624675010Search in Google Scholar

29. Xu Y, Zhang M, Wu T, Dai S, Xu J, Zhou Z. The anti-obesity effect of green tea polysaccharides, polyphenols and caffeine in rats fed with a high-fat diet. Food Funct 2015; 6(1):297-304. doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4fo00970c10.1039/C4FO00970C25431018Search in Google Scholar

30. Barnes J, Anderson LA, Phillipson JD, Newall CA. Herbal medicines. 3^rd ed. London 2007:459.Search in Google Scholar

31. Singh O, Khanam Z, Misra N, Srivastava MK. Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.): An overview. Pharmacogn Rev 2011; 5(9):82-95. doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0973-7847.7910310.4103/0973-7847.79103321000322096322Search in Google Scholar

32. Orav A, Raal A, Arak E. Content and composition of the essential oil of Chamomilla recutita (L.) Rauschert from some European countries. Natur Pro Res 2010; 24(1):48-55. doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1478641080256069010.1080/1478641080256069020013472Search in Google Scholar

33. Öğüt, S. Importance of natural antioxidants. J Adnan Menderes Univ Agric Fac 2014; 11(1):25-30.Search in Google Scholar

34. Raut JS, Karuppayil SM. A status review on the medicinal properties of essential oils. Ind Crops Prod 2014; 62:250-264. doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2014.05.05510.1016/j.indcrop.2014.05.055Search in Google Scholar

35. Gün Ç, Demirci N. Herbal treatment in meno-pause. Archiv Med Rev J 2015; 24(4):520-530. doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.17827/aktd.5279810.17827/aktd.52798Search in Google Scholar

36. Haghi G, Hatami A, Safaei A, Mehran M. Analysis of phenolic compounds in Matricaria chamomilla and its extracts by UPLC-UV. Res Pharm Sci 2014; 9(1):31-37.Search in Google Scholar

37. Petruľová-Poracká V, Repčák M, Vilková M, Imrich J. Coumarins of Matricaria chamomilla L.: aglycones and glycosides. Food Chem 2013; 141(1):54-59. doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.03.00410.1016/j.foodchem.2013.03.00423768326Search in Google Scholar

38. Badgujar SB, Patel VV, Bandivdekar AH. Foeniculum vulgare Mill: a review of its botany, phyto-chemistry, pharmacology, contemporary application, and toxicology. Biomed Res Int 2014. doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/84267410.1155/2014/842674413754925162032Search in Google Scholar

39. Krishnamurthy KH. Medicinal plants: Madhurika, saunf or fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Gaertn.). J New Appl Med Health 2011; 19(1):1-4.Search in Google Scholar

40. Barros L, Carvalho AM, Ferreira ICFR. The nutritional composition of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare): shoots, leaves, stems and inflorescences. LWT Food Sci Technol 2010; 43(5):814-818. doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2010.01.01010.1016/j.lwt.2010.01.010Search in Google Scholar

41. Roby MHH, Sarhan MA, Selim KA, Khalel KI. Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of essential oil and extracts of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare L.) and chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.). Ind Crops Prod 2013; 44:437-445. doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2012.10.01210.1016/j.indcrop.2012.10.012Search in Google Scholar

42. Koppula S, Kumar H. Foeniculum vulgare Mill. (Umbelliferae) attenuates stress and improves memory in Wistar rats. Trop J Pharm Res 2013. doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/tjpr.v12i4.1710.4314/tjpr.v12i4.17Search in Google Scholar

43. Rahimi R, Ardekani MR. Medicinal properties of Foeniculum vulgare Mill. in traditional Iranian medicine and modern phytotherapy. Chin J Integr Med 2013; 19(1):73-79. doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11655-013-1327-010.1007/s11655-013-1327-023275017Search in Google Scholar

44. Rasul A, Akhtar N, Khan BA, Mahmood T, Uz Zaman S, Khan HM. Formulation development of a cream containing fennel extract: in vivo evaluation for anti-aging effects. Pharmazie 2012; 67(1):54-58.Search in Google Scholar

45. Kurkin VA, Anna AS. The development of new approaches to standardization of Cassia acutifolia leaves. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2014; 3(3):163-167.Search in Google Scholar

