Volume 13 (2020): Issue 1 (October 2020)

The optimal control and its limited version namely the model predictive control represent one of the most important nonlinear control alternatives nowadays. The success of them are also proven in many practical applications. These can provide for several industrial applications the optimal trajectory calculation as well as calculation of the real-time control signal. One successful version of this is Generalized Predictive Control (GPC). A big advantage of these control algorithms is that they solutions are able to take into account the limitations of the inputs, and the states. In some cases, it is important to know the mathematical model chosen and the complete state information. Otherwise, the model can be estimated during the operation. Our study shows through the control of the cathode heating of a high-power electron beam device the self-tuning adaptive control thus constructed. Using a suitable dynamic model and an extended Kalman estimator, we determine the estimated temperature of the two cathodes during operation and the saturation electron current, which ensures the maximum cathode life. The practical application was tested on a CTW 5/60 type electron gun.

The choice and the appropriate combination of methods used in the teaching-learning (education – knowledge-acquisition) process in technical higher education depends to a large extent on the personality of the lecturer, his/her pedagogical culture, personal competences and of course, the technical possibilities at his/ her disposal. This study provides a concise overview of the methods as tried-and-tested systems of consciously implemented operations and means that are systematically used by the lecturer to achieve the objectives of training in practical cooperation with the students.

The effects and results of Industry 4.0 are ubiquitous: in mobile applications and laptops, in sensor-driven technologies, in communication capabilities, in intelligent robots, in smart offices and in cyberspace. In the future, the most sought after skills will not only be technology-related, but there will be a huge demand for creativity, emotional intelligence, critical thinking, and interpersonal skills.

Based on this knowledge, a whole new economic model and a change to the old system will be needed.

Innovation & product safety in the case of the EC & Hungarian SMEs is a top priority, where product safety is also a legal obligation. Despite this, innovation design is dealt with inadequately by the majority of companies, and this is due to lack of knowledge or competency, especially considering the processes related to the design of safe products. Improper behaviour in the design stages results in losses for the companies - losses due to the inadequacy of otherwise innovative products. Inadequate or poorly applied directives/policies, especially when coded into processes influence not only the safety of the products but can result in delays to market access, significantly increasing costs & development time, as well jeopardising the product’s acceptance on the future market.

With the increasing use of 3D printing technology, a closely related problem is that of spreading. This problem is the presence of the polymer waste created by faulty prints, and support material used during printing. To create filament from this waste, it must first be chopped into fine pieces. In this project, an original polymer grinder was designed and built, adopting the innovations of Industry 4.0. Remote control and supervision were achieved using a Raspberry Pi I. type B and an Arduino Nano. The finished project can be seen in the faculty of engineering at the University of Debrecen.

The aim of this paper is to present the design and manufacturing process of a tensile testing machine capable of measuring the tensile strength of polymeric materials. The structure of the instrument is similar to that used in the industry; however, it is budget friendly. The instrument consists of a frame, and two screws which are driven by two stepper motors. An Arduino is used to control the mechanical part of the instrument and to connect it to the software.

The presented project was completed using modern, widely used IoT based devices. These include the ESP-01 microcontroller, which is programmable using the Arduino IDE (with its integrated ESP8266 interpreter), and a Raspberry Pi Zero W single board computer, which requires a Raspbian Linux distribution. In this project, an original meteorological station was created (complete with data acquisition), employing various sensors.

The authors in this research investigated a cost-effective welding setup for stainless steel following the industrial trends. Ajustments, movements and tests can be avoided during plate welding by welding the piece from one side. During the research, the applied layout is investigated, any deformities that may be caused, and whether it can maintain the inter-row temperature.

