The Journal of Academy of Physical Education in Katowice

Journal of Human Kinetics

Journal of Human Kinetics ONL

- Sport Sciences, CSCS, NSCA-CPT*; Benestar Wellness Center Research.

<article-title>Resistance Training with Blood Flow Restriction and Hypertensive Subjects</article-title>

Resistance Training with Blood Flow Restriction and Hypertensive Subjects

{"article-title":"Resistance Training with Blood Flow Restriction and Hypertensive Subjects"}

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title><p>The strengths of interpersonal dyads formed by the attacker and defender in one-on-one situations are crucial for performance in team ball sports such as soccer. The purpose of this study was to analyze the kinematics of one-on-one defensive movements in soccer competitions, and determine the relationships between lower limb kinematics and the center of mass translation during cutting actions. Six defensive scenes in which a player was responding to an offender’s dribble attack were selected for analysis. To reconstruct the three-dimensional kinematics of the players, we used a photogrammetric model-based image-matching technique. The hip and knee kinematics were calculated from the matched skeleton model. In addition, the center of mass height was expressed as a ratio of each participant’s body height. The relationships between the center of mass height and the kinematics were determined by the Pearson’s product-moment correlation coefficient. The normalized center of mass height at initial contact was correlated with the vertical center of mass displacement (r = 0.832, p = 0.040) and hip flexion angle at initial contact (r = −0.823, p = 0.044). This suggests that the lower center of mass at initial contact is an important factor to reduce the downwards vertical center of mass translation during defensive cutting actions, and that this is executed primarily through hip flexion. It is therefore recommended that players land with an adequately flexed hip at initial contact during one-on-one cutting actions to minimize the vertical center of mass excursion.</p></abstract>

Abstract

- Faculty of Health Sciences, Tokyo Ariake University of Medical and Health Sciences, Tokyo, Japan.

- Department of Joint Surgery and Sports Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.

- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway.

- Graduate School of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama, Japan.

- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama, Japan.

Keywords

<article-title>Biomechanical Analysis of Defensive Cutting Actions During Game Situations: Six Cases in Collegiate Soccer Competitions</article-title>

Biomechanical Analysis of Defensive Cutting Actions During Game Situations: Six Cases in Collegiate Soccer Competitions

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title><p>Electromyography (EMG) is normalized in relation to a reference maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) value. Different normalization techniques are available but the most reliable method for cycling movements is unknown. This study investigated the reliability of different normalization techniques for cycling analyses. Twenty-five male cyclists (age 24.13 ± 2.79 years, body height 176.22 ± 4.87 cm and body mass 67.23 ± 4.19 kg, BMI = 21.70 ± 2.60 kg·m−1) performed different normalization procedures on two occasions, within the same testing session. The rectus femoris, biceps femoris, gastrocnemius and tibialis anterior muscles were examined. Participants performed isometric normalizations (IMVC) using an isokinetic dynamometer. Five minutes of submaximal cycling (180 W) were also undertaken, allowing the mean (DMA) and peak (PDA) activation from each muscle to serve as reference values. Finally, a 10 s cycling sprint (MxDA) trial was undertaken and the highest activation from each muscle was used as the reference value. Differences between reference EMG amplitude, as a function of normalization technique and time, were examined using repeated measures ANOVAs. The testretest reliability of each technique was also examined using linear regression, intraclass correlations and Cronbach’s alpha. The results showed that EMG amplitude differed significantly between normalization techniques for all muscles, with the IMVC and MxDA methods demonstrating the highest amplitudes. The highest levels of reliability were observed for the PDA technique for all muscles; therefore, our results support the utilization of this method for cycling analyses.</p></abstract>

- Division of Sport, Exercise and Nutritional SciencesUniversity of Central Lancashire.

<article-title>The Reliability of Electromyographic Normalization Methods for Cycling Analyses</article-title>

The Reliability of Electromyographic Normalization Methods for Cycling Analyses

{"article-title":"The Reliability of Electromyographic Normalization Methods for Cycling Analyses"}

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title><p>Trunk exercise speed has significant effects on neuro-mechanical demands; however, the influence of a variety of exercise speeds on motor control of the trunk displacement remains unknown. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of performance speed on trunk motion control during the curl-up exercise by analyzing the kinematic variance about the sagittal trajectory. Seventeen subjects volunteered to perform curl-ups at different cadences controlled by a metronome. Standard deviation (SD) and range (RG) of shoulder girdle medial-lateral displacement (SG<sub>ML</sub>) and detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA) of SG<sub>ML</sub> were calculated to examine linear variability and long range autocorrelation of medial-lateral upper trunk displacements, respectively. In addition, SD, RG and DFA of centre of pressure medial-lateral displacement (COP<sub>ML</sub>) were performed to analyze the behavior of the motor system while controlling trunk displacement. Although SD and RG of COP<sub>ML</sub> increased as speed increased, the curl-up cadence did not have significant effects on SD and RG of SG<sub>ML</sub>. These results suggest that although high speed curl-ups challenged participants’ ability to carry out medial-lateral adjustments, an increase of performance speed did not modify the linear variability about the sagittal trajectory. Regarding DFA, the scaling exponent α of SG<sub>ML</sub> and COP<sub>ML</sub> was higher for the fastest movements, mainly in long term fluctuations. Therefore, to maintain the target trajectory, participants used different strategies depending on performance speed. This is to say, there were less trajectory changes when participants performed the fastest exercises.</p></abstract>

- Sports Research Centre, Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, Elche (Alicante), Spain.

<article-title>Effect of Performance Speed on Trunk Movement Control During the Curl-Up Exercise</article-title>

Effect of Performance Speed on Trunk Movement Control During the Curl-Up Exercise

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title><p>The execution variability and outcomes found in throwing actions have received special attention in numerous studies in recent years. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of an unstable condition on velocity, accuracy and kinematics of movement in the seven metres throw in handball. Twenty-five young handball players took part in an experiment, throwing towards a target on a stable and an unstable surface. Each participant performed 32 throws, 16 for each situation. Linear variability of the dominant hand was assessed by 3D Motion Tracking. A radar sports gun was used to record the velocity of the ball and the throws were video recorded to establish their accuracy. Results showed significant decreases in throwing velocity in unstable conditions, but these did not significantly affect the accuracy achieved in performance. Differences were also found in movement kinematics between the two throwing conditions and relationships were found between kinematics, velocity and accuracy.</p></abstract>

- Sport Research Center. Miguel Hernández University of Elche, Elche-Alicante (Spain).

