<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
This descriptive study aims to examine the behavior of dogs diagnosed with hypothyroidism and the potential effect of hormonal treatment. Eight client-owned dogs with clinical hypothyroidism were evaluated using an adapted C-BARQ questionnaire, clinical description, and hematological analysis. Six of the dogs’ behavior was monitored for four months after the treatment initiation. The study found that excitation, whining, and urinating when left alone were frequently observed. Attention-seeking was also a common behavior reported by the owners. The biochemical analysis before the treatment had revealed elevated cholesterol, triglycerides, and alkaline phosphatase levels in the majority of dogs. The study emphasizes the need for prospective studies using a larger sample size to gain further insight into the relationship between hypothyroidism and behavior in dogs. Monitoring changes in behavior over time can provide insight into how thyroid dysregulation may contribute to the onset of certain behavioral patterns. Functional brain imaging and pathohistological brain analysis in dogs with long-term hypothyroidism are also required to confirm the effects of hypothyroidism on canine brain function.
</abstract>

Clinical Signs and Behavior in Dogs with Hypothyroidism

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> The present report describes a case of distal tail self-mutilation in a 5-year-old neutered male domestic short-hair cat. The cat started licking his tail few months before the behavioural visit. Because of the severity of the self-induced injuries, the veterinarian performed a surgical partial caudectomy. After 3 months, the excessive self-grooming of the tail recurred. Neurological and dermatological examinations, radiographs, urine and blood tests did not show any abnormalities. During the behavioural visit, through direct observation of the cat’s posture and behavioural history, the pet received a diagnosis of psychogenic alopecia. The cat was treated with clomipramine for 2 months (0.5 mg/kg/PO SID) along with behaviour modification and environmental changes. After 1 month, the cat no longer showed excessive self-grooming. Even if no other systemic pathologies were identified, it is always recommended to address these patients with a multidisciplinary approach.</abstract>

A Case of Tail Self-Mutilation in a Cat

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> This clinical review about the neurological examination in small animals describes the basics about the first steps of investigation when dealing with neurological patients. The knowledge of how to perform the neurological examination is important, however more important is how to correctly interpret these performed tests. A step-by-step approach is mandatory and examiners should master the order and the style of performing these tests. Neurological conditions can be sometimes very distressing for owners and for pets that might not be the most cooperating. The role of a veterinary surgeon, as a professional, is therefore to collect the most relevant history, to examine a patient in a professional manner and to give owners ad educated opinion about the further treatment and prognosis. However neurological examinations might look challenging for many. But it is only the clinical application of neuroanatomy and neurophysiology to an every-day situation for practicing veterinarians and it does not require any specific in-depth knowledge. This clinical review is aimed not only to provide the information on how to perform the neurological examination but it is also aimed to appeal on veterinarians to challenge their daily routine and to start practicing on neurologically normal patients. This is the best and only way to differentiate between the normal and abnormal in a real situation.</abstract>

Neurological Examination in Small Animals

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>Thirty (30) adult male goats were injected xylazine (0.05 mg/kg, IM) and randomly divided into three equal groups. Internal pudendal nerve block was tried using 3.5 ml (on each side) of 1% lignocaine hydrochloride byischiorectal fossa or ischial arch approaches in goats from Group 1 and Group 2 respectively, 15 minutes after giving xylazine. Inadvertent puncture of the rectal wall and prick to the finger placed in the rectum was experienced once in Group 1 animal. None of the animals showed protrusion of the penis without manual manipulation. Prolapse of the prepucial ring was noticed in three animals from Group 1 and two each from Group 2 and 3. The application of mild manual push percutaneously resulted in the exposure of the penis in eight and six animals belonging to Group 1 and Group 2 respectively, 15 minutes after injection of the local anaesthetic. Statistically significant (P&gt;0.05) difference between Group 1 and 2 values was detected only once at 90 minutes following injection of the local anaesthetic. The block lasted longer in animals of Group 1. The exposed organ was flaccid and insensitive. The organ retracted into the prepucial cover within five minutes of its release in all the animals. The penile exposure could not be achieved by similar manipulation in any of the Group 3 animals. From this study it was concluded that the ischiorectal fossa approach is cumbersome and may lead to inadvertent punctures, but the block develops in more number of animals for a longer period than with the ischial arch approach. The outcome of the two techniques did not show statistically significant (P&gt;0.05) difference for most of the assessment period. Reducing the concentration of lignocaine hydrochloride may reduce the chances of continued relaxation of the penis beyond the required period and also the drug toxicity. However, studies using larger volume of 1% lignocaine hydrochloride may be undertaken for short term exposure of the penis without manual manipulation.</abstract>

