<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> Introduction. The international standard for nursing terminology included in the ICNP®, recommended by many organizations and associations, can be used in the daily professional practice to facilitate the nurses’ selection of appropriate diagnoses and nursing interventions.Aim. The aim of the study is an attempt to show the possibilities of using the International Classification for Nursing Practice (ICNP®) in the nursing care of patients with pneumonia. Pneumonia is an inflammatory process located within lung tissue situated peripherally in relation to the terminal bronchiole, leading to the accumulation of inflammatory cells and an exudate within alveoli, interalveolar septa and/or in the interstitial lung tissue. Usually, patients experience: cough, shortness of breath, pleuritic chest pain, and systemic symptoms: fever, chills, tachycardia, increased sweating, muscle and joint pain, headaches, fatigue, and sometimes nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea. Common nursing problems/diagnoses in the group of patients with pneumonia are: dyspnea, impaired respiratory system process, impaired airway clearance, fever, lack of appetite, risk for hypovolemia, lack of knowledge about the disease.Summary. The International Classification for Nursing Practice contains the most basic terms describing nursing diagnoses and interventions that are crucial in providing nursing care to patients with pneumonia.</abstract>

Can ICNP® be used in the nursing care of a patient with pneumonia?

<abstract>
				<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
				 The profession of a paramedic involves a constant contact with traumatic events - road accidents, disasters, acts of violence and so on. As a consequence of such frequent and long-lasting exposure to traumatic events, paramedics are prone to developing PTSD (Posttraumatic Stress Disorder). This is a chronic disorder impacting cognitive, emotional, behavioral and somatic experiences. As a result of a prolonged exposure to stressful events, such condition can be life threatening. There are two ways of diagnosing PTSD: structured interviews and self-rating questionnaires (self-rating scales). The researcher should choose the best method possible relying not only on its procedure. In addition, merit based factors and psychometric parameters should be taken into consideration. The present article provides an overview of both Polish as well as foreign PTSD assessment methods, which could be incorporated into the research conducted in a group of paramedics.
			</abstract>

Katedra Ratownictwa Medycznego Wydziału Medycznego Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego

Kliniczny Oddział Chirurgii Szczękowo-Twarzowej Wojewódzkiego Szpitala Specjalistycznego w Rzeszowie

Przegląd narzędzi diagnostycznych i metod pomiaru zespołu stresu pourazowego (Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, PTSD) z możliwością wykorzystania wśród ratowników medycznych / Overview of diagnostic tools and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) measurement methods with the possibility of use among paramedics

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> Introduction. Cardiovascular diseases still remain the chief life-threatening condition in Poland. They are one of the main causes of sickness absences at work, as well as reasons for hospitalization and disabilities. The professionals responsible for providing nursing services to people suffering from cardiovascular diseases should take into account the activities addressing all spheres of patient’s life. Most attention should be paid to preventing complications, as well as interventions enabling both the patients to perform selfmonitoring and self-care and their relatives to provide unprofessional care.Aim. The aim of this work was to formulate a nursing care plan for a patient suffering from cardiovascular diseases, using the International Classification for Nursing Practice.Material and methods. For the purpose of this article, an individual case study method and literature analysis were used. The research was conducted in November 2015 at the Clinic of Hypertension and Diabetes of the University Clinical Centre at the Medical University of Gdańsk. Written consents were obtained from every patient.Results. In the process of providing nursing care to the patients, phrases describing “ready” diagnoses and nursing interventions included in the International Classification for Nursing Practice (ICNP®) were used. The care plans included the following nursing diagnoses: impaired cardiovascular system, altered blood pressure, pain, functional dyspnea, peripheral edema, impaired sleep, risk of infection, obesity, lack of knowledge about the disease/ poor self-control.Conclusions. The plan of nursing care for patients with cardiovascular diseases was based on the ICNP® reference terminology that fully reflects the key problems of the patient and the scope of interventions made by nurses.</abstract>