<article-title>Effects of Unstable Conditions on Kinematics and Performance Variables in Young Handball Players</article-title>

Effects of Unstable Conditions on Kinematics and Performance Variables in Young Handball Players

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title><p>The buoyant forces of water during aquatic exercise may provide a form of ‘natural’ breast support and help to minimise breast motion and alleviate exercise induced breast pain. Six larger-breasted females performed standing vertical land and water-based jumps, whilst wearing three breast support conditions. Underwater video cameras recorded the motion of the trunk and right breast. Trunk and relative breast kinematics were calculated as well as exercised induced breast pain scores. Key results showed that the swimsuit and sports bra were able to significantly reduce the superioinferior breast range of motion by 0.04 and 0.05 m, respectively, and peak velocity by 0.23 and 0.33 m/s, respectively, during land-based jumping when compared to the bare-breasted condition, but were ineffective at reducing breast kinematics during water-based jumping. Furthermore, the magnitude of the swimsuit superioinferior breast range of motion during water-based jumping was significantly greater than land-based jumping (0.13 m and 0.06 m), yet there were no significant differences in exercise induced breast pain, thus contradicting previously published relationships between these parameters on land. Furthermore, the addition of an external breast support garment was able to reduce breast kinematics on land but not in water, suggesting the swimsuit and sports bras were ineffective and improvements in swimwear breast support garments may help to reduce excessive breast motion during aqua aerobic jumping exercises.</p></abstract>

- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, Spinnaker Building, University of Portsmouth, PO1 2ER.

<article-title>Breast Support Garments are Ineffective at Reducing Breast Motion During an Aqua Aerobics Jumping Exercise</article-title>

Breast Support Garments are Ineffective at Reducing Breast Motion During an Aqua Aerobics Jumping Exercise

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title><p>The purpose of this study was to examine kinematic and kinetic differences in low and high intensity hand support impact loads during a forward handspring vault. A high-speed video camera (500 Hz) and two portable force platforms (500 Hz) were installed on the surface of the vault table. Two-dimensional analyses were conducted on 24 forward handspring vaults performed by 12 senior level, junior Olympic program female gymnasts (16.9 ±1.4 yr; body height 1.60 ±0.1 m; body mass 56.7 ±7.8 kg). Load intensities at impact with the vault table were classified as low (peak force &lt; 0.8 × body weight) and high (peak force &gt; 0.8 × body weight). These vaults were compared via crucial kinetic and kinematic variables using independent t-tests and Pearson correlations. Statistically significant (p &lt; 0.001) differences were observed in peak force (t(24) = 4.75, ES = 3.37) and time to peak force (t(24) = 2.07, ES = 1.56). Statistically significant relationships between the loading rate and time to peak force were observed for high intensity loads. Peak force, time to peak force, and a shoulder angle at impact were identified as primary variables potentially involved in the determination of large repetitive loading rates on the forward handspring vault.</p></abstract>

Academy of Sport and Physical Activity, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK

Centre for Sport and Exercise Science, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK

<article-title>Exploratory Investigation of Impact Loads During the Forward Handspring Vault</article-title>

Exploratory Investigation of Impact Loads During the Forward Handspring Vault

{"article-title":"Exploratory Investigation of Impact Loads During the Forward Handspring Vault"}

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title><p>The objective of the present study was to investigate the time to fatigue and compare the fatiguing condition among the three heads of the triceps brachii muscle using surface electromyography during an isometric contraction of a controlled forceful hand grip task with full elbow extension. Eighteen healthy subjects concurrently performed a single 90 s isometric contraction of a controlled forceful hand grip task and full elbow extension. Surface electromyographic signals from the lateral, long and medial heads of the triceps brachii muscle were recorded during the task for each subject. The changes in muscle activity among the three heads of triceps brachii were measured by the root mean square values for every 5 s period throughout the total contraction period. The root mean square values were then analysed to determine the fatiguing condition for the heads of triceps brachii muscle. Muscle fatigue in the long, lateral, and medial heads of the triceps brachii started at 40 s, 50 s, and 65 s during the prolonged contraction, respectively. The highest fatiguing rate was observed in the long head (slope = −2.863), followed by the medial head (slope = −2.412) and the lateral head (slope = −1.877) of the triceps brachii muscle. The results of the present study concurs with previous findings that the three heads of the triceps brachii muscle do not work as a single unit, and the fiber type/composition is different among the three heads.</p></abstract>

- AI-Rehab Research Group, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Kampus Pauh Putra, Perlis, Malaysia.

- Mechatronic Engineering, Faculty of Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Pahang,Pekan, Malaysia.

- Medical Officer, Malaysian Ministry of Health, Malaysia.

<article-title>Muscle Fatigue in the Three Heads of the Triceps Brachii During a Controlled Forceful Hand Grip Task with Full Elbow Extension Using Surface Electromyography</article-title>

Muscle Fatigue in the Three Heads of the Triceps Brachii During a Controlled Forceful Hand Grip Task with Full Elbow Extension Using Surface Electromyography

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title><p>Although the physiological cost of refereeing has been already studied in the literature, especially in soccer umpires, it remains unknown whether referees spontaneously adapt their energy intake during game days. Six national soccer referees completed 24-hour dietary recalls (assisted by the SU.VI.MAX copybook) during a control day (CON) and a day with a game (GAME). The stress level and hunger feelings were assessed using visual analogue scales. Total energy intake, energy derived from macronutrients and energy intake at each meal were analyzed using the Bilnuts nutrition software. Total daily energy intake was not significantly different between conditions (CON: 2270 ± 535 vs. GAME: 2782 ± 293). Energy derived from fat and protein was not different between conditions but the participants ingested more calories derived from carbohydrates during the GAME day (45.5 ± 5.9% vs. 54.9 ± 5.5%, respectively, p&lt;0.05). The calories ingested during snacking were significantly increased during GAME compared with CON (p&lt;0.05). The stress level was significantly higher during GAME and especially before the breakfast, lunch and snack (p&lt;0.05). Hunger feeling was not different between conditions. Referring leads to nutritional adaptations in elite soccer umpires, who tend to increase their energy intake mainly during snacking, by increasing their carbohydrate consumption.</p></abstract>

- Clermont University, Blaise Pascal University, Laboratory of the Metabolic Adaptations to Exercise under Physiological and Pathological Conditions (AME2P), Clermont-Ferrand, France.

- CRNH-Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France.

- PERF ARBITRAGE, Blaise Pascal University, Aubière cedex, France.

- Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital, Biostatistics unit (DRCI), Clermont-Ferrand, France.

