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<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
Based on the importance of government expenditure in supporting economic growth in the country, the main objective of this study is to investigate the determinants of government expenditure in Cote d’Ivoire over the period 1980-2020. To achieve the objective, this study examines the effect of external debt, national income, inflation, and population on government expenditure, by using the ADF unit root test, Johansen cointegration test, Granger causality test, and CUSUM test. Results from the Johansen cointegration test indicated that there are long-run relationships among the variables. Government expenditure is positively related to external debt, national income, and population, but it is negatively related to inflation. The population has the biggest effect on government expenditure. The Granger causality test shows that there is a unidirectional short-run causality relationship running from external debt to government expenditure, but there is no evidence of any short-run causality relationship between national income, inflation, population, and government expenditure. On the other hand, there are bidirectional long-run causality relationships between inflation, population, and government expenditure, and unidirectional long-run causality relationships running from external debt and national income to government expenditure in Côte d’Ivoire. Lastly, the CUSUM test indicated that there are no structural changes in the model. The study recommends that the government should use government expenditure more efficiently in improving the infrastructure and creating an attractive investment climate, as well as upgrading the quality of human capital by improving the education system, health services, and the standard of living.
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The Main Determinants of the Government Expenditure: A Case Study of Côte D’ivoire

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<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
The paper provides an explanation of some terms used in the field of business and accounting when it comes to the implementation of artificial intelligence in these areas. The development of artificial intelligence began in the 1950s, of course at first with small steps, but in the last two years it is developing at the speed of light. In order to understand the algorithms with which artificial intelligence works, I chose to outline the work machine learning, big data, neural networks. The benefits of business and accounting can be observed in easing and reducing the time in data processing. From the applications used in accounting we chose the presentation of AlphaSense, TensorFlow, Kensho, Clarifai. If we think about accounting, that until now it involved archiving on paper, blockchain and cloud accounting intervene towards our help which, thanks to distributed accounting technology, eliminate the need to enter accounting information in several databases.
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Artificial intelligence algorithms applied in business and accounting

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<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
Social media has positioned itself as one of the most effective and efficient engines of disseminating both social and business information throughout the world. The purpose of this study was to establish the role of social media in enhancing business activities of SMEs in Gwanda town. The study used a qualitative research methodology where 23 participants who were drawn from 7 organizations were interviewed using face to face interviews. A combination of purposive and convenience sampling techniques was used to select the 7 organizations and 23 participants who participated in the study. Thematic data analysis was utilized to analyze the data that was solicited using a 14 item interview guide. The study established that to a larger extent social media is a business enabler. Social media improves the effectiveness and efficiency of organizations by promoting an easy flow of information within departments and with external stakeholders. Social media increases the profitability and the general performance of SMEs and directly and indirectly reduces operational costs. Social media helps managers to keep workers updated about the developments taking place in the organization. It was also found that to a lesser extent social media hinders the performance and growth of organizations since it can easily be abused by employees who spend most of the business time chatting and conversing with friends and relatives on issues that are not related to work.
</abstract>

The Role of Social Media in Enhancing the Activities of SMEs: Case Study in Gwanda Town

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<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
In applying the monetary policy in controlling inflation, the monetary authorities employ a mix of tools, which when varied, transfer their effects to the target outcome of inflation control. Despite monetary authorities having employed series of strategies including recently, inflation targeting, the Nigerian inflation rates have remained uncontrollable, thereby, suggesting that the question could, however, be of the effectiveness of tools being employed. This study thus, examines the effectiveness of monetary policy rates, treasury bills rates and liquidity ratio in controlling inflation in Nigeria using annual data covering the period between 1981 and 2019. Unlike most existing studies that employed a combination of policy tools and intermediate outcomes, this study employed only monetary policy tools in its analysis. Results obtained from the estimated ARDL (2, 2, 1, 2) model suggest that both in the long-run and short-run, monetary policy rates have insignificant impact on inflation rates, thus, implying that they have been ineffective in inflation control. More so, treasury bills rates were found to be effective only in the short-run as lagged treasury bills rates showed a significant negative impact on inflation in the short-run while liquidity ratio proved effective only in the long-run with an unfavourable effect on inflation control in the short-run. It is recommended, therefore, that the monetary authorities reduce the size of the informal financial system by strengthening the official financial system in a bid to make the monetary tools of choice more effective for inflation control.
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How Effective are Monetary Policy Tools in Controlling Inflation in Nigeria? An Empirical Investigation

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<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
Consumers’ response to income shock have been a source of concern over the years. Unexpected negative income shock, such as nonpayment of salaries, or salary reduction may cause an individual to react differently. Coping may be easy if an individual is well-prepared and has fully insured coping strategies prior to the income shock, hence, a negative income loss would have less impact. Otherwise, an income shock could be deleterious and leave an individual vulnerable. Therefore, ability to cope during negative income shock is determined by consumers’ preparedness as well as the effectiveness and appropriateness of available coping strategies. This study, therefore, examines the coping mechanisms of government employees in southwest Nigeria during the unexpected nonpayment of salary between 2015 and 2018. Both quantitative and qualitative methods using a structured questionnaire and FDGs are employed. The data is analyzed using descriptive statistics and OLS methods. The findings suggest that durable and service goods are substituted for food consumption, while the impact of coping strategies varies across the states. Empirical results from the OLS show that workers use personal savings and credit-purchases to smooth-out consumption, borrow and reallocate resources from durables and service for food consumption. Education, spouse occupation and age also have a positive impact on consumption. Evaluation of the coping strategies indicates that they are insufficient to satisfy the needs of the workers during the shock. The study, therefore, recommends that governments should provide a flexible working environment, formulate a policy that will allow workers to diversify into businesses, provide business loans and encourage mandatory saving for uncertainty.
</abstract>