Katedra Pielęgniarstwa Gdański Uniwersytet Medyczny ul. Dębinki 7, 80-211 Gdańsk,

Katedra Pielęgniarstwa, Wydział Nauk o Zdrowiu z Oddziałem Pielęgniarstwa i Instytutem Medycyny Morskiej i Tropikalnej, Gdański Uniwersytet Medyczny,

The care of a patient with cardiovascular disorders - a case study based on ICNP®

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title><bold>Aim.</bold> The aim of the study was to analyze determinants of the sleep disorders in adults and their health consequences based on the literature review.<bold>Material and methods.</bold> The method of systematic analysis of literature was applied for the study. The literature review by keywords was based on the data from the Google Scholar web search databases, EBSCO Discovery Service (EDS) search engines, Arianta scientific and industry journals, and information from the years 2010-2017 available on the website.<bold>Results.</bold> Poor quality of sleep and too few sleep hours can be both a consequence and a cause of overweight and obesity. Such phenomena cause adverse changes in the endocrine system - in the form of hormonal imbalance affecting appetite, blood glucose level and the development of insulin resistance, what in turn, leads to disease development. It is, therefore, necessary to educate patients about proper sleep hygiene, reducing excessive body weight and developing healthy eating habits.<bold>Conclusions.</bold> There is a relationship between sleep disorders together with eating disorders and somatic diseases. Sleep disorders can predispose to obesity, adversely affect the carbohydrate balance, causing increased insulin resistance and increased chance of developing type 2 diabetes, as well as numerous cardiovascular diseases.</abstract>

Sleep disorders as a common social problem - selected determinants and health consequences

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> Introduction. Urinary incontinence refers to men and women, no matter what age they are. Due to the anatomical structure and biological function of women, they suffer from urinary incontinence more often than men. This disorder occurs widely, affecting many women, mainly in the perimenopausal age, and it increases with age. Aim. Analysis of the problem of urinary incontinence among women on the base of not systematic review of the literature. Summary. In the literature, it is highlighted that urinary incontinence of women is linked between the quality of life and the onset of symptoms, including functioning limitations on daily basis. It is a serious health and social problem among women. Conservative treatment in early stage of urinary incontinence may be an effective form of therapy. There is a need to prevent and educate the society in terms of shaping appropriate attitudes and behavioral health, including conservative methods in the treatment of urinary incontinence.</abstract>

The social aspects of urinary incontinence of women

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
<bold>Introduction.</bold> Urinary incontinence consists in an involuntary leakage of urine from the urethra. It affects both women and men, but women get ill more often. Although the morbidity peak falls on perimenopausal age, urinary incontinence can occur at any age. The highest percentage of patients is the elderly population.
<bold>Aim.</bold> Assessment of women’s awareness of urinary incontinence.
<bold>Materiala and methods.</bold> The group of study participants comprised 130 women aged between 18 and 89. The tool used in the study was the authors’ own questionnaire. The questionnaire consists of 31 questions, including, among others, demographic questions about age, marital status, education, occupational situation, number of births, number of children as well as definitions, risk factors, prevention and treatment of urinary incontinence.
<bold>Results.</bold> The women subjected to the study self-assessed their state of knowledge on urinary incontinence. The study showed that 37 people (28.5%) assessed their state of knowledge as good, 42 people (32.3%) as sufficient and 51 (39.2%) as insufficient. For 56.15% (n=73) of the surveyed women, the most common source of knowledge about urinary incontinence was non-professional literature (magazines and newspapers). The study showed a statistically significant relationship between knowledge of urinary incontinence and education (Chi square X2=24.472; p≤0.0004). People with higher education had a better knowledge about urinary incontinence.
<bold>Conclusions.</bold> The level of knowledge of the research participants about urinary incontinence is insufficient. A sense of shame and lack of time are the main reasons for low reporting of the UI problem to the doctor or nurse. There is a need to run an educational campaign to make the public aware of treatment options and IU prevention.
</abstract>