<article-title>Nutritional Adaptations in Elite Soccer Referees: First Evidence and Perspectives</article-title>

Nutritional Adaptations in Elite Soccer Referees: First Evidence and Perspectives

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title><p>A normal motion and segmental interrelationship has been determined as a significant factor in normal function. Yet, the relationship between distal segments and pelvic alignment needs further investigation. The aim of this study was to investigate the interrelationship between distal and proximal lower extremity segments while standing and during induced feet hyperpronation. Changes in alignment of the pelvis and lower extremities were measured at a gait laboratory using the VICON 612 computerized motion analysis system. Thirty-five healthy volunteer subjects were recruited. Four randomized repeated-measure standing modes were used: standing directly on the floor and then on three wedges angled at 10°, 15° and 20° to induce bilateral hyperpronation for 20 seconds. A significant (p&lt;0.05) bi-variate relationship was found between the anterior pelvic tilt and thigh internal rotation, in all four standing positions (.41≤r≤.46, in all p&lt;0.014). A combined effect of rotational alignment between segments and the cumulative effect of foot hyperpronation on pelvic tilt revealed that only the shank significantly affected pelvic alignment, acting as a mediator between a foot and a thigh with the thigh having a crude significant effect on the pelvis. When internal rotation of the shank occurs, calcaneal eversion couples with thigh internal rotation and anterior pelvic tilt. It can be concluded that in response to induced hyperpronation, the shank is a pivotal segment in postural adjustment.</p></abstract>

- Gait and Motion Analysis Laboratory, Dana Children's Hospital, Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel.

- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Social Welfare & Health studies, Haifa University, Mount Carmel, Haifa, Israel.

- Department of Physical Therapy, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Israel.

<article-title>The Relationship Between Foot and Pelvic Alignment While Standing</article-title>

The Relationship Between Foot and Pelvic Alignment While Standing

{"article-title":"The Relationship Between Foot and Pelvic Alignment While Standing"}

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title><p>The study of elite basketball players’ anthropometric characteristics alongside those of body composition contributes significantly to their profiling as professional athletes and plays an important role in the selection process, as these characteristics can have a significant impact on performance. In the current study, 110 professional basketball players from a series of Spanish professional Leagues (ACB, LEB and EBA) and youth level National Teams (U20 and U18) had their anthropometric profiles measured and compared to determine differences between them. Furthermore, all 110 players were divided into three different categories according to their playing position: guards, forwards and centres. The results obtained show no significant differences between players in different competitions in weight, height and the sum of skinfolds. Nonetheless, there were several differences related to body fat content (13.03% in ACB players and 10.52% in the lower categories and National Teams). There were also several differences found between the different playing positions amongst all playing levels in body mass (79.56 ± 2.41, 91.04 ± 1.51 and 104.56 ± 1.73 kg), height (182.28 ± 0.96, 195.65 ± 1.00 and 204.08 ± 0.67 cm), skinfold distribution and perimeters. However, there were no significant differences in body fat content between the different playing positions. The conclusions obtained from this study provide a better understanding to basketball specialists regarding the selection process of players at the elite level, especially on the transition from youth elite programs to men’s elite leagues.</p></abstract>

- Departamento de Educación Física y Deportiva. Universidad de León. Spain.

- Institute of Sport & Exercise Science. University of Worcester. UK.

<article-title>Anthropometric Characteristics of Spanish Professional Basketball Players</article-title>

Anthropometric Characteristics of Spanish Professional Basketball Players

{"article-title":"Anthropometric Characteristics of Spanish Professional Basketball Players"}

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title><p>Whole-body vibration (WBV) exercise is an alternative, popular and easy exercise that can be followed by general public. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the influence of acute and chronic WBV exercise on health-related parameters. Twenty-eight women were allocated into a control group (n=11, mean ±SEM: age, 43.5 ±1.5 yr; body mass, 66.1 ±3.1 kg; height, 160.6 ±1.5 cm) and a vibration group (n=17, mean ±SEM: age, 44.0 ±1.0 yr; body mass, 67.1 ±2.2 kg; height, 162.5 ±1.5 cm). After baseline assessments, participants of the experimental group performed WBV training 3 times/week for 8 weeks. Before and after the chronic WBV exercise, the participants of the vibration group performed one session of acute WBV exercise. Blood chemistry measurements (hematology, creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, C-reactive protein, glucose, insulin, triacylglycerols, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, apolipoprotein A1, apolipoprotein B and lipoprotein, thiobarbituric-acid reactive substances, protein carbonyls, total antioxidant capacity, uric acid, albumin and bilirubin) were assessed pre-exercise and post-exercise at the first and eighth week of WBV exercise in both control and vibration groups. The results failed to support any effect of both acute and chronic WBV exercise on biochemical health-related parameters. However, it seems that WBV exercise is a safe way of training without a negative impact on muscle and liver functionality.</p></abstract>

- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, Trikala, Greece.

- Department of Health Sciences, European University Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus.

- Exercise Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Serres, Greece.

<article-title>Acute and Chronic Whole-Body Vibration Exercise does not Induce Health-Promoting Effects on The Blood Profile</article-title>

Acute and Chronic Whole-Body Vibration Exercise does not Induce Health-Promoting Effects on The Blood Profile

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title><p>The aim of the present study was to examine the relationship between different kinds of intensity indicators in small-sided soccer games. This descriptive correlational study included 14 semi-professional male soccer players (21.3 ± 2.3 years, 174 ± 4.0 cm, 73.4 ± 5.1 kg) from the same team. The players were monitored by means of heart rate monitors and GPS devices during 27 small-sided games of nine different formats, yielding a total of 217 recordings. After each game the Borg scale was used to give a rate of perceived exertion (RPE). The internal load indicators were the mean heart rate relative to the individual maximum (%HRmean) and the RPE, while those for the external load were the player load, total distance covered, distance covered in two intensity ranges (&gt;18 km·h-1 and &gt;21 km·h-1), and frequency of effort (in the same two intensity ranges). There was a significant moderate correlation (r=0.506) between the two internal load measurements (%HRmean and RPE). Although there were significant correlations of different degrees between various external load measurements, only the player load was significantly correlated with the internal load indicators (r=0.331 with %HRmean and r=0.218 with RPE). During training programes of this kind, it is necessary to consider a range of intensity indicators so as to obtain complementary information. This will enable coaches to more accurately assess the load imposed on players and therefore optimize the training process.</p></abstract>

- Department of Health and Food, European University of the Atlantic, Santander, Spain.

- Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.

