<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Summary</title>
In this article, I seek to examine how the legal and political changes introduced by the European Union’s New Pact on Migration and Asylum enhance the legal protection of refugees and asylum seekers fleeing to the EU territory across the central Mediterranean migration route. Empirically drawing on the discourse of the European Commission representatives and the discourse around the new Pact on Migration and Asylum, I will engage in analyzing the EU’s human-focused narrative about migration management that the Pact promotes. The emphasis is put on how the dominant legal categories, in particular the category of <italic>refugee</italic>, are (re)constructed and the purposes such re-articulation has for the rights of the people on the move. Situating the study into critical legal theoretical framework, my aim is to demonstrate that although the EU’s new narrative acknowledges migrants’ vulnerable position, persons in need of international protection are simultaneously put into the discursive frame of irregularity – the same discourse the EU is vehemently fighting against. Hence, due to the conceptual ambivalence of the legal identities, under the new Pact, the persons legally entitled to protection will find it more difficult to claim their right to safe asylum in the EU.
</abstract>

European Union’s New Pact on Migration and Asylum: Enhancing the Legal Protection of Refugees and Asylum Seekers or Restoring the Old Paradigm?

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
Summary
The COVID-19 pandemic experience has driven us to rely on technology so much on the development and expansion of technology, including cashless transactions. Criminal groups may become more interested in electronic payments and virtual currencies because of increased traffic in these areas. When comparing the second half of the 2019 to the first half of the 2020, the number of fraudulent card transactions increased by 11.4%. New developments in virtual currency trading regulations, including the digital finance package, which includes, among other things, a draught regulation from the European Parliament and an amended act to combat money laundering and terrorist financing, among others. For the reasons stated above, these regulations may lead to a virtual currency market collapse and the withdrawal of investors and the siphoning of money into Asian markets as a result. The current regulations are a manifestation of total regulation and do not encourage technological advancement.
</abstract>

The Globalization of Cashless Transactions Using Blockchain Technology to Preventing Money Laundering and The Changing Trends in The Cryptocurrency Market: A Learning Experience of Polish and EU Laws

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
Summary
This paper deals with the Singapore Convention on Mediation from United Nations General Assembly in December 2018 and signed in Singapore on 7 August 2019. Also with the European Union situation, given by the existence of the Directive 2008/52/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 May 2008 on certain aspects of mediation in civil and commercial matters. EU States haven’t signed the Singapore Convention on Mediation. This paper is trying to analyse the two instruments, the Directive as a harmonisation instrument, maybe opening the field of the possible usage of the convention and not existing Regulation unifying the legal ground in the EU. The Singapore Convention on Mediation enters into force six months after deposit of the third instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval, or accession. EU is now in the position, where a decision about new Directive, or maybe the acceptance of the convention must be decided with accordance to all the dilemmas of the Singapore Convention.
</abstract>

The relations between the Singapore Mediation Convention and the European Mediation Directive

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
Summary
This paper aims at showing how the concepts of national sovereignty and national identity are challenged by the digital revolution. In the age of modernism, both concepts were defined as a condition for society’s loyalty to the political framework, but this long-established format changed with the new technologic developments. The digital revolution requires a postmodern – heterogeneous and fluid – idea of identity, as well as a post-modern idea of sovereignty, which is non-territorial, neither hierarchical. Therefore, the postmodern idea of sovereignty and the concept of identity are significant for the development of the concepts of digital sovereignty and European digital identity.
</abstract>

Digital Sovereignty and Identity in the European Union: A Challenge for Building Europe

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Summary</title>
Even though the discussion on migration has in the last years been overshadowed by its illegal form and concentrated in particular on potential tools to mitigate it, legal migration rightfully remains a crucial consideration for a comprehensive migration policy. Given the significance of services in today’s economy, it might be surprising that the focus has been on migration of workers, rather than self-employed persons. In this article, we shall review the current legislation on this matter and explore its potential further developments.
</abstract>

Establishment and Provision of Services of Third Country Nationals in the EU

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Summary</title>
The number of European companies founded in the Czech Republic can be described as the Czech puzzle, according to the paper “The Czech Societas Europaea Puzzle” by Horst Eidenmüller and Jan Lasák. They are concerned with the question why two thirds of all European companies from all countries of the European Economic Area (EEA) are established in the Czech Republic. At the same time, there is a presumption that this phenomenon of ready-made European companies will pass away. Though, the aim of this paper was to analyse the development of newly registered European companies in the Czech Republic after 2014 and compare it with the period until the end of 2013. The authors conclude that the growth rate of European companies registered in the Czech Republic is approximately the same. By contrast, annual growth rates are rising in Germany and Slovakia which also have had a considerable number of SEs.
</abstract>

Is the Number of Established Societas Europaea in the Czech Republic Still Puzzling?