Income Shock and Coping Strategies of Government Workers in Southwest Nigeria: Evidence from the Survey Data

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<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
The expansion of digitalization research is a reflection of the growing significance of digital technologies across a range of sectors and industries. This paper provides a comprehensive bibliometric analysis of digitalization using Web of Science database, covering 4646 scientific articles published in the period 2018-2022. The purpose of the paper is to identify and synthesize the existing body of knowledge and the emerging trends of research in the field of digitalization based on a literature review. The bibliometric analysis was performed using VOSviewer, Rstudio and Bibliometrix/Biblioshiny to evaluate and illustrate the bibliographic materials. Using performance analysis and science mapping, we illustrate the cooccurrence of key-words, co-citation, co-authorship and the evolution of research themes, in order to identify the thematic clusters. The analysis identified key themes and topics that are frequently discussed in the literature, including the use of digital technologies in business and management, the technological aspects of digitization, and its impact on society and the economy. The aspects related to the interdisciplinary nature of the research in the field of digitalization, emphasizing the need for a more collaborative and interdisciplinary approach to understanding and addressing the challenges and opportunities of digitalization, are presented and discussed within the paper. For clustering, we performed an exploratory factor analysis that identified emerging trends in the study of digitalization: work, automation and employment is one area, another one is related to growth and consumption and the third theme is related to dynamic capabilities, firm performance and technologies.
</abstract>

Digitalization: A Wide-Ranging Bibliometric Study of Contemporary Trends

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<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
Nowadays, public – private partnership is an increasingly common term in the academic literature, in political speeches and international institutions. By carrying out a bibliometric analysis in the field of public-private partnership, the graphic display of a large amount of information was aimed at highlighting the number of publications in this field, the distribution of authors in certain areas, the points of interest and the research methods used by researchers. The information used in this research was collected from the Web of Science database which is one of the most famous in the world, especially from the Web of Science Core Collection, the main component which contains high quality items. Although the first publications on the Web of Science platform dates from 1967, research in this field has been expanding for the last 10 years. In this study we focus on the content of the Web of Science platform and the use of the VOSviewer, a software used to build and display bibliometric relationships, in order to create a map that includes the most used terms in research on “public - private partnership”. The main result of this research is to highlight the state of knowledge regarding the research carried out so far with reference to the public-private partnership.
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Public Private – Partnership – A Bibliometric Analysis

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
The objective of this paper is to attempt to explain the main challenges of supply chain management efficiency in the dairy industry and within the context of general theoretical considerations relating to supply chain management. This paper examines theoretically and empirically the current supply chain practices, integration with customers and suppliers and organizational performance in the dairy companies in North Macedonia. Cost savings, increased revenues and overall organizational performance was examined and various practices of local companies were evidenced. The study also highlights the evolution, determinants and practical implications of supply chain management efficiency in strategic and operational contexts and especially in regards to achieving competitive advantage. A self-administered survey was conducted and data were collected through a random sampling of local dairy companies in North Macedonia. The findings of this study show that the quality, speed, dependability, flexibility and cost associated with economic benefits in the dairy industry can be achieved through technological innovation, effective business processes and high level of information sharing and introducing the SCM practices into more cooperative organizational relationships. Currently, there is a strong need to find better practical solutions that will help decision makers in the dairy industry to plan their supply chain activities more efficiently and effectively by managing the posed challenges and barriers. This will serve as also to make better strategic decisions with end-to- end supply chain optimization mode.
</abstract>

Managing Supply Chain and Organizational Performance: An Evidence from the Macedonian Dairy Industry

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<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
Macroeconomic variables uncertainty relationship with key sectors in nations’ economies for both emerged and emerging economies have been investigated. In Nigeria, an emerging country, there is dearth of studies that have related macroeconomic variable uncertainty to health system performance. This study thus, bridges the gap by examining the time series of macroeconomic uncertainty and health outcomes by employing the Autoregressive Distributive Lag methodology. The macroeconomic variables investigated in the study are the exchange rate, the inflation rate, per capita income and index of health outcomes. The annual data for these macroeconomic variables span from 1980 to 2019. Augmented Dickey Fuller is employed to ascertain the stationarity state of the engaged macroeconomic data, while cause and effect among the variables are determined using the Granger causality test. In all, the findings reveal that, among the macroeconomic variables, exchange rate uncertainty has substantial impact on health outcomes. Inflation though has significant p-value, its sign is contrary to expectations. While the causality between health outcomes and per capita income is bi-directional, it is one-directional with exchange rate and non-directional with inflation rate. Based on these findings, a key policy recommendation is that, an inward looking approach should be encouraged to seek healthcare inputs within the nation’s economy to substitute for the hitherto imported ones. By so doing, foreign currency demand will be greatly eased, and a gradual move towards economic diversification could begin.
</abstract>

Macroeconomic Variables Uncertainty and Health Outcomes in Nigeria

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Timisoara Journal of Economics and Business

The Journal of The West University of Timisoara

Focus and Scope  Timisoara Journal of Economics and Business (formerly Timisoara Journal of Economics, 2008-2012) is a peer-reviewed on-line journal open to high-quality...

Focus and Scope  Timisoara Journal of Economics and Business (formerly Timisoara Journal of Economics, 2008-2012) is a peer-reviewed...

Timisoara Journal of Economics and Business

The Journal of The West University of Timisoara

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