<article-title>The Relationship Between Intensity Indicators in Small-Sided Soccer Games</article-title>

The Relationship Between Intensity Indicators in Small-Sided Soccer Games

{"article-title":"The Relationship Between Intensity Indicators in Small-Sided Soccer Games"}

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title><p>The purposes of the study were to examine relative age effects (RAEs) in Spanish female soccer and to identify the influence of a playing position. The sample comprised all female players (n=4035) of five different competitive levels in the 2010-2013 seasons: First, Second and Third divisions (n=936, n=1711 and n=870, respectively), and National and Regional (n=232 and n=286, respectively) teams were included. Differences between the observed and expected birth-date distributions were tested based on data from the general Spanish population, using the chi-square statistic followed up by calculating odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals. Results revealed that the birth-date distributions of almost all groups of football players showed an overrepresentation of players born in the first quartile. Only in the lowest level was age distribution not significantly different from that of the general population. Moreover, the RAE risk progressively increased with a higher level of involvement. It was also observed that at some playing positions the birth-date distributions were significantly biased. That was the case for goalkeepers and defenders. It could be concluded that in the current structure of Spanish female soccer there is a relative age effect, probably due to the early processes of talent identification.</p></abstract>

- Laboratory of Physiology. European University Miguel de Cervantes, Valladolid, Spain.

- Ghent University, Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Belgium.

- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Department of Movement and Sport Sciences, University of León, Spain.

<article-title>The Relative Age Effect in Spanish Female Soccer Players. Influence of the Competitive Level and a Playing Position</article-title>

The Relative Age Effect in Spanish Female Soccer Players. Influence of the Competitive Level and a Playing Position

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title><p>Resisted sprint training is believed to increase strength specific to sprinting. Therefore, the knowledge of force output in these tasks is essential. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of sled towing (10%, 15% and 20% of body mass (Bm)) on sprint performance and force production during the acceleration phase. Twenty-three young experienced sprinters (17 men and 6 women; men = 17.9 ± 3.3 years, 1.79 ± 0.06 m and 69.4 ± 6.1 kg; women = 17.2 ± 1.7 years, 1.65 ± 0.04 m and 56.6 ± 2.3 kg) performed four 30 m sprints from a crouch start. Sprint times in 20 and 30 m sprint, peak force (Fpeak), a peak rate of force development (RFDpeak) and time to RFD (TRFD) in first step were recorded. Repeated-measures ANOVA showed significant increases (p ≤ 0.001) in sprint times (20 and 30 m sprint) for each resisted condition as compared to the unloaded condition. The RFDpeak increased significantly when a load increased (3129.4 ± 894.6 N·s−1, p ≤ 0.05 and 3892.4 ± 1377.9 N·s−1, p ≤ 0.01). Otherwise, no significant increases were found in Fpeak and TRFD. The RFD determines the force that can be generated in the early phase of muscle contraction, and it has been considered a factor that influences performance of force-velocity tasks. The use of a load up to 20% Bm might provide a training stimulus in young sprinters to improve the RFDpeak during the sprint start, and thus, early acceleration.</p></abstract>

- UCAM Research Center of High Performance Sport, San Antonio Catholic University of Murcia, Guadalupe, Murcia, Spain.

- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Department of Sport and Physical Activity, San Antonio Catholic University of Murcia, Guadalupe, Murcia, Spain.

- Sport Research Center, University Miguel Hernández, Elche, Spain.

- Sport Performance Lab, Faculty of Sport Science, University of Castilla La-Mancha, Toledo, Spain.

<article-title>Effects of Sled Towing on Peak Force, the Rate of Force Development and Sprint Performance During the Acceleration Phase</article-title>

Effects of Sled Towing on Peak Force, the Rate of Force Development and Sprint Performance During the Acceleration Phase

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title><p>There is much debate concerning the optimal load (OL) for power training. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of the number of sets performed for a given load on mean power output (P<sub>mean</sub>). Fourteen physically active men performed 3 sets of 3 bench-press repetitions with 30, 40 and 50 kg. The highest mean power value (P<sub>max</sub>) across all loads and P<sub>mean</sub> were compared when data were taken from the first set at each absolute load vs. from the best of three sets performed. P<sub>mean</sub> increased from the first to the third set (from 5.99 ± 0.81 to 6.16 ± 0.96 W·kg<sup>−1</sup>, p = 0.017), resulting in a main effect of the set number (p &lt; 0.05). At the 30 kg load P<sub>mean</sub> increased from the first to the third set (from 6.01 ± 0.75 to 6.35 ± 0.85 W·kg<sup>−1</sup>; p &lt; 0.01). No significant effect was observed at 40 and 50 kg loads (p &gt; 0.05). P<sub>max</sub> and velocity were significantly affected by the method employed to determine P<sub>mean</sub> at each load (p &lt; 0.05). These results show a positive effect of the number of sets per load on P<sub>mean</sub>, affecting P<sub>max</sub>, OL and potentially power training prescription.</p></abstract>

– Deparment of Physical Education and Sport. Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada.

<article-title>The Effect of the Number of Sets on Power Output for Different Loads</article-title>

The Effect of the Number of Sets on Power Output for Different Loads

{"article-title":"The Effect of the Number of Sets on Power Output for Different Loads"}

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title><p>The reliability of the Functional Test for Agility Performance has only been evaluated in water polo players in a small group of novice athletes. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the reliability of the Functional Test for Agility Performance in skilled water polo players. Forty-two athletes (17.81 ± 3.24 years old) with a minimum of 5 years of competitive experience (7.05 ± 2.84 years) and playing at the national or international level were evaluated. The Functional Test for Agility Performance is characterized as a specific open decision-making test where a tested player moves as quickly as possible in accordance to a pass made by another player. The time spent in the test was measured by two experienced coaches. Descriptive statistics, repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA), 95% limit of agreement (LOA), intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and standard error of measurements (SEM) were used for data analysis. Athletes completed the Functional Test for Agility Performance in 4.15 <inline-graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="graphic/hukin-2015-0044_i1.jpg"/> 0.47 s. The ICC value was 0.87 (95% IC = 0.80-0.92). The SEM varied between 0.24 and 0.38 s. The LOA was 1.20 s and the CV average considering each individual trial was 6%. The Functional Test for Agility Performance was shown to be a reliable quick decision-making test for skilled water polo players.</p></abstract>

- University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal. Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, Portugal.

- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.