46. Yılmaz G. Cassia acutifolia, Cassia angustifolia, Sinameki. In: Demirezer LÖ (ed.). Tedavide Kullanılan Bitkiler. 1^st ed. Ankara 2011:109-113 [in Turkish].Search in Google Scholar

47. Demirkol G, Ertürk Ö. Antibacterial and antifungal effects of acetone extracts from fifty spice and herb plants. Herba Pol 2019; 65(3): 32-38. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/hepo-2019-001610.2478/hepo-2019-0016Search in Google Scholar

48. Kundu S, Roy S, Lyndem LM. Cassia alata L: potential role as anthelmintic agent against Hymenolepis diminuta. Parasitol Res 2012; 111(3):1187-1192. doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-012-2950-610.1007/s00436-012-2950-622576858Search in Google Scholar

49. Naowaboot J, Wannasiri S. Anti-lipogenic effect of Senna alata leaf extract in high-fat diet-induced obese mice. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2016; 6(3):232-238. doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apjtb.2015.12.00610.1016/j.apjtb.2015.12.006Search in Google Scholar

50. Olarte EI, Herrera AA, Villaseñor IM, Jacinto SD. In vitro antitumor properties of an isolate from leaves of Cassia alata L. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2013; 14(5):3191-3196.10.7314/APJCP.2013.14.5.3191Search in Google Scholar

51. Weidner C, Wowro SJ, Rousseau M, et al. Antidiabetic effects of chamomile flowers extract in obese mice through transcriptional stimulation of nutrient sensors of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) family. PLoS One 2013; 8(11):e80335. doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.008033510.1371/journal.pone.0080335382719724265809Search in Google Scholar

52. Uzun, MB, Aykaç G, Özçelikay G. Improper use and harms of herbal products. Lokman Hekim J 2014; 4(3):1-5.Search in Google Scholar

53. Ravindran PN, Nirmal Babu KN, Shiva KN. Botany and crop improvement of ginger. In: Ravindran PN, Nirmal Babu KM (eds.). Ginger the Genus Zingiber. 1^st ed. New York 2016:15-86.10.1201/9781420023367Search in Google Scholar

54. Sener N, Ozkinali S, Gur M, Guney K, Ozkan OE, Khalifa MM. Determination of antimicrobial activity and chemical composition of pimento and ginger essential oil. Indian J Pharm Edu Res 2017; 51(3):230-233. doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.5530/ijper.51.3s.1910.5530/ijper.51.3s.19Search in Google Scholar

55. Khaki A, Khaki AA, Hajhosseini L, Golzar FS, Ainehchi N. The anti-oxidant effects of ginger and cinnamon on spermatogenesis dys-function of diabetes rats. Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med 2014; 11(4):1-8. doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ajtcam.v11i4.110.4314/ajtcam.v11i4.1420238925392573Search in Google Scholar

56. Mashhadi NS, Ghiasvand R, Askari G, Hariri M, Darvishi L, Mofid MR. Anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects of ginger in health and physical activity: review of current evidence. Int J Prev Med 2013; 4(Suppl. 1):36-42.Search in Google Scholar

57. Thomson M, Corbin R, Leung L. Effects of ginger for nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy: a meta-analysis. J Am Board Fam Med 2014; 27(1):115-122. doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.3122/jabfm.2014.01.13016710.3122/jabfm.2014.01.13016724390893Search in Google Scholar

58. Yeh HY, Chuang CH, Chen HC, Wan CJ, Chen TL, Lin LY. Bioactive components analysis of two various gingers (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) and antioxidant effect of ginger extracts. LWT-Food Sci Technol 2014; 55(1):329-334. doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2013.08.00310.1016/j.lwt.2013.08.003Search in Google Scholar

59. Heck CI, De Mejia EG. Yerba Mate Tea (Ilex paraguariensis): a comprehensive review on chemistry, health implications, and technological considerations. J Food Sci 2007; 72(9):138-151. doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-3841.2007.00535.x10.1111/j.1750-3841.2007.00535.x18034743Search in Google Scholar

60. Atoui AK, Mansouri A, Boskou G, Kefalas P. Tea and herbal infusions: their antioxidant activity and phenolic profile. Food Chem 2005; 89:27-36. doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.food-chem.2004.01.075Search in Google Scholar