Designing a casting tool and choosing materials technology parameters calls for special requirements both for workpiece and tool side. After designing the technological steps and procedures I select the cutting tools. Industrial developments take priority in cloud system engineering. I used this system in the casting tool manufacturing process. It is not easy to make a comprehensive and detailed design following technological steps. The allowances and joints were made on the M2L CNC milling machine. The CAM program was made with EdgeCam software. Defining the casting parameters accurately is still a challenge, but in our major it is not the most important. For the future we are planning a most complicated casting tool.

Thermography, a non-contact measuring technology for determining temperature, is becoming more and more widespread nowadays. The use of this imaging method assumes simple usage, but for the declaration of appropriate and correct temperature values, a complex measurement routine and in-depth theoretical knowledge are essential. In my articles I will draw attention to the most important factors influencing measurement, both from a theoretical and practical point of view.

The electrospinning procedure is a relatively simple and fast way of producing polymer fibers with diameters in the micrometer range. The one needle setup is commonly used due to its flexible design and effectiveness; however, this procedure has one major shortcoming; it has low productivity. The disk electrospinning design presented here combines the advantages of the corona and needleless electrospinning setups, namely the small solution surface area and high productivity. We used 33 wt% polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) solution to produce PVP fibers with the new design. The average fiber diameter of the produced PVP fibers was d = 446±116 nm, which is ~25 % larger compared to fibers produced with the one needle method.

After 1998, the flood waves of the Tisza, Zagyva and Hármas-Körös rivers reached record levels in the area of operation of MTDWD requiring significant mechanical resources from the Water Directorate and participating external organizations in order to perform the protection tasks. In this article, the author describes the volume of mechanical resources used in the management of the MTDWD and the volume of those provided by external organizations during the flood control of the Tisza River in 2000, 2006 and 2010. It proves that in the event of flood defenses exceeding the order level, the Directorate’s own machinery resources are not sufficient, and that therefore, external machinery capacities are indispensable to meet future requirements.

In this project, an electron tube circuit consisting of a voltage stabiliser, preamplifier, and final stage amplifier circuit was designed. One of the main aims was to reuse as many components and materials as possible, thereby decreasing the project’s ecological footprint. The result is a hybrid electron tube amplifier. The function of the circuits was subsequently measured and analysed using various tests.

Making the common European security and defense policy more effective starts at state level. It is of paramount importance that the member states of the respective federations are able to demonstrate modern forces with a high level of compatibility and qualification and also that the use of these national forces, at allied level, should be possible without major obstacles. In this publication, the author presents the main historical points of the defense policy of the Visegrad Co-operation (V4) countries, and in this context the steps and efforts required of the force in order to respond to new types of security challenge.

The goal of our research is to study the potential treatment options for the relatively contaminated greywater fraction from washing, in order to use this fraction as an alternative water source. During the research to compare the purification efficiency of different greywater treatment solutions we have created a constant composition synthetic laundry greywater, based on tap water, which represents the real laundry water in the terms of quality. As greywater treatment solutions, in terms of physical pre-treatment procedure we used a sand filtering method, and in terms of chemical processes we used coagulation and oxidation. Based on treatment efficiencies, we can say that the treatment procedures can achieve significant quality improvements, but none of the methods can achieve the required cleaning efficiency by itself. In order to reach the optimum quality parameters, the use of combined methods is required.

Nowadays, due to increasing environmental regulations, public transport is developing rapidly. Therefore, the companies who manufacture railway fittings have to keep up. As a result, factories need to develop and expand their capacity by modernizing existing machines and installing new machines. The author is involved in this capacity expansion, at ContiTech Hungary Ltd, where production of the rail belted air spring had to be increased. In order to do this, improvements were made to the structure drum to build the carcass, for which two suggestions were made regarding the fold back unit. Other goals are the improvement of the air spring and the development of ergonomics.

Due to the exponentially growing number of mobile devices connected to the Internet, the current 4G LTE-A mobile network will no longer be able to serve the nearly 5 billion mobile devices. With the advent of the fifth generation, however, the number of cybercrimes may increase. This requires building an architecture that can adequately protect against these attacks. For wired networks, the SDN-type architecture has been introduced for some time. As a result, a similar design concept has emerged, which is called Software Defined Mobile Networks (SDMN). This article describes this technology and how it helps prevents DoS, DDoS at-tacks, and IP source spoofing.