<article-title>The Functional Test for Agility Performance is a Reliable Quick Decision-Making Test for Skilled Water Polo Players</article-title>

The Functional Test for Agility Performance is a Reliable Quick Decision-Making Test for Skilled Water Polo Players

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title><p>Despite extensive data regarding the demands of playing basketball, the relative importance of factors that cause fatigue and muscle potentiation has been explored only tentatively and remains unclear. The aim of this experimental field study was to assess changes in leg muscle power and relate these changes to body temperature modifications and indices of exercise-induced muscle damage in response to a simulated basketball game. College-level male basketball players (n=10) were divided into two teams to play a simulated basketball game. Ten-meter sprint and vertical counter-movement jump tests, core body temperature and creatine-kinase activity were measured within 48 h after the game. The participants’ body temperatures increased after a warm-up (1.9%, p&lt;0.05), continued to increase throughout the game, and reached 39.4 ± 0.4°C after the fourth quarter (p&lt;0.05). The increase in temperature during the warm-up was accompanied by an improvement in the 10-meter sprint time (5.5%, p&lt;0.05) and jump height (3.8%, p&lt;0.05). The players were able to maintain leg power up to the fourth quarter, i.e., during the major part of the basketball game. There was a significant increase in creatine-kinase at 24 h (&gt;200%, p&lt;0.05) and 48 h (&gt;30%, p&lt;0.05) after the game, indicating damage to the players’ muscles. The basketball players’ sprint and jump performance appear to be at least in part associated with body temperature changes, which might contribute to counteract fatigue during the larger part of a basketball game.</p></abstract>

- Lithuanian Sports University; Department of Education Science, Kaunas University of Technology. Kaunas.

- Institute of Sports Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University. Kaunas.

- Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Poland.

- Department of Coaching Science, Lithuanian Sports University.

<article-title>The Effect of a Simulated Basketball Game on Players’ Sprint and Jump Performance, Temperature and Muscle Damage</article-title>

The Effect of a Simulated Basketball Game on Players’ Sprint and Jump Performance, Temperature and Muscle Damage

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title><p>The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a low-load gluteal warm-up protocol on countermovement and squat jump performance. Research by Crow et al. (2012) found that a low-load gluteal warm-up could be effective in enhancing peak power output during a countermovement jump. Eleven subjects performed countermovement and squat jumps before and after the gluteal warm-up protocol. Both jumps were examined in separate testing sessions and performed 30 seconds, and 2, 4, 6 &amp; 8 minutes post warm-up. Height jumped and peak ground reaction force were the dependent variables examined in both jumps, with 6 additional variables related to fast force production being examined in the squat jump only. All jumps were performed on a force platform (AMTI OR6-5). Repeated measures analysis of variance found a number of significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) between baseline and post warm-up scores. Height jumped decreased significantly in both jumps at all rest intervals excluding 8 minutes. Improvement was seen in 7 of the 8 recorded SJ variables at the 8 minute interval. Five of these improvements were deemed statistically significant, namely time to peak GRF (43.0%), and time to the maximum rate of force development (65.7%) significantly decreased, while starting strength (63.4%), change of force in first 100 ms of contraction (49.1%) and speed strength (43.6%) significantly increased. The results indicate that a gluteal warm-up can enhance force production in squat jumps performed after 8 minutes recovery. Future research in this area should include additional warm-up intervention groups for comparative reasons.</p></abstract>

- Biomechanics Research Unit, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.

- Irish Institute of Sport, Abbotstown, Dublin 15, Ireland.

<article-title>Effects of a Low-Load Gluteal Warm-Up on Explosive Jump Performance</article-title>

Effects of a Low-Load Gluteal Warm-Up on Explosive Jump Performance

{"article-title":"Effects of a Low-Load Gluteal Warm-Up on Explosive Jump Performance"}

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title><p>This study explored the relationships between athletes’ competence self-perceptions and metaperceptions. Two hundred and fifty one student-athletes (14.26 ± 1.89 years), members of twenty different teams (basketball, soccer) completed a questionnaire which included the Perception of Success Questionnaire, the Competence subscale of the Intrinsic Motivation Inventory, and modified versions of both questionnaires to assess athletes’ metaperceptions. Structural equation modelling analysis revealed that athletes’ task and ego metaperceptions positively predicted task and ego self-perceptions, respectively. Competence metaperceptions were strong predictors of competence selfperceptions, confirming the atypical metaperception formation in outcome-dependent contexts such as sport. Task and ego metaperceptions positively predicted athletes’ competence metaperceptions. How coaches value their athletes’ competence is more influential on what the athletes think of themselves than their own self-perceptions. Athletes’ ego and task metaperceptions influenced their competence metaperceptions (how coaches rate their competence). Therefore, athletes build their competence metaperceptions using all information available from their coaches. Finally, only taskself perfections positively predicted athletes’ competence self-perceptions.</p></abstract>

- University of Oviedo; Faculty of Teacher Training and Education; Department of Educational Sciences, Spain.

<article-title>Connecting Athletes’ Self-Perceptions and Metaperceptions of Competence: a Structural Equation Modeling Approach</article-title>

Connecting Athletes’ Self-Perceptions and Metaperceptions of Competence: a Structural Equation Modeling Approach

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title><p>The study attempted to analyse the concept of spectators’ motives at mixed martial arts (MMA) events in Poland. In addition, we investigated the relation between motives and sports media consumption. The sample consisted of 273 people attending three similar, regional MMA events. Exploratory factor analysis was used to refine the structure of motives. Confirmatory factor analysis showed a reasonable fit of the obtained model (RMSEA = 0.41). Using ANOVA we found three significant differences in assessment of motives, based on gender. The factor of aesthetics and knowledge was ranked the highest for men and women. Men rated drama and violence, while women perceived socializing and crowd experience, and drama, as the following factors. Path analysis indicated that these motives explained 56% of variance in media consumption for men and 57% for women. The findings showed that the motive of vicarious achievement was the main predictor of media consumption for men, while aesthetics and knowledge were the key predictors for women. The results and ideas for further research are discussed.</p></abstract>

- Department of Organization and History of Physical Culture, Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Poland.

- Warsaw School of Tourism and Hospitality Management, Warsaw, Poland.