61. Junior ELC, Morand C. Interest of mate (Ilex paraguariensis A. St.-Hil.) as a new natural functional food to preserve human cardiovascular health – a review. J Funct Foods 2016; 21:440-454. doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2015.12.01010.1016/j.jff.2015.12.010Search in Google Scholar

62. Blum-Silva CH, Chaves VC, Schenkel EP, Coelho GC, Reginatto FH. The influence of leaf age on methylxanthines, total phenolic content, and free radical scavenging capacity of Ilex paraguariensis aqueous extracts. Rev Bras Farmacogn 2015; 25:1-6. doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bjp.2015.01.00210.1016/j.bjp.2015.01.002Search in Google Scholar

63. Peşin İIlex Paraguariensis, Mate. In: Demirezer LÖ (ed.). Tedavide Kullanılan Bitkiler Ankara 2011:321-327 [in Turkish].Search in Google Scholar

64. Mateos R, Baeza G, Sarriá B, Bravo L. Improved LC-MSn characterization of hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives and flavonols in different commercial mate (Ilex paraguariensis) brands. Quantification of polyphenols, methylxanthines, and antioxidant activity. Food Chem 2018; 241:232-241. doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.food-chem.2017.08.085Search in Google Scholar

65. Wu TW, Lee CC, Hsu WH, Hengel M, Shibamoto T. Antioxidant activity of natural plant extracts from mate (Ilex paraguariensis), Lotus Plu-mule (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) and Rhubarb (Rheum rhabarbarum L.). J Food Nutr Disord 2017; 6(3). doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2324-9323.100022510.4172/2324-9323.1000225Search in Google Scholar

66. Gambero A, Ribeiro ML. The positive effects of yerba maté (Ilex paraguariensis) in obesity. Nutrients 2015; 7(2):730-750.10.3390/nu7020730434455725621503Search in Google Scholar

67. Pérez JM, Maldonado ME, Rojano BA, Alzate F, Sáez J, Cardona W. Comparative antioxidant, antiproliferative and apoptotic effects of Ilex laurina and Ilex paraguariensis on colon cancer cells. Trop J Pharm Res 2014; 13(8):1279-1286. doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/tjpr.v13i8.1210.4314/tjpr.v13i8.12Search in Google Scholar

68. Omogbai, BA., Ikenebomeh, M. Microbiological characteristics and phytochemical screening of some herbal teas in Nigeria. Eur Sci J 2013; 9(18).Search in Google Scholar

69. Tournas VH, Katsoudas EJ. Microbiological quality of various medicinal herbal teas and coffee substitutes. Microbiology Insights 2008; 1:47-55.Search in Google Scholar

70. Vidović S, Cvetkovic D, Ramić M, Dunjić M, Malbaša R, Tepić A et al. Screening of changes in content of health benefit compounds, anti-oxidant activity and microbiological status of medicinal plants during the production of herbal filter tea. Ind Crops Prod 2013; 50:338-345. doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2013.08.00510.1016/j.indcrop.2013.08.005Search in Google Scholar

71. Hsu WY, Simonne A, Jitareerat P, Marshall MR Jr. Low-dose irradiation improves microbial quality and shelf life of fresh mint (Mentha piperita L.) without compromising visual quality. J Food Sci 2010; 75(4):222-230. doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-3841.2010.01568.x10.1111/j.1750-3841.2010.01568.x20546414Search in Google Scholar

72. Wilson C, Dettenkofer M, Jonas D, Daschner FD. Pathogen growth in herbal teas used in clinical settings: a possible source of nosocomial infection? Am J Infect Control 2004; 32(2):117-119. doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2003.09.00410.1016/j.ajic.2003.09.00415057205Search in Google Scholar

• Chemical profiles and biological activities of acetone extracts of Curcuma xanthella
• Geranyl flavanone from Feronia limonia (L.) Swingle
• Evaluation of detoxification of aflatoxin-b1 by using Ag nanoparticles of oil extracts user prepared by using some medical herbs
• Synthetic seeds technology of Salvia officinalis as a method for short-term storage and in vitro propagation of valuable genotypes
• Morphological and biochemical responses of selected Ocimum species under drought