Women’s awareness of urinary incontinence

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
<bold>Aim.</bold> This study aimed to determine the level of health behaviours and correlations with demographic variables of nurses and nurse practitioners.
<bold>Material and methods.</bold> The research used a diagnostic survey method with a survey technique. The research tool used to collect data was a proprietary sociodemographic data questionnaire and a standardised questionnaire: Health Behaviour Inventory (HBI).
<bold>Results.</bold> Assessing the study group of nurses using the Health Behaviour Inventory, a mean score of 80.44±11.96 was obtained. The area of correct eating habits (mean 3.43±0.63) was rated highest by the respondents. Assessing the respondents using the HBI by subgroups, it was found that the largest group was those with average health behaviours of 44.2% (n=542). The group with the lowest percentage was high level health behaviour 18.1% (n=222).
<bold>Conclusions.</bold> Some of the factors infl uencing health behaviors are consistent with the environment and type of work, and are therefore specifi c to nursing staff . The high level of proper eating habits is also infl uenced by positive civilization changes and higher social awareness of lifestyle, which was not the subject of in-depth research in this study. The low level of health practices is related to the specifi c nature of a nurse’s work in the context of working time and work system.
</abstract>

Health behaviour of Polish nurses

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
<bold>Aim.</bold> The study aimed to evaluate cognitive function status in community-dwelling seniors and to establish relationships between cognitive function and selected aspects.
<bold>Material and methods.</bold> The research population consisted of 330 community-dwelling respondents over the age of 60. Cognitive function was assessed using the Montreal Cognitive Test (MoCA), anxiety symptoms – using the Geriatric Anxiety Inventory (GAI), and depression symptoms – using the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-15). Quality of life was assessed using the Older People’s Quality of Life – Brief version (OPQOL-BRIEF).
<bold>Results.</bold> The average total score in the MoCA test was 26.2 points (SD = 2.3; min. 19; max. 30), and 63.7% of respondents scored within the norm. A lower average MoCA score was recorded in those who were diagnosed with depression (p = 0.012). The same was true for those who were diagnosed with anxiety (p &lt; 0.001). Signifi cantly worse MoCA scores were found in those who were no longer working (p = 0.027).
<bold>Conclusions.</bold> Assessment of cognitive function in the elderly should not be underestimated in terms of the need for early detection of dementia. In addition to activities that may enhance cognitive function, there is a need to support activities in practice that focus on reducing the symptoms of anxiety and depression in the elderly.
</abstract>

An assessment of the cognitive functions of the senior citizens living in the community

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
<bold>Aim.</bold> The aim of the study was to show the degree of advancement of pain and social problems of medical employees.
<bold>Material and methods.</bold> The study was conducted in one of the hospitals in Lesser Poland. A cross-sectional study was conducted from 1.11.2021 to 31.01.2022. The study group consisted of 106 participants (93 (87.7%) women and 13 (12.3%) men) from hospital wards, emergency ambulance stations, administrative employees and an analytical laboratory. The Standardized Nordic Questionnaire in the Polish version – NMQ survey was used to survey employees. The survey was conducted during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, and respondents were included in the research voluntarily.
<bold>Results.</bold> Pain in the last 7 days was confirmed by 65% of the respondents, in more than 65% of the respondents the pain occurs during rest and sleep. In 64% of the subjects, pain was present on both sides of the body. The greatest pain was related to the lumbar spine in 54% of the respondents. The average pain is almost 5.35 on the Visual Analog Scale – VAS scale.
<bold>Conclusions.</bold> The COVID-19 pandemic may have had a negative impact on the physical and mental condition of medical workers. Work Related Musculoskeletal Disorders - WRMSD ailments are common and are a serious, constantly growing problem.
</abstract>

Assessment of workload and pain in hospital workers using the Standardized Nordic Questionnaire -NMQ during the COVID-19 pandemic – a cross-sectional study