Pudendal Nerve Block in Male Goats: Comparison of Ischiorectal Fossa and Ischial Arch Approaches Using Low Volume 1% Lignocaine Hydrochloride

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> Cesarean section is a life-saving surgical procedure usually undertaken in sheep and goats that fail to deliver vaginally (dystocia). Unfortunately, there are no recent review articles in literature that summarize the results of published case reports and clinical trials concerning indications, surgical approaches and procedures and outcomes following cesarean section in sheep and goats. Therefore, the aim of this article was to compile available data related to dystocia and cesarean section in small ruminants. Fortunately, the incidence of dystocia in small ruminants is considered to be low. It can be caused by either maternal or fetal factors. Maternal-related dystocia is most commonly because of failure of cervical dilation, narrow birth canal and uterine inertia. Those related to fetal causes are usually associated with fetal malposition/presentation, feto-pelvic disproportion/fetal oversize, and fetal malformation. Manual extraction of the fetus may be attempted in most cases, however, early surgical intervention by performing cesarean section ensures satisfactory outcome. Cesarean section is usually performed in lateral recumbency through left paralumbar fossa or left paralumbar fossa oblique celiotomy under local analgesia. The success rates and post-operative complications in sheep and goats are underreported; however, early surgical intervention using aseptic technique usually results in a satisfactory outcome for both the dam and newborn with acceptable prognosis for future breeding soundness.</abstract>

Dystocia in Sheep and Goats: Outcome and Fertility Following Surgical and Non-Surgical Management

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>Providing a secure airway management during general anesthesia could be problematic in some medical cases, especially when there is a risk of regurgitation and aspiration of the gastric content due to increased intragastric pressure. The current study aimed to test the applicability of two types of LMA in several animal species and to compare its effectiveness to the endotracheal intubation method in securing sealed airway respiration as an alternative to using endotracheal tubes. The study was conducted in dogs (n=33), cats (n=9), swine (n=9), rabbits (n=5), sheep (n=7) and roe deer (n=1). One or both types of laryngeal masks were used for each animal species: LMA Classic™-cLMA and LMA ProSeal™-PLMA. The assessment of each laryngeal mask was performed by determining the insertion technique, the possibilities of first-attempt insertion and malposition, the compliance with various animal species, ventilation time, cuff pressure, and sealing capacity. The highest LMA size compatility in dogs (23,87±14,30 kg) was size-3 in six and size-4 in forteen subjects; In swine (43,22±12,32 kg), size-4; In rabbits (3,84±0,36 kg) size-1; and in sheep (48,29±4,65 kg) size-3 and size-4. Ventilation time was highest in swine and roe deer (121,11±42,85 min and 300,00 min, respectively) and lowest in cat (28,33±16,96 min). First-attempt LMA insertion success was lowest in rabbits (60%), and highest in sheep and roe deer (100%). Malposition was with highest rate in rabbits (40%) and lowest in cat, sheep and roe deer (0%). Gastric reflux was most frequently observed in sheep (71,4%) and roe deer (100%). The usage of LMA in the veterinary anesthetic practice significantly improves airway management in animals during general anesthesia. The inflated LMA cuff does not prevent its disposition. Therefore, both the drain and respiratory tubes must be fixed. The usage of LMA in rabbits was associated with higher incidence of malposition and other complications. Our findings suggest that LMA designed for humans can be used for airway management in veterinary medicine.</abstract>