<article-title>An Examination of Mixed Martial Arts Spectators’ Motives and their Sports Media Consumption in Poland</article-title>

An Examination of Mixed Martial Arts Spectators’ Motives and their Sports Media Consumption in Poland

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title><p>The main aim of the study was to examine whether relationships exist between particular temperamental traits within the concept of Regulative Theory of Temperament and components of physical fitness, that are most crucial for success in sport. The research involved 108 individuals including 63 men (age 21.1 ± 1.6 yrs) and 45 women (age 20.7 ± 1.3 yrs). None of the respondents were professionally engaged in sport. Components of physical fitness included: aerobic capacity, strength, agility, static-dynamic balance and reaction time. The respondents also completed two questionnaires: the Formal Characteristics of Behaviour – Temperament Inventory and the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. The results indicate that the temperamental traits had average to poor correlations with the components of physical fitness, whereas more statistically significant correlations were observed in women. Negative correlations were obtained between emotional reactivity and agility, which was a result confirmed by previous research. All temperamental traits related with the energetic aspects of behaviour correlated with simple reaction time in women. Physical activity and aerobic capacity did not correlate with any of the studied traits. The results do not allow for any general conclusions to be drawn, but can serve as a reference point for future research on temperamental traits as delineated by Regulative Theory of Temperament and their relationship with the components of physical fitness.</p></abstract>

- Institute of Psychology, Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland.

- Central Research Laboratory, Józef Rusiecki Olsztyn University, Poland.

<article-title>Temperamental Traits Versus Individual Physical Fitness Components and a Physical Activity Level</article-title>

Temperamental Traits Versus Individual Physical Fitness Components and a Physical Activity Level

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title><p>Wheelchair basketball players are classified in four classes based on the International Wheelchair Basketball Federation (IWBF) system of competition. Thus, the aim of the study was to ascertain if the IWBF classification, the type of injury and the wheelchair experience were related to different performance field-based tests. Thirteen basketball players undertook anthropometric measurements and performance tests (hand dynamometry, 5 m and 20 m sprints, 5 m and 20 m sprints with a ball, a T-test, a Pick-up test, a modified 10 m Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test, a maximal pass and a medicine ball throw). The IWBF class was correlated (p&lt;0.05) to the hand dynamometry (r= 0.84), the maximal pass (r=0.67) and the medicine ball throw (r= 0.67). Whereas the years of dependence on the wheelchair were correlated to the velocity (p&lt;0.01): 5 m (r= −0.80) and 20 m (r= −0.77) and agility tests (r= −0.77, p&lt;0.01). Also, the 20 m sprint with a ball (r= 0.68) and the T-test (r= −0.57) correlated (p&lt;0.05) with the experience in playing wheelchair basketball. Therefore, in this team the correlations of the performance variables differed when they were related to the disability class, the years of dependence on the wheelchair and the experience in playing wheelchair basketball. These results should be taken into account by the technical staff and coaches of the teams when assessing performance of wheelchair basketball players.</p></abstract>

- Department of Physiology. Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry. University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU).

- Department of Physical Education and Sport. Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences. University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU).

- Adapted Sport Federation of Gipuzkoa, Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain.

<article-title>The Functional Classification and Field Test Performance in Wheelchair Basketball Players</article-title>

The Functional Classification and Field Test Performance in Wheelchair Basketball Players

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title><p>In this study, we conducted an experiment in which we analyzed the possibilities to develop visual skills by specifically targeted training of visual search. The aim of our study was to investigate whether, for how long and to what extent a training program for visual functions could improve visual search. The study involved 24 healthy students from the Szczecin University who were divided into two groups: experimental (12) and control (12). In addition to regular sports and recreational activities of the curriculum, the subjects of the experimental group also participated in 8-week long training with visual functions, 3 times a week for 45 min. The Signal Test of the Vienna Test System was performed four times: before entering the study, after first 4 weeks of the experiment, immediately after its completion and 4 weeks after the study terminated. The results of this experiment proved that an 8-week long perceptual training program significantly differentiated the plot of visual detecting time. For the visual detecting time changes, the first factor, Group, was significant as a main effect (F(1,22)=6.49, p&lt;0.05) as well as the second factor, Training (F(3,66)=5.06, p&lt;0.01). The interaction between the two factors (Group vs. Training) of perceptual training was F(3,66)=6.82 (p&lt;0.001). Similarly, for the number of correct reactions, there was a main effect of a Group factor (F(1,22)=23.40, p&lt;0.001), a main effect of a Training factor (F(3,66)=11.60, p&lt;0.001) and a significant interaction between factors (Group vs. Training) (F(3,66)=10.33, p&lt;0.001). Our study suggests that 8-week training of visual functions can improve visual search performance.</p></abstract>

- Department of Physical Culture and Health Promotion, University of Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland.

- Department of Ophthalmology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland.

- Institute of Vision Training and Therapy, Warszawa, Poland

<article-title>The Efficiency of a Visual Skills Training Program on Visual Search Performance</article-title>

The Efficiency of a Visual Skills Training Program on Visual Search Performance

{"article-title":"The Efficiency of a Visual Skills Training Program on Visual Search Performance"}

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title><p>This research aimed to analyze the validity of the relations hypothesized by the theory of self-determination in predicting adherence to physical exercise in fitness academy users and subjects following personal training. A total of 588 persons from Pelotas / RS / Brazil (405 gym users and 183 subjects following personal training) completed the Portuguese version of the three questionnaires, i.e. the Perceived Autonomy Support Climate Exercise Questionnaire, Basic Psychological Needs in the Exercise Scale and Behavioral Regulation in the Exercise Questionnaire −2. The results support the factorial structure of the questionnaires used in this sample. There was a significant multivariate effect of context on self-determination for physical exercise training [Wilks’ λ = 0.934, F (10, 576.000) = 4.03, p &lt; 0.001, η<sup>2</sup> = 0.01]. The hypothesized structural equation model, which considered the self-determination theory, showed a good fit to the data (S-B χ<sup>2</sup> = 234.703; p= .001; df = 52; χ<sup>2</sup>/df = 4.514; SRMS = .049; NNFI = .906; CFI = .926; RMSEA = .077; RMSEA 90% CI = .067 − .088). However, in the comparative analysis, the perception of autonomy support, relatedness and competence were significantly higher in the context of personal training, while the amotivation and external regulation were significantly higher in the context of fitness academies.</p></abstract>

- University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Research Centre in Sport, Health and Human Development (CIDESD), Vila Real, Portugal.

- Sport Sciences School of Rio Maior (ESDRM-IPS), Research Centre in Sport, Health and Human Development (CIDESD), Vila Real, Portugal.