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
<bold>Aim.</bold> Hospital health care of a patient represents a part of the patient’s “journey” through the healthcare system and as such is not delivered independently, but in a personalized integrated manner. To achieve a better outcome of personalized medical health care of patients in hospital, it is necessary to systematically transform the existing clinical pathways (CPs) into integrated clinical pathways (ICPs). The aim of the study was to investigate stakeholder’s perceptions of the content and barriers to transforming CPs into ICPs on the example of a general hospital in Slovenia. That is how we obtained microdata for systemic measures at the level of general hospitals in Slovenia.
<bold>Material and methods.</bold> The cross-sectional study used a qualitative method with interviews and focus groups with patients, nurses, other healthcare workers and managers working in ICPs for chronic kidney disease and hip replacement in a typical Slovenian hospital.
<bold>Results.</bold> The results showed that ICPs could be divided into five basic phases. In all phases, additions to the existing CPs in order to turn them into ICPs were necessary, which was an additional burden, especially for the nurses.
<bold>Conclusions.</bold> Personalized health care through ICPs is patient-centered, shorter, holistic, coordinated, continuous, of higher quality for patients and sustainably more efficient for providers.
</abstract>

Perceptions of patients, nurses, other healthcare workers, and general hospital managers about the content and challenges of transforming the clinical pathway into an integrated clinical pathway: a qualitative pilot study

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
<bold>Aim.</bold> The primary purpose was to map the opinions and experiences nurses acquired during the COVID-19 pandemic, identify significant problems that need to be addressed before the next pandemic, and determine the prestige of nurses before and during the COVID-19 pandemic.
<bold>Material and methods.</bold> The design was descriptive and cross-sectional. A representative sample using sociological research methods was conducted using a non-standardized questionnaire. The sample of nurses was constructed using quota sampling; its structure corresponded to the composition of the overall nursing population in terms of age, sex, and region. The sample consisted of 1197 nurses.
<bold>Results.</bold> The most significant changes reported by nurses during this period include increased physical workload (89.6%), changes in social (88.4%), and personal lives (76.7%). According to respondents, the prestige of their profession increased during the pandemic compared to the period before the COVID-19 pandemic. Based on the two-tailed t-test, the prestige of the nursing profession increased statistically significantly during the COVID-19 pandemic compared to the pre-pandemic period.
<bold>Conclusions.</bold> During the COVID-19 pandemic, nurses experienced increased physical stress and changes in their social and personal lives. However, the prestige of nurses increased due to their crucial role in the fight against the pandemic.
</abstract>

Nurses’ views and experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
<bold>Introduction.</bold> Consumerism refers to people who adopt attitudes characterised by unnecessary consumption and excessive accumulation of material goods, which are the most important, essential in life, and are a determinant of quality. Consumerism has brought noticeable positive effects in the area of health services due to the observance of patients’ rights, the provision of ever higher quality medical services, allowing the patient to decide on certain issues concerning their life and health, and the choice of doctor or medical facility.
<bold>Aim.</bold> The aim of the work was to analyze the scientific literature on consumerism in health care.
<bold>Method.</bold> Scopus, PubMed databases and Google Scholar were searched in accordance with the guidelines of Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta Analyzes (PRISMA 2020).Ultimately, 14 articles that met the inclusion criteria were included for detailed analysis.
<bold>Results.</bold> Comprehensive, high-quality nursing care in a hospital, upgrading the skills of health care professionals and appropriate behaviour of medical staff contribute to the positive assessment of a particular facility, and thus attract other customers (patients) to use medical services.
</abstract>