Usage of Laryngeal Mask Airway Devices in Veterinary Medicine

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
Estimating the time of death after traumatic brain injury (TBI) in wildlife is a significant challenge in forensic veterinary medicine. The understanding of histopathological changes and predicting the survival time can prompt critical emergency measures and health management strategies for animals in managed care. Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) is a well-established astrocytic biomarker for diagnosing, monitoring, and predicting TBI outcomes. Moreover, the buildup of Beta-Amyloid Precursor Protein (βAPP) resulting from axonal damage is an energetic process intricately connected to the survival period following the injury. To date, no study has explored the accumulation of GFAP and βAPP in TBI chimpanzees. In human studies, the earliest reported time for detecting axonal injury postmortem in TBI using βAPP is approximately 30 minutes. This study aimed to investigate whether GFAP and βAPP staining can be used to detect postmortem axonal injury within 30 minutes in TBI chimpanzees. Cerebral and cerebellar tissues from a postmortem TBI chimpanzee and control samples were screened for immunopositivity for GFAP and βAPP in neurons using immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence. The results suggested that neuronal immunopositivity for GFAP was likely a staining artifact, as negative controls also showed neuronal GFAP staining. However, it was not easy to assume the absence of post-traumatic neuronal GFAP. Conversely, the βAPP assay results indicated that axonal damage can be detected within 22 minutes after death, marking the fastest recorded time to date and aiding in diagnosing severe TBI with short survival times. In conclusion, we demonstrated that the axonal damage in captivated chimpanzee caused by severe and sudden concussion can be detected with βAPP staining within 22 minutes.
</abstract>

Immunohistochemical Detection of Axonal Injury in Chimpanzee (<italic>Pan troglodytes</italic>) with Traumatic and Fatal Brain Injury

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
Parasitic diseases of wild animals represent an important area of research. In addition to the significant impact on wildlife health and fitness, many parasitic diseases have zoonotic implications. Due to limited scientific information, this research aimed to investigate parasitic diseases in wildlife in Bosnia and Herzegovina (B&amp;H), focusing on the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (FB&amp;H), emphasizing zoonotic species. In the period from April 2020 to November 2022, we conducted research on 9 wildlife species. We analyzed fecal samples to detect and identify diagnostic stages (eggs, larvae, cysts, and oocysts) of various animal endoparasites using coprological methods, such as sedimentation, flotation, and the Baermann technique. The MERIFLUOR® <italic>Cryptosporidium/Giardia</italic> test was also used for the detection of <italic>Cryptosporidium</italic> oocysts and <italic>Giardia</italic> cysts. In the case of red foxes, intestinal samples were examined using the intestinal scraping technique to detect adult helminths. All collected muscle samples were subjected to the artificial digestion method for <italic>Trichinella</italic> detection. From 1,278 samples, 70.9% were positive. Parasitic infections were confirmed in 15.9% (11/69) of bears; 83.7% (262/313) of red foxes; 67.6% (44/65) of wolves; 25% (1/4) of wildcats; 20% (1/5) of badger; 43.7% (7/16) of martens; 39.7% (76/191) of wild boars; 84.5% (350/414) of deer, and 77.1% (155/201) of hares. The finding of zoonotic parasites (<italic>Toxocara canis</italic>, <italic>Uncinaria</italic> spp., <italic>Trichinella</italic> spp., <italic>Echinococcus</italic> spp. etc.) is particularly important due to their potential detrimental effects on human health, which highlights the need for further investigations.
</abstract>