<article-title>Self-Determination and Physical Exercise Adherence in the Contexts of Fitness Academies and Personal Training</article-title>

Self-Determination and Physical Exercise Adherence in the Contexts of Fitness Academies and Personal Training

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title><p>This study tested the use of two pedagogical principles of Game-based approaches, representation and exaggeration, in the context of game performance of U10 soccer players. Twenty-one players participated in two 3 vs. 3 small-sided games. The first small-sided game was modified by representation. The second small-sided game was modified by enhancing the penetration of the defense tactical problem for invasion games. Decision-making and execution were assessed using the Game Performance Evaluation Tool. No significant differences were observed between games in the number of decision-making units related to keeping possession, nor in those related to penetrating the defense. No significant differences were observed in any execution ability (ball control, passing, dribbling and get free movements). The findings suggested that both games could provide similar degeneracy processes to the players for skill acquisition (specific and contextualized task constraints in which they could develop their game performance and the capability to achieve different outcomes in varying contexts). Probably both games had similar learner-environment dynamics leading players to develop their capabilities for adapting their behaviours to the changing performance situations. More research is necessary, from the ecological dynamics point of view, to determine how we should use small-sided games in Game-based approaches.</p></abstract>

- Departamento de Pedagogía en Educación Física. Facultad de Educación. Universidad Católica de Temuco. Temuco, Chile.

- Facultad de Educación. Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha. Cuenca, España.

- Facultad de Educación. Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha. Albacete, España.

- CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, SpertLab. Universidade de Lisboa. Lisboa Portugal.

<article-title>Game-Based Approaches’ Pedagogical Principles: Exploring Task Constraints in Youth Soccer</article-title>

Game-Based Approaches’ Pedagogical Principles: Exploring Task Constraints in Youth Soccer

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title><p>Regular moderate-intensity exercise provides health benefits. The aim of this study was to examine whether the selected exercise intensity and physiological responses during exergaming in a single and multiplayer mode in the same physical space were game-dependent. Ten males (mean ±SD, age: 23 ±5 years, body mass: 84.2 ±15.6 kg, body height: 180 ±7 cm, body mass index: 26.0 ±4.0 kg·m<sup>−2</sup>) played the games Kinect football, boxing and track &amp; field (3 × ~10 min, ~ 2 min rest periods) in similar time sequence in two sessions. Physiological responses were measured with the portable Cosmed K4b<sup>2</sup> pulmonary gas exchange system. Single play demands were used to match with a competitive opponent in a multiplay mode. A within-subjects crossover design was used with one-way ANOVA and a post-hoc t-test for analysis (p&lt;0.05). Minute ventilation, oxygen uptake and the heart rate were at least 18% higher during a multiplayer mode for Kinect football and boxing but not for track &amp; field. Energy expenditure was 21% higher during multiplay football. Single play track &amp; field had higher metabolic equivalent than single play football (5.7 ±1.6, range: 3.2-8.6 vs 4.1 ±1.0, range: 3.0-6.1, p&lt;0.05). Exergaming in a multiplayer mode can provide higher physiological demands but the effects are game-dependent. It seems that exergaming with low intensity in a multiplayer mode may provide a greater physical challenge for participants than in a single play mode but may not consistently provide sufficient intensity to acquire health benefits when played regularly as part of a programme to promote and maintain health in young adults.</p></abstract>

University of Chichester, Department of Sport & Exercise Sciences, College Lane, Chichester, PO19 6PE, United Kingdom.

<article-title>Physiological Responses During Multiplay Exergaming in Young Adult Males are Game-Dependent</article-title>

Physiological Responses During Multiplay Exergaming in Young Adult Males are Game-Dependent

- Department of Theory of Sport and Kinesiology, Academy of Physical Education in Cracow.

- Department of Team Sport Games, Academy of Physical Education in Katowice.

<article-title>Review of Platonov’s “Sports Training Periodization. General Theory and its Practical Application” – Kiev: Olympic Literature, 2013 (part two)</article-title>

Review of Platonov’s “Sports Training Periodization. General Theory and its Practical Application” – Kiev: Olympic Literature, 2013 (part two)

<p> <em>Journal of Human Kinetics</em> is covered by the following services: </p> <ul> <li> AMED (Allied and Complementary Medicine) </li> <li> Arianta </li> <li> Baidu Scholar </li> <li> Cabell's Whitelist </li> <li> CABI (over 50 subsections) </li> <li> Case </li> <li> CNKI Scholar (China National Knowledge Infrastructure) </li> <li> CNPIEC - cnpLINKer </li> <li> Dimensions </li> <li> DOAJ (Directory of Open Access Journals) </li> <li> EBSCO </li> <li> Embase </li> <li> ExLibris </li> <li> Genamics JournalSeek </li> <li> Google Scholar </li> <li> Index Copernicus </li> <li> Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST) </li> <li> J-Gate </li> <li> Journal Citation Reports/Science Edition </li> <li> JournalGuide </li> <li> JournalTOCs </li> <li> KESLI-NDSL (Korean National Discovery for Science Leaders) </li> <li> Meta </li> <li> MyScienceWork </li> <li> Naver Academic </li> <li> Naviga (Softweco) </li> <li> Polish Scientific Journals Database </li> <li> Publons </li> <li> PubMed </li> <li> PubMed Central </li> <li> QOAM (Quality Open Access Market) </li> <li> ReadCube </li> <li> Reaxys </li> <li> SCImago (SJR) </li> <li> SCOPUS </li> <li> Semantic Scholar </li> <li> Sherpa/RoMEO </li> <li> Sponet </li> <li> TDNet </li> <li> Ulrich's Periodicals Directory/ulrichsweb </li> <li> WanFang Data </li> <li> Web of Science - Science Citation Index Expanded </li> <li> WorldCat (OCLC) </li> <li> X-MOL </li> </ul>

<p> <em>Journal of Human Kinetics</em> ist in den folgenden Services indiziert: </p> <ul> <li> AMED (Allied and Complementary Medicine) </li> <li> Arianta </li> <li> Baidu Scholar </li> <li> Cabell's Whitelist </li> <li> CABI (over 50 subsections) </li> <li> Case </li> <li> CNKI Scholar (China National Knowledge Infrastructure) </li> <li> CNPIEC - cnpLINKer </li> <li> Dimensions </li> <li> DOAJ (Directory of Open Access Journals) </li> <li> EBSCO </li> <li> Embase </li> <li> ExLibris </li> <li> Genamics JournalSeek </li> <li> Google Scholar </li> <li> Index Copernicus </li> <li> Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST) </li> <li> J-Gate </li> <li> Journal Citation Reports/Science Edition </li> <li> JournalGuide </li> <li> JournalTOCs </li> <li> KESLI-NDSL (Korean National Discovery for Science Leaders) </li> <li> Meta </li> <li> MyScienceWork </li> <li> Naver Academic </li> <li> Naviga (Softweco) </li> <li> Polish Scientific Journals Database </li> <li> Publons </li> <li> PubMed </li> <li> PubMed Central </li> <li> QOAM (Quality Open Access Market) </li> <li> ReadCube </li> <li> Reaxys </li> <li> SCImago (SJR) </li> <li> SCOPUS </li> <li> Semantic Scholar </li> <li> Sherpa/RoMEO </li> <li> Sponet </li> <li> TDNet </li> <li> Ulrich's Periodicals Directory/ulrichsweb </li> <li> WanFang Data </li> <li> Web of Science - Science Citation Index Expanded </li> <li> WorldCat (OCLC) </li> <li> X-MOL </li> </ul>