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Summary</title>
The research deals with the phenomenon of low voter turnout in European Parliament elections. The article pays attention to young first-time voters who will encounter their first European Parliament elections in June 2024. It examines their attitude to polling in the context of school activities related to public affairs implemented in the school educational activities. Based on the qualitative survey conducted on pupils aged 17-18 attending secondary schools located in ten different member countries the research tackles the question whether the public secondary education may affect the incentives of first-time voters to cast their vote in the European Parliament elections. Consequently, the research focuses on the good practices and possible stimulus given by schools that may encourage to get to vote the representatives in the European Parliament. The outcomes of the research provide suggestions to enhance the formation of voting habits of young voters and increase their interest in both national and European public affairs.
</abstract>

European Parliament Elections Incentives for First-Time Voters: Evidence from the Secondary Schools

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Summary</title>
The article emphasises that states’ competitiveness is dependent on energy resources and that these resources have become a key component of national economic security. Consequently, this opens up new avenues for international legal cooperation in energy relations. Transporting enough oil and natural gas across the globe to meet the daily demand is an epic undertaking, that is increasing drastically. Even with the global implementation of Green Energy Policies, oil and gas companies continue to explore and acquire additional oil reservoirs. This evidence indicates that the use of carbohydrates as a source of energy will continue to be widespread and essential. The conflict has historically been a defining characteristic of transit issues between states, as mentioned in the article. In the modern era, the acquisition and transportation of energy resources frequently sparked violent conflicts and cold wars. Typically, such conflicts “emerge” in countries richer in energy resources or with a crucial role in bringing these resources to the global market. Today, the regions with the most active armed conflicts are or were at the heart of the world’s energy resources.
</abstract>

Cross-border Transit of Energy Resources and Significant Matters of its Legal Regulation

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Summary</title>
This article addresses the issue of establishing the legal framework for freedom of capital movement in the EU, as well as the peculiarities of the current legal regulation of freedom of capital movement between EU Member States, as well as between them and third countries. Authors examine the issues of correlation between freedom of establishment and freedom of capital movement. The restrictions on capital movement between EU Member States and between them and third countries are characterized. The case law of Court of Justice of the European Union on key issues in this area is analysed. The main trends of capital flow restrictions at the present stage are outlined, such as those emerged amidst new realities, including the armed aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine, and its impact on the processes of capital flow liberalization in the EU.
</abstract>

Capital Movement Restrictions in EU Law: Retrospective and Modern Approaches, Development Trends

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Summary</title>
In this article, the authors analyse problems of reimbursement of expenses for the defence lawyer’s representation in the case of a judgement of acquittal. The identification of problems is based on the analysis of EU law, ECtHR jurisprudence and the legal regulation of some European countries. During the research, it was identified that the establishment of the aforementioned right is not mandatory according to the EU law and is left to the discretion of the Member States. It was also found that realization of this right of the acquitted person often balances on the edge of the conflict between individual’s and public interest. Although the right of the acquitted person to reimbursement of the expenses for the defence lawyer’s representation is provided in all States analysed in the Article, the application of this right is quite different. In some of the analysed States, the aforementioned right is guaranteed not only to the acquitted person but also to the one in respect of who the criminal proceedings are terminated or he is partially acquitted. Taking into account the identified lack of the legal regulation in Lithuania and adopting good practices of other European countries, proposals are presented in the Article on how the legal regulation of Lithuania could be improved. According to the authors, the realization of these proposals would allow to achieve an optimal balance between the individual and public interests.
</abstract>

Problems of Reimbursement of Expenses for the Defence Lawyer’s Representation in the Case of a Judgment of Acquitta l

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Summary</title>
The European Union is a process, not an organization, started in the 50s by a groups of visioners who thought of a long term project. The idea of the fathers of Europe, as Jean Monnet, was gradually advance in the integration proves in order to achieve such a level that would make impossible another war between National States of Europe. Economic integration has achieved great results and next steps will be social and political in order to attract the loyalty of the citizens to the integration process. Consequently, this research focusses on the necessity of integration, to some extent, the diverse national social policies in the European level, analyzing the necessities and the obstacles. Finally, the research contributes with a deep understanding of the implementation of digital solutions to solve, or avoid, problems integrating social policies within the European Union. Therefore, digitalization and its possibilities to implement a coherent, and minimum cohesive, social policy in the European level. The research introduces a new instrument, still under development, in the debate about the convenience of a Social Europe within the EU.
</abstract>

Social Policy in the European Union: Genesis, Obstacles and Digital Future

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Summary</title>
The out-of-court dispute resolution is an area of law that is coming into focus from EU law, through international treaties to national laws. In recent decades, this dynamic field of law has begun to establish itself as an important alternative to judicial dispute resolution. This is reflected in the adoption of various legal norms, with the Singapore Convention being one of the most recent significant additions to the sources of law. Out-of-court dispute resolution encompasses a wide variety of dispute resolution methods, with arbitration and mediation being the most important, as these are the only two methods of out-of-court dispute resolution that are regulated by a number of generally binding legal regulations (as well as many others). The multitude and diversity of legal regulation of arbitration and mediation, their interrelationships and mutual influence are the subject of this article..
</abstract>