Consumerism in health care – review of Polish and world literature

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title><bold>Introduction.</bold> The concept of health literacy is often used as “health competence”, “health ability. It involves the skills and motivation of people to obtain and understand health information. To improve health understanding and assessment of health literacy, many instruments have been developed to measure health competences in different populations. Among them there is the multidimensional, comprehensive questionnaire HLS-EU-Q16, developed by the Consortium of European Countries.<bold>Aim.</bold> Review of health literacy studies using the European Health Competence Questionnaire (HLS-EU-Q16) based on literature analysis.<bold>Method.</bold> Thematic review, unsystematic literature covering the years 2010-2018. The number of 17 source items was analyzed by the authors.<bold>Results.</bold> The overall level of health literacy was higher in European research than in non-European research. Low levels of health literacy were found in the elderly and chronically ill, immigrants and prisoners, as well as people with low education. The analysis of the research shows that the limited health skills of the respondents are related to the deterioration of the functional state and cognitive skills in the elderly. The decisive determinant of the low level of health literacy among immigrants and prisoners is unemployment and low level of education. Adequate health education plays a key role in improving the social level of health awareness and contributes to the long-term health of the entire population.</abstract>

Health Literacy – a review of research using the European Health Literacy Questionnaire (HLS-EU-Q16) in 2010-2018

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title><bold>Introduction.</bold> Folic acid is a compound classified as B group vitamins. In the body it is subject to processes that transfer its inactive form into a form responsible for biological effects of folic acid, i.e. 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (5-MTHF). It is, in particular, responsible for processes of the correct biosynthesis of purine and pyridine bases present in the formation of DNA and RNA molecules. Humans do not synthesize the endogenous form of folic acid; therefore, it is vital to supplement this vitamin in its natural form or multivitamin preparations. The most folic acid is found in the green leafy vegetables (spinach, peas, asparagus) and in offal (liver). An adequate supply of folic acid is especially indicated in pregnant women with a reduced amount of folic acid due to its use by an intensively developing foetus. The recommended dose of folic acid during this period is 0.4 mg/24h and this dose varies depending on the patient’s and her family’s medical history. The updated state of knowledge on the role of vitamin B9 in the body has been presented. The importance of its supplementation in specific clinical cases was analyzed.<bold>Summary.</bold> Many studies indicate an important role of the folic acid in the prevention of congenital defects of the nervous, cardiovascular and urogenital systems. Its deficiency increases the risk of complications in pregnancy, such as recurrent miscarriages, pre-eclampsia or postpartum haemorrhage. For this reason, a prophylactic folic acid supplementation is recommended, in women with increased risk of its deficiency, in particular.</abstract>

Folic acid – role in the body, recommendations and clinical significance

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title><bold>Introduction.</bold> Satisfaction with life is a general assessment of satisfaction with one’s own achievements and living conditions on many levels. This includes human cognitive processes, expressing the emotional state that occurs as a result of achieving a specific goal. According to Juczyński, the assessment of life satisfaction is the result of confronting one’s own situation with the adopted criteria. If the result of the comparison is positive, the implication is the feeling of satisfaction. Satisfaction with life of pregnant women is dependent on many factors, including: personality traits, emotions, sociodemographic, factors as well as numerous physiological and psychological changes occurring during pregnancy.<bold>Aim.</bold> The aim of the study is to assess the level of life satisfaction of pregnant women depending on sociodemographic factors.<bold>Material and methods.</bold> The research was conducted on 415 women hospitalized and receiving care in counseling centers for pregnant women. The research was carried out by means of a diagnostic survey using a standardized Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS) and an original questionnaire to collect demographic data.<bold>Results.</bold> Based on the average assessment of life satisfaction, it was found that 48.43% (n = 201) of the surveyed pregnant women was characterized by a high degree of life satisfaction, 35.18% (n = 146) average, and 16.39% (n = 68) of the respondents experienced a low level of life satisfaction.<bold>Conclusions.</bold> Sociodemographic factors conditioned the feeling of satisfaction with life of pregnant women. Pregnant women who had a greater sense of life satisfaction were: those in relationship rather than those who were single; women with higher education than those with basic, vocational or secondary education; pregnant women working mentally rather than those not working.</abstract>