Parasites in Wildlife in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
There is little data on the use of the immunohistochemical method in the observation of the T lymphocytes and macrophages distribution within the mesenteric lymph nodes in canine parvovirus (CPV) enteritis. The virus initially replicates in the systemic lymphoid tissue and causes highest changes in the small intestine. This current study aimed to demonstrate the CD3 and MAC387 antibodies detection and distribution in mesenteric lymph nodes and small intestines in dogs which had positive clinical, pathological, and histological findings of CPV. Twenty dogs that were clinically confirmed on CPV, had been autopsied following onset of death. Tissue samples (lymph nodes and small intestines) from each dog was processed for histology and immunohistochemistry utilizing hematoxylin-eosin and peroxidase/DAB (3,3′-diaminobenzidine) staining methods, respectively. The virus distribution was greatest in the tissue areas of the small intestine and the lymph nodes where the virus had made the most severe tissue damage. The distribution of macrophage was highest in the necrotic areas of the small intestine and the mesenteric lymph nodes. The amount of CD3 positive lymphocytes was greatly reduced in the mesenteric lymph nodes and the lymphoid tissue of the small intestine.
</abstract>

Immunohistochemical Detection of CD3 and MAC387 Antibodies in the Mesenteric Lymph Nodes and the Small Intestine of 20 Dogs that Died of Canine Parvoviral Enteritis

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
The present study aimed to determinate the effect of external progesterone (P4) supplementation on luteolysis in cows under heat stress. Forty-eight (n=48) dairy cows in the period from July–September 2018 were part of and at day 35±3 postpartum scored for BSC, synchronized using PG-3-G + Ovsynch protocol and randomly allocated into two treatments: PRID group (n=27) treated with external P4 device between G1 and PGF2α and CON group (n=21) left without treatment. Collection of blood samples to assess P4 concentrations was done at Pre-PG, at G1, at PGF2α, at 72 h after PGF2α (at timed artificial insemination TAI) and at d 21 after TAI. The pregnancy diagnosis was done at d 21 and d 30 after TAI by ultrasound. The average temperature-humidity index (THI) was 79.5±0.6. At G1, the P4 was significantly lower in the PRID group (1.84±0.99 ng/mL) in comparison to the CON group (2.97±1.82 ng/mL). In contrast, at PGF2α, there was a tendency (p=0.09) of increased P4 concentration in PRID group compared with the CON group (4.26±1.68 and 3.74±2.39 ng/mL), respectively. At TAI, more PRID cows (p=0.0001) had a lower P4 (0.06±0.03 ng/mL), in comparison to CON (1.28±2.41 ng/mL). At d 21 and d 30 after TAI, more PRID cows were predicted and diagnosed pregnant (16/27 or 59.25% and 13/27 or 48.14%) compared with the CON group (11/21 or 52.38% and 8/21 or 38.08%) respectively, but without any significant differences. Supplementation of the P4 during the Ovsynch protocol increases the P4 before TAI and reduces the incomplete luteolysis in heat stressed dairy cows.
</abstract>

External Progesterone Supplementation During the Ovsynch Protocol Reduces the Incomplete Luteolysis in Dairy Cows Under Heat Stress

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
Hyperadrenocorticism (HAC) in dogs is routinely treated with trilostane single-dose (CTG) which is reported to cause adverse reactions. The current retrospective study of several dogs with terminal stage of HAC aimed to compare the clinical, hematological, and biochemical effects of trilostane titration-dose treatment (TTG) with the single-dose treatment (CTG). All clinical cases (n=7) were confirmed on HAC by anamnestic, clinical, hematology, biochemistry, and low-dose dexamethasone suppression test findings, indicative for Cushing’s disease. Two cases were treated with CTG (2.2-6.7 mg/kg, single dose daily) and their treatment was discontinued on the second week due to adverse reactions. The TTG cases were treated for up to 12 weeks (0.5 mg/kg once daily for 7 days, and then with 0.5 mg/kg twice daily for 7 days). Blood samples and clinical checks were performed on 0., 4., and 12. weeks of the treatment. Hemoglobin was non-significantly higher in TTG at 12 weeks. Alanine transaminase was significantly lower in the TTG cases on the 12. week of the treatment (78.04±15.37 U/L) compared to the 0-week (137.81±24.03 U/L), and 4-week samples (131.92±23.36 U/L). No significant differences were observed with the CTG cases. Alkaline phosphatase was significantly lower on 12-week samples in TTG (251.02±93.06) compared to the 4-week (567.94±283.93 U/L), and 0-week samples (1,341.84 U/L). In conclusion, TTG has indicated to have significantly higher tendency to decrease alanine transaminase and alkaline phosphatase, alleviating the negative effects on the liver. The clinical findings were more adverse for the CTG.
</abstract>