The research focuses on determining the application parameters of a new process developed by Cloos. With the use of Cloos Rapid Weld technology (metal active gas welding), the authors carried out welding experiments on S235JR steel sheets (6 mm and 8 mm thick). The results of the welding experiments were verified by hardness measurement [1–3]. The goal is to establish one side one row suitable welded joint by the used technology.

In this study bimodal A413 matrix syntactic foams filled with ceramic hollow spheres (CHSs) were produced and examined by computer tomography (CT) and quasi-static mechanical testing to determine the mixing properties of the hollow spheres and the strength of the metal foam. Two hollow spheres of different nominal diameters (d₁ = 2.4 mm and d₂ = 7.0 mm) were used in equal volume ratio. The produced metal foams have a density of 1.61±0.03 g/cm³, with smaller inclusions and some defective hollow spheres in the structure. The foams have an average compressive strength of 120 MPa and a specific mechanical energy absorbing capacity of 43.5 J/cm³. As a result of the upsetting tests, the matrix material is separated from the CHSs, breaking the connection between them.

The aim of our research was to investigate the detergent content and several micro and macro elements in greywater samples, a necessary step in determining the water quality for the further reuse of the greywater. We determined the anionic detergent content of synthetic greywater with a two-phased titration method prepared in laboratory conditions. The current study leads to a new suggestion for a more accurate and reliable titrimetric method for determination of anionic detergent content of synthetic greywater samples. Following these investigations, we also examined the metal content of synthetic bath water. We wanted to highlight how detergents in greywater influence the micro and macro element content of the given synthetic bath water samples.

In this study the properties of HT-PLA were determined with tensile tests. The influence of cooling was determined and influence of manufacturing environment shown to be predictable. Heat resistant 3D printing materials can be widely used in the manufacturing process but these materials are relatively expensive. HTPLA is one of the cheapest materials with these parameters.

Building Information Modeling (BIM) has been the fastest growing methodology in architectural design, construction, preliminary works and in several other engineering activities in the past few years. It is mostly implemented in the fields of design, construction and building operation, however, there are still unexploited possibilities in further areas – such as building surveys. Many tools are available today to produce detailed and accurate 3D survey data, but specialists and custom software usually have to be involved in the process. Transforming this information into BIM models is also a time-consuming task, as their direct architectural design software integration is limited. The following article introduces a possible solution in order to improve communication and the modeling process.

For air-spring production the fabric winding is what prepares the semi-finished materials. The rubber body, that we called the membrane is made from using several layers of fabric and rubber. Building together these layers defines the mechanical properties. During the winding up, we prepare the cut rubber or fabric layers in rolls. Quality of rolling and the performance to make the semi-finished material, depend on the machine which is used for the winding. To satisfy the higher production capacity it was necessary to create a modern construction using automated systems. To assure the ergonomic expectations was a main viewpoint too. My thesis main goal is to explain, in detail, my design and to prove the device structural solutions using finite element analysis.

The three-roll bending process is a simple procedure, commonly used in the industry, through which a cylindrical surface can be produced from a sheet plate. This process is mainly controlled through experience and it is described with the finite element method, except for a very few numerical and analytical investigations. The topic of this article is to present a numerical method, through which the curvature function along the rolling direction can be calculated. This article presents the proposed numerical method and its verification with the finite element method. The results of the two numerical methods are in good agreement.

Project based planning and execution is used in various phases of a product lifecycle, starting from the conceptual idea and design through to the manufacturing and maintenance. It is common, that an enterprise or an organization executes more than one project in parallel. These projects may share the same resources and may have differing goals. Based on experience the order of task execution is a key factor, having a major impact on the key performance indicators. Our paper presents an extended model and a scheduling method for resource constrained project scheduling problems.