<P><STRONG>Editor-in-Chief</STRONG><BR>Adam Zając, Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Poland </P> <P><STRONG>Technical and Statistical Editor</STRONG><BR>Adam Maszczyk (Poland) </P> <P><STRONG>Language Editors<BR></STRONG>Aleksandra Mostowik (Poland)<BR>Scott Woska (USA) </P> <P><STRONG>Assiociate Editors (sections)</STRONG><BR>Grzegorz Juras, Robert Lockie (Kinesiology)<BR>Aleksandra Żebrowska, Antonio Paoli (Exercise Physiology and Sports Medicine)<BR>Kajetan Słomka, Petr Stastny (Sports Training)<BR>Krzysztof Sas-Nowosielski (Behavioural Sciences in Sport) </P> <P><STRONG>Editorial Board<BR></STRONG>Alexander Gil Arias (Spain)<BR>Alexandre Dellal (France)<BR>Algirdas Raslanas (Lithuania)<BR>Amr Saber Hamza (Egypt)<BR>Anna Jaskólska (Poland)<BR>Artur Jaskólski (Poland)<BR>Barbara Kłapcińska (Poland)<BR>Bartosz Krawczyński (Poland)<BR>Bojan Jośt (Slovenia)<BR>Carmen Krewer (Germany)<BR>Chris Mills (UK)<BR>Claude Bouchard (USA)<BR>Claudio Orizio (Italy)<BR>Daniel A. Marinho (Portugal)<BR>Dragan Milanović (Croatia)<BR>Edward Mleczko (Poland)<BR>Ferman Konukman (USA)<BR>Gaston Beunen (Belgium)<BR>Guang Yue (USA)<BR>Heinz Mechling (Germany)<BR>Hua Guo (USA)<BR>Jack C. Watson II (USA)<BR>Jan Chmura (Poland)<BR>Janusz Błaszczyk (Poland)<BR>Jerzy Żołądź (Poland)<BR>Jose A. Perez Turpin (Spain)<BR>Jose Saavedra (Spain)<BR>Jozsef Tihanyi (Hungary)<BR>Józef Langfort (Poland)<BR>Junggi Hong (Malaysia)<BR>Kajetan Słomka (Poland)<BR>Klaus Blischke (Germany)<BR>Magdalena Stania (Poland)<BR>Małgorzata Chalimoniuk (Poland)<BR>Małgorzata Słowińska-Lisowska (Poland)<BR>Mário António Cardoso Marques (Portugal)<BR>Mark Latash (USA)<BR>Miguel Angel Gomez Ruano (Spain)<BR>Miłosz Czuba (Poland)<BR>Miran Kondrič (Slovenia)<BR>Miroslav Petr (Czech Republic)<BR>Olaf Prieske (Germany)<BR>Pedro Figueiredo (Brazil)<BR>Peter Blaser (Germany)<BR>Peter Hirtz (Germany)<BR>Petr Stastny (Czech Republic)<BR>Pietro Picerno (Italy)<BR>Ricardo J. Fernandes (Portugal)<BR>Robert Lockie (USA)<BR>Robert M. Malina (USA)<BR>Slobodan Jaric (USA)<BR>Stanisław Poprzęcki (Poland)<BR>Tadeusz Bober (Poland)<BR>Tiago M. Barbosa (Portugal, Singapore)<BR>Todd Shoepe (USA)<BR>Wiesław Osiński (Poland)<BR>Włodzimierz Starosta (Poland)<BR>Xin Ye (USA) </P> <P><STRONG>Contact</STRONG><BR>Academy of Physical Education in Katowice<BR>Mikołowska 72A,<BR>40-065 Katowice, Poland<BR>e-mail. <A href="mailto:jhk@awf.katowice.pl">jhk@awf.katowice.pl</A><BR><A href="http://www.johk.pl/">www.johk.pl/</A> </P> <P><STRONG>Publisher</STRONG><BR>De Gruyter Poland<BR>Bogumiła Zuga 32A Str.<BR>01-811 Warsaw, Poland </P>

<P>Please submit your manuscripts to Journal of Human Kinetics via <A href="https://www.editorialmanager.com/JHumKinet/default.aspx">Editorial Manager</A>. </P><BR> <P><STRONG>Open Access License</STRONG> </P> <P>This journal provides immediate open access to its content under the <A href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">Creative Commons BY 4.0 license</A>. Authors who publish with this journal retain all copyrights and agree to the terms of the above-mentioned CC BY 4.0 license.</P> <P><STRONG>Open Access Statement</STRONG> </P> <P>The journal is an Open Access journal that allows a free unlimited access to all its contents without any restrictions upon publication to all users. </P>

<DIV align=left> <P><STRONG>The Journal of Human Kinetics</STRONG> is a respected interdisciplinary periodical offering the latest research in the science of human movement studies. This comprehensive professional journal features articles and research notes encompassing such topic areas as motor learning and motor development, exercise physiology and biochemistry, sports medicine, sport nutrition, biomechanics, sports training, as well as measurement and evaluation in sport and physical education, especially taking into account sport’s competitive and elite aspects. </P> <P><STRONG>Why subscribe and read</STRONG> </P> <P>JHK brings the latest research results in the area of kinesiology, exercise physiology &amp; nutrition as well as valuable data in physical education and sports training. </P> <P><STRONG>Why submit</STRONG> </P> <P>The journal is developing very rapidly and has been placed on the SCIE. </P> <P><STRONG>Archiving </STRONG></P> <P>Sciendo archives the contents of this journal in <A href="https://www.portico.org/">Portico</A> - digital long-term preservation service of scholarly books, journals and collections. </P><STRONG></STRONG> <P><STRONG>Plagiarism Policy</STRONG> </P> <P>The editorial board is participating in a growing community of <A href="https://www.crossref.org/services/similarity-check/">Similarity Check System's</A> users in order to ensure that the content published is original and trustworthy. Similarity Check is a medium that allows for comprehensive manuscripts screening, aimed to eliminate plagiarism and provide a high standard and quality peer-review process. </P></DIV>

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Volume 46 (2015): Edition 1 (June 2015)

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