Retrospective Study on Trilostane Titration Dose Treatment in Dogs with Terminal Stage of Hyperadrenocorticism

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
Infectious hematopoietic necrosis (IHN) is a common disease in the intensive production of salmonids. The IHN virus (IHNV) was isolated for the first time in North Macedonia in 2018. This study aimed to investigate the distribution and genotype of IHN in farmed rainbow trout and autochthonous salmonid fish in North Macedonia following the first detection. The samples were collected from 47 trout farms. Trout fry with or without clinical signs of IHN were selected as individual samples. Kidney, spleen, and heart were taken from each fish during the dissection. Three pooled samples were collected from each farm. A total of 141 pooled samples were collected: Rainbow trout (<italic>Oncorhynchus mykiss</italic>) n=127, Macedonian trout (<italic>Salmo macedonicus</italic>) n=11, and Ohrid trout (<italic>Salmo letnica</italic>) n=3. The virus was detected in 43 samples (30.50%): rainbow trout (n=40), Macedonian trout (n=2), and Ohrid trout (n=1). There were 18 (38.30%) positive fish farms. The MAKIHNV1 isolate from 2018 (MN641902) and the newly isolated virus shared a similarity of &gt;99 and were placed in clade E-1 of European genogroup E. The IHN has spread throughout the country and is also present in the autochthonous salmonids.
</abstract>

Distribution and Genotyping of Infectious Hematopoietic Necrosis Virus in Farmed Rainbow Trout and Autochthonous Salmonids in North Macedonia

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> In Italy, standards for the management of free-roaming dogs (FRDs) are defined by regional norms, generating a high variability of approaches around the country. Despite efforts carried out by the competent authorities, FRDs are still a reality impacting upon animal health and welfare and public costs. A similar scenario can be found in many other Mediterranean and Balkan counties. Here we present 14 years of data (2000-2013) retrieved from the admission dog registry of a public shelter (PS) responsible for the collection of stray dogs from one Italian province. The aim of this retrospective study was to describe the local FRD population, identifying its source and to evaluate the effectiveness of the actions implemented by the local authorities. In the investigated period, 7,475 dogs were admitted to the PS. Despite the intense sterilisation plan (mean 381.7 sterilisations per year), the overall number of dogs entering PS did not decrease consistently across the years. Results highlighted a lack of responsibility of owners by failing to sterilise and identify their dogs and allowing intact animals to roam free, therefore producing uncontrolled and unwanted litters. The current dog population management strategy, based on both sheltering and capture-neuter-release programmes, is insufficient to tackle the straying phenomenon. Educational and sterilisation programmes should be an integral part of a successfully implemented FRD control plan. Our results provide further insight on free-roaming dog population dynamics and control systems, and may have important implications for many other local contexts across Europe trying to overcome the straying phenomenon.</abstract>

Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise ‘G. Caporale’, Campo Boario, 64100 Teramo, Italy

Servizio Sanità Animale Dipartimento di Prevenzione della ASL di Pescara, Via Paolini 47 65100 Pescara, Italy

Free-Roaming Dogs Control Activities in One Italian Province (2000-2013): Is the Implemented Approach Effective?