Today’s continuously growing society has a strong influence on efficiency within the construction industry. The need to build new homes in a shorter period of time increases. Finding the solution to this problem is a key element in today’s world. In connection with this there was a defining initiation in the 1900s with the development of „type design”, which even today has a significant role in architecture. These „type design” buildings used parts which were prefabricated, making certain phases of construction quicker. At the end of the XX. century the appearance of these plans seemed to be insufficient for the expected result. In the XXI. century there is an attempt to create another plan sample catalogue which can reflect building to productivity and try to minimalize the time for home development.

In most cases, a dataset obtained through observation, measurement, etc. cannot be directly used for the training of a machine learning based system due to the unavoidable existence of missing data, inconsistencies and high dimensional feature space. Additionally, the individual features can contain quite different data types and ranges. For this reason, a data preprocessing step is nearly always necessary before the data can be used. This paper gives a short review of the typical methods applicable in the preprocessing and dimensionality reduction of raw data.

The degree of compaction for a crushed stone roadbed is one of the most important technical characteristics of road construction works. Insufficient compaction can have significant effects on the resulting bearing capacity, even in road structures reinforced with geosynthetic materials. The present study concernes the utility of using geosynthetic reinforcement in the base layer of a road structure, while varying the degree of compaction on 1:1 scale models.

Quantification of alkanolamines is imperative for health and chemical safety risk reasons. A fast method that requires less equipment has been developed for the determination of free diethanolamine in different types of additives. Repeatability tests were carried out. The free diethanolamine content of commercially available additives has been determined. We have recommended industrial applicability.

Environmental awareness could also be called environment management, since it is necessary to organize, or rather manage any activities performed in order to protect the environment. A person who cares about their environment in their own household performs organizational tasks that are far more complex than people living in households who don’t care, or care less about their environment. Consider how much extra energy it takes to selectively collect plastic PET bottles, or to properly dispose of used batteries, compared to those who just dispose of these together with municipal waste, out of negligence or laziness. Many think that the activities of the average person don’t matter since there are so many of us on Earth that a single person’s efforts won’t change anything. Man, as a living being, is not capable of making decisions that would solve problems emerging in the next 20, 30 or 40 years; we usually start dealing with issues that we think will matter within the next 2–3 years: but we have admit that 2–3 years are not enough to solve global environmental protection and climate change problems. This way of thinking can easily lead to the decline of humanity in the future.

Thanks to technological development and ever-increasing environmental regulations, electric and hybrid vehicles are playing an increasingly important role in road transport. An important part of these vehicles is the electric motor, several different types of which are utilized in modern vehicles. One of these types is the series wound DC motor. In this publication, we review the different modelling methods of the above motor type. On the basis of the models we can perform the simulation in MATLAB/Simulink environment. We also present the technical parameters and characteristics that are needed to run the simulation, and the measurement procedure for determining them. Finally, we present the measurement system we have developed for the measurement and testing the motors.

The industry is imposing increasing wear and tear requirements on tools, which can no longer be satisfied with the development of base materials (tool steels). Surface treatment technologies can provide a solution as the surface of the working tool must be suitable. It can determine a relationship between the hardness, surface roughness and the abrasion resistance of various surface treatments and the coating technologies such as PVD as a result of tool steel surface layers. These relationships form the basis for tool selection and provide a theoretical basis for the design of surface technologies.

In this paper, we present a learning rate method for gradient descent using only first order information. This method requires no manual tuning of the learning rate. We applied this method on a linear neural network built from scratch, along with the full-batch gradient descent, where we calculated the gradients for the whole dataset to perform one parameter update. We tested the method on a moderate sized dataset of housing information and compared the result with that of the Adam optimizer used with a sequential neural network model from Keras. The comparison shows that our method finds the minimum in a much fewer number of epochs than does Adam.