Life satisfaction of the pregnant women

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title><bold>Aim.</bold> Analysis of the impact of educational simulation on the level of knowledge, skills and competences of nursing students.<bold>Methods.</bold> The research used a non-systematic literature analysis method. Literature was classified for analysis, from which the contents on the impact of educational simulation on the education process of nursing students were selected. During the qualification of the magazines Google Scholar was used. Articles published in electronic databases were used: EBSCOhost, MEDLINE, ScienceDirect.<bold>Conclusions.</bold> Education conducted using educational simulation in nursing not only increases the level of knowledge, skills and competences of students but also increases the quality of patient care and their security.</abstract>

Medical simulation – innovation in nursing education

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title><bold>Introduction.</bold> The ongoing process of globalisation is contributing to the reconfiguration of social behaviour, even in small and relatively stable communities. The increased migration of people has led to more-varied groups of patients. The provision of nursing care which is consistent with a given culture, and adjusted to the particular needs of its recipient, is becoming a necessity. The development of cultural competence in the nurse's education, aimed at responding to the needs and demands of the global community, constitutes a current challenge for nursing.<bold>Aim.</bold> The aim of this paper is to describe the assumptions put forward within the selected theoretical models of transcultural nursing, the nurses' cultural competences arising from them, and the possibility of their scientific evaluation.<bold>Method.</bold> A non-systematic review of the literature based on the thematic selection of content and authors.<bold>Results.</bold> The paper presents four basic theories and theoretical models of transcultural nursing which are well described in the literature on nursing, i.e. theories by M. Leininger, L. Purnell, J. Campinha-Bacote, J.N. Giger and R.E. Davidhizar, and their related cultural competences. The theoretical models constitute a foundation for the provision of nursing care to various populations, providing resources to overcome obstacles and challenges in situations where nurses care for patients with various cultural backgrounds. The article also presents the most important tools for the assessment of cultural competences based on the basic theoretical models of transcultural nursing.<bold>Conclusions.</bold> Cultural competences in nursing set the direction for investment in self-development for both nurses-theorists and nursing practitioners. Understanding the components of cultural competences and their assessment plays an important and necessary role in the implementation of the concept of multiculturalism in nursing.</abstract>

Cultural competence in nursing – basic conceptualisation and tools for scientific assessment

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title><bold>Introduction.</bold> Currently we observe a change in the labor market. It is caused by the new developments in the field of artificial Intelligence.<bold>Aim.</bold> We would like to present current trends affecting the work of nurses and midwives around the world in order to raise the social awareness of these changes among Polish healthcare workers. Moreover, we want to emphasize the fact that it is necessary to involve them as the stakeholders in the ongoing discussions and research projects in order to better understand their needs and expectations.<bold>Discussion.</bold> The article revolves around the current state of technology. We begin by outlining the framework of the perceived changes in the nurses’ structures and tasks around the world. Then we provide the examples of a variety of robots already executing those tasks. We start with the robots whose purpose is the elimination of simple, routine activities such as <italic>TUG</italic> or <italic>HOMER</italic>. After doing so, we move on to possible solutions how to eliminate the need for personal involvement in invasive (such as BloodBot) and non-invasive procedures (<italic>CLARA</italic>). We finish by introducing the machines used to replicate animal therapy, which can be used to treat patients who have difficulties with communicating their needs.<bold>Conclusions.</bold> We would like to present the future of nursing closely related to machines. We want to emphasize the element of complementarity of this relation and the fact that performing some tasks by robots is not connected with replacing people, but rather with enabling them to shift their focus from the performance of arduous duties to spending more time on empathic work with the patient.</abstract>

The role of robots in the improving work of nurses

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Pielegniarstwo  XXI wieku / Nursing in the 21st Century

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Journal of Nursing in the 21st Century is an international, peer reviewed, scientific journal published continuously...

Pielegniarstwo XXI wieku / Nursing in the 21st Century

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