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>Cheeses as ready-to-eat food should be considered as a potential source of foodborne pathogens, primarily <italic>Listeria monocytogenes.</italic> The aim of present study was to determine the microbiological quality of soft, semi-hard and hard cheeses during the shelf-life, with particular reference to <italic>L. monocytogenes.</italic> Five types of cheeses were sampled at different time-points during the cold storage and analyzed for presence of <italic>Salmonella</italic> and <italic>L. monocytogenes,</italic> as well as lactic acid bacteria, <italic>Escherichia coli,</italic> coagulase-positive staphylococci, yeasts, molds, sulfite-reducing clostridia and <italic>L. monocytogenes</italic> counts. Water activity, pH and NaCl content were monitored in order to evaluate the possibility of <italic>L. monocytogenes</italic> growth. Challenge test for <italic>L. monocytogenes</italic> was performed in soft whey cheese, to determine the growth potential of pathogen during the shelf-life of product. All analyzed cheeses were compliant with microbiological criteria during the shelf-life. In soft cheeses, lactic acid bacteria increased in the course of the shelf-life period (1.2-2.6 log increase), while in semi-hard and hard cheeses it decreased (1.6 and 5.2 log decrease, respectively). Soft cheeses support the growth of <italic>L. monocytogenes</italic> according to determined pH values (5.8-6.5), water activity (0.99-0.94), and NaCl content (0.3-1.2%). Challenge test showed that <italic>L. monocytogenes</italic> growth potential in selected soft cheese was 0.43 log10 cfu/g during 8 days at 4°C. Water activity in semi-hard and hard cheeses was a limiting factor for <italic>Listeria</italic> growth during the shelf-life. Soft, semi-hard and hard cheeses were microbiologically stable during their defined shelf-life. Good manufacturing and hygienic practices must be strictly followed in the production of soft cheeses as <italic>Listeria-</italic>supporting food and be focused on preventing (re)contamination.</abstract>

PUĐA D.O.O., Economic Zone Čaporice 133, 21240 Čaporice,

Microbiological Quality of Soft, Semi-Hard and Hard Cheeses During the Shelf-Life

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> Over the past decade, there has been a tremendous increase in the development of field AI services in the majority of countries concerned with pig production. The objective of this paper is to review: (a) the current status of swine AI in the world, (b) significance and limitation of AI with liquid and frozen semen, (c) the biological traits of porcine semen in relation to in vitro sperm storage, (d) the criteria used for selection of a boar stud as a semen supplier, (e) how to process boar semen for liquid and frozen storage in the commercial settings and (f) how to improve fertility and prolificacy of boar semen. More than 99% of the inseminations conducted worldwide are made with liquid-stored semen. AI with frozen semen is used only for upgrading the genetic base in a particular country or herd. Determining the initial quality of semen ejaculates along with the selection of the optimum storage extender has a profound effect on the quality and fertility of AI doses. Different procedures have been used for improving the fertility of preserved spermatozoa including colloidal centrifugation of the semen, intrauterine insemination and modulation of the uterine defense mechanism after AI. Development of an efficient protocol for synchronizing the time of ovulation in sows and gilts coupled with improving uterine horn insemination technique will make a breakthrough in the commercial use of frozen boar semen.</abstract>

EquiBiotech Inc-Research Services in Farm Animal Breeding, 19 Gravias Street P.O. Box 54645, Thessaloniki, Greec e

Veterinary Research Institute, Hellenic Agricultural Organization, 57001 NAGREF Campus, Thermi, P.O. Box 60272, Thessaloniki, Greece

Alexander Technological Educational Institute, Department of Animal Production, P.O. Box 141 Sindos, Thessaloniki, Greece

Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Reproduction, Lazar Pop Trajkov 5-7, 1000 Skopje, R. Macedonia

Highlights on Artificial Insemination (AI) Technology in the Pigs

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> Animal paleopathology is not a very well known scientific discipline within veterinary science, but it has great importance for historical and archaeological investigations. In this paper, authors attention is focused on the description of one of the most common findings on the skeletal remains of animals - osteoarthropathies. This review particularly emphasizes the description and classification of the most common pathological changes in synovial joints. The authors have provided their observations on the importance of joint diseases in paleopathology and veterinary medicine. Analysis of individual processes in the joints of the animals from the past may help in the understanding of diseases in modern veterinary medicine. Differential diagnosis was made a point of emphasis and discussion, so that this work could have practical significance for paleopathology and veterinary medicine.</abstract>