The Importance of the EU Law and the Law of the Member States in the Field of Out-Of-Court Dispute Resolution

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Summary</title>
At the end of 2020, the European Commission published a new European data strategy, which aims to create a new legal framework to promote the development of a single European data market. In the scope of the new strategy the European Commission has already proposed the Data Governance Act proposal (hereinafter – the “DGA”), which aims to strengthen the mechanism to facilitate data exchange. The proposal of the new legislative act has raised the question about the right balance between it and the existing EU legislative acts, which were adopted in the key of personal data protection, especially with the General Data Protection Regulation (hereinafter – the “GDPR”). We argue that there are a number of inconsistencies between the DGA proposal and the GDPR that may prevent the full implementation of mechanisms that allow achieving the EU’s intended goals in this field within the framework of the new European strategy. The interaction of the DGA with the GDPR is characterized by conflict of laws and legal uncertainty, which can jeopardize the achievement of the objectives of the DGA itself and can reduce the level of personal data protection in the EU, compared to the GDPR. Besides, the examination of the relevant case-law of the Court of Justice of the European Union (hereinafter – the “CJEU” or the “Court”) regarding the implementation of the GDPR identifies approaches that prevent the opening of data exchange as the DGA proposal requires.
</abstract>

The GDPR and the DGA Proposal: are They in Controversial Relationship?

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Summary</title>
This article proposes a model which addresses the issue of hybrid threats in four stages including 1) the analysis and identification of hybrid threats, 2) the designation and selection of tools, 3) building-up resilience and capacities and 4) assessment and evaluation. The article might be considered as an initial contribution to the debate about the build-up of the security architecture at the state level and may provide some inspiration for policy-makers and academia engaged in international security issues. The emphasis is put on “soft” domains of security, especially in relation to the cognitive-emotional element of the hybrid environment which is in the times of Covid-19 and the new Russian hybrid type of warfare becoming increasing significant.
</abstract>

Preventing Hybrid Threats: From Identification to an Effective Response

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Summary</title>
This paper deals with the question, whether, how and to what extent the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the EU could enter the scene of constitutional review before the Czech Constitutional Court. In connection to Czech Republic, this question must react on the special constitutional category – Czech constitutional order, which includes also international agreements on human rights which are binding for the Czech Republic. The paper analyses the question, whether EU Charter can be understood as such international commitment or not and what are the options of its application by the Czech Constitutional Court and also how we can define its relation to the constitutional order. Paper distinguishes 3 scenarios: 1) inclusion of the EU Charter into the constitutional order of the Czech Republic; 2) refusal of formal inclusion of the EU Charter into the constitutional order of the Czech Republic; and 3) understanding of the EU Charter as association of constitutional order, capable to be used within the constitutional order even without the formal inclusion into the set of Czech constitutional rules.
</abstract>

Penetration of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union into the Constitutional Order of the Czech Republic – Basic Scenarios

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Summary</title>
Geo-blocking is the new phenomenon of the current digital era, which affects our everyday lives. Geo-blocking is a modern form of discrimination which is considered a geographically based restriction for consumers that may be a ban for free movements and therefore affect the single market of the European Union, too. The European Commission adopted the Digital Single Market (DSM) Strategy in 2015 by which a new path forward to innovation was taken down. The new EU Commission led by <italic>Ursula von der Leyen</italic> aims not only the continuation of the development of the DSM to improve our digital welfare, but introduced the concept of the <italic>promotion of European way of life</italic> which is strongly interlinked with the digital aspects, too. As the human perspectives of our lifestyles came up to a higher level of policymaking, digital readiness, skills, and geo-discrimination might also be part of current debates. The research intends to present the geo-blocking as a new issue for the society, politics and economy, then broadly summarizes its definitions and the latest solutions for the treatment of unjustified restrictions in the EU.
</abstract>

A General Summary on Geo-Blocking in the EU

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Summary</title>
The sharing economy is a rising phenomenon in the digital world and has expanded in last years to most of the industries. Article deal with the phenomena of sharing economy, tries to find its definition using different approaches. The personal data aspects of the sharing economy are also discussed as a valuable asset. The last section of the article deals with Uber as a digital platform or perhaps more? Analysing the Uberized economy with mentioning also the breach of personal data security in Uber through different countries.
</abstract>

Sharing Economy in Digital Single Market EU – a Phenomena with Future Potential

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The Review of European Law, Economics and Politics

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European Studies – The Review of European Law, Economics and Politics is a peer-reviewed periodical, originally established as a year-book of the...

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