PI Veterinary Institute of Republic Srpska „Dr. Vaso Butozan“ Branka Radičevića 18, 78000 Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina

PI Veterinary Institute of Republic Srpska „Dr Vaso Butozan“ Branka Radičevića 18, 78000 Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina

Department of Biostructure and Animal Physiology, Department of Veterinary Medicine Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Kożuchowska 1/3 51-531, Poland

Institute of Archaeology, Kneza Mihaila 35/IV, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia

Joint Diseases in Animal Paleopathology: Veterinary Approach

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> Oxidative stress is discussed as being related to health, welfare, and also to product quality. Recently, a spectrophotometric method based on the Fenton reaction (reactive oxygen metabolites, ROM) has been proposed to characterize pro-oxidative stressors in body fluids by determining early products of oxidation from proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. The applicability of this method for blood samples from various bird species was tested. The validity of the method for mammalian domestic animals was demonstrated by linearity yielded with increasing amounts of serum. In contrast, serum obtained from chicken yielded ROM concentrations below the limit of detection when serum volumes comparable to mammalian samples were used. Applying higher amounts of serum was not increasing the optical density readings in a linear way. To assess whether the lack of sensitivity and linearity is a problem limited to chicken or poultry in general, we tested sera from laying hens, turkey, duck, goose, pheasant, pigeon, and guinea fowl. For most of the species tested, the method could not be validly applied. There is no reason to assume that oxidative stress in birds may not exist, therefore we conclude that bird specific matrix effects hinder the valid application of the ROMs test in poultry.</abstract>

Institute of Animal Science, Physiology and Hygiene Group, University of Bonn, Katzenburgweg 7-9, D-53115 Bonn, Germany

University Ss. Cyril and Methodius in Skopje, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Food, Institute for Animal Biotechnology, Department for Animal Health and Welfare Blvd. Aleksandar Makedonski, 1000 Skopje, Republic of Macedonia

Applicability of a Spectrophotometric Method for Assessment of Oxidative Stress in Poultry

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title><italic>Giardia</italic> and <italic>Cryptosporidium</italic> are common protozoan parasites affecting several animal species and humans. The aim of this survey was to investigate, for the first time, their prevalence in red fox (<italic>Vulpes vulpes</italic>) faecal samples in central Italy. Seventy-one red foxes of different ages and sexes were examined for antigenic detection of <italic>Giardia</italic> and <italic>Cryptosporidium</italic> in fecal samples by means of a commercial rapid immunochromatographic test. The sample was randomly selected from foxes culled during a population control program. They were divided into groups based on sex and age (≤1-year-old and &gt;1-year-old). Five (7%) and one (1.4%) out of 71 fecal samples were positive for the <italic>Giardia</italic> or <italic>Cryptosporidium</italic> antigens by immunochromatographic assay, respectively, and no coinfections were observed. The present prevalence rates of <italic>Giardia</italic> and <italic>Cryptosporidium</italic> antigens in faeces from <italic>V. vulpes</italic> suggest that this host species is likely to play only a limited role in the spread of the two protozoa in the study area. A concise review of the literature related to <italic>Giardia</italic> and <italic>Cryptosporidium</italic> in <italic>V. vulpes</italic> is presented.</abstract>

<italic>Giardia</italic> and <italic>Cryptosporidium</italic> in Red Foxes (<italic>Vulpes Vulpes</italic>): Screening for Coproantigens in a Population of Central Italy and Mini-Review of the Literature

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Macedonian Veterinary Review

The Official Journal of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine - Skopje at Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje

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Macedonian Veterinary Review (Mac Vet Rev) is an international peer-reviewed, open access journal devoted to the advancement and...

Macedonian Veterinary Review

The Official Journal of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine - Skopje at Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje

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