<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title><bold><italic>Introduction.</italic></bold> The paper aims to identify and systematise basic psychological factors which can influence athletes’ training and competitive activity.<bold><italic>Material and methods.</italic></bold> In order to achieve the aim of the study, we carried out an expert survey and analysed its results statistically. The survey, whose concordance coefficient was 0.78, was completed by 12 experts in the field (sports scientists and highly qualified athletes).<bold><italic>Results.</italic></bold> The study of the scientific and methodological literature about psychological correction taking into account the practice of athletes’ training made it possible to formulate and systematise a number of key psychological factors (volitional, strategic, perceptive-aimed, anticipatory, managerial, psychophysiological, intellectual, introspective, and motivational) that affect the mental state and training process of athletes. The content and forms of the manifestation of psychological factors during competitive activity are examined, and their interrelations are studied. Integral indicators of psychological factors which influence competitive activity in Olympic sports are determined, and their priority of importance is examined.<bold><italic>Conclusions.</italic></bold> According to the experts’ opinions, among the integral indicators of the psychological factors influencing athletes’ activity, the leading ones are motivational, volitional, and psychophysiological factors. The results of the expert survey concerning the psychological factors influencing Olympic sports (game, cyclic, and complex coordination sports as well as martial arts) are analysed.</abstract>

Basic Psychological Factors Affecting Athletes’ Training

<abstract xml:lang="en"><title style='display:none'>The History of Tourist Transport After the Modern Industrial Revolution</title>The article focuses on the changes in the development of tourism transportation, which occurred after the invention of the steam engine in 1769 by Watt. The stages in tourism transport after the industrial revolution have been introduced. The article also deals with changes occurred in all modes of transportation, taking into account the speed of the trip, the quality of transport services and the pace of the development of the touristic movement as well as the pro-ecological actions.</abstract>

The History of Tourist Transport After the Modern Industrial Revolution

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> Introduction. The Roma for strangers are a people of serenity and fun. By the majority of the Polish society they are perceived as people who have lost touch with a broader context of social reality. The aim of the research was to gather material concerning traditional Gypsy fun and games, systematize the knowledge about the physical culture of the Polish Roma and also determine the sense of social actions taken within the scope of games and fun of this ethnic group. Material and methods. The research, belonging to the current of anthropological-ethnological thought, was carried out among the Roma from the eastern part of Poland. The findings were presented as elements of non-material culture and a form of physical activity of this ethnic group. The traditional games and fun of the Polish Roma were presented against the background of general characteristics of the ethnic group and the entire history of the Gypsies presence on Polish soil. Results and conclusions. The research has shown that the physical culture of the Polish Roma, displayed in the form of games and fun, is crucial for strengthening the existing social bonds and shaping new ones. The research has proven that the joint physical culture of the Polish Roma, being an integrating factor, initiates and intensifies social interactions, and is conducive to the development of interpersonal relations. It has been found that there are patterns of physical culture and forms of physical activity of characteristic of the Roma community. The study and the interpretation of the findings, has enabled the authors to systematize the knowledge on the physical culture of the Polish Roma, and also determine the sense of the actions taken by them in this scope.</abstract>

Traditional games and fun of the Roma community inhabiting eastern Poland. An anthropologicalethnomethodological perspective

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title><bold><italic>Introduction.</italic></bold> Unethical consumer practices in the hotel industry pose a global problem. They are encountered in countries and regions with a rapidly developing tourism sector and a growing number of tourists. Demanding or even impolite customers pose a challenge for hotel employees. These problems are also encountered in Poland.<bold><italic>Materials and Methods.</italic></bold> In the presented case study, a mixed method model combining qualitative and quantitative analyses was applied to investigate unethical tourist practices in Polish hotels. Five four-star hotels belonging to the same capital group in north-eastern Poland were analyzed.<bold><italic>Results.</italic></bold> The study demonstrated that hotel staff members, in particular frontline employees, are confronted with unethical customer behaviors. Five types of unethical practices that are most often encountered by hotel employees, in particular young staff members, have been identified.<bold><italic>Conclusions.</italic></bold> The ability to deal with difficult customers is one of the most highly valued skills in frontline employees. Hotel employees should have an opportunity to participate in regular training programs on hospitality ethics and strategies for coping with difficult situations. These skills will play a pivotal role after the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic when hotels will be struggling to bring back clients. However, excessive leniency towards guests in difficult times could have adverse consequences when businesses resume normal operations.</abstract>

Unethical Consumer Practices in the Perception of Hospitality Industry Employees

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> Introduction. The present study investigates the characteristics of the environmental factors that influence the structure of sport amongst young people; alongside this, the study also attempts to describe the influential role of parents in the development of sporting talent; finally, the study emphasizes the significance of parents' educational beliefs concerning the acquisition of life-long social skills through participation in sport in demanding competitive environments. <bold>Material and</bold><bold>methods</bold>. 8 semi-structured interviews and 3 unstructured interviews were conducted among young people participating in a semi-professional club at national competitive level. A field diary was also collected. <bold>Results</bold>. Qualitative analysis revealed that: a) structural and organizational aspects, as well as the overall climate of the club, shape the behavior of young people in relation to social goals; b) parents play an important role as socializers in competitive environments; c) parents display a solid awareness of their own influence on the attitudes and behavior of young people. <bold>Conclusions</bold>. The findings highlight the important role of parents in sport participation in highly competitive environments. The study also shows contextual factors as predictors of the degree of youngsters' social and personal variables in performance levels. Implications for parental involvement in youth sport as well as future research directions are further discussed.</abstract>

The Role of Parents in Talented Youth Sport. Does Context Matter?

<abstract xml:lang="en"><title style='display:none'>Effect of Different Types of Recovery on Blood Lactate Removal After Maximum Exercise</title><bold><italic>Introduction.</italic></bold> Despite physiological changes caused by immersion in liquid medium, few studies have been conducted to determine the kinetics of blood lactate removal under these conditions. The aim of this study was to verify the effect of active recovery, using a specific water bike, on the blood lactate concentration after maximum intensity exercise. <bold><italic>Material and method.</italic></bold> Ten healthy cycling athletes performed an Anaerobic Threshold Test by Heart Rate (HR) on a bicycle ergometer and an Anaerobic Threshold Test by Subjective Effort Perception on an aquatic bicycle ergometer. Three maximal test was performed immediately before each recovery type, in three different days: Passive Recovery on Land - PRL (horizontal position for 60 minutes), Passive Recovery in the Water - PRW (horizontal position, with the help of floats, in swimming pool for 60 minutes) and Active Recovery in the Water - ARW (the volunteer performed exercises on a water bicycle to an intensity corresponding to 85% of the intensity of LA in water, for 30 minutes, and remained in the same position of the PRW for another 30 minutes). Blood samples were collected 5, 15, 30 and 60 minutes after the maximal test, for lactate analysis. <bold><italic>Results.</italic></bold> The [La] blood did not show the difference between the three types of recovery at 5th min. From 15th min on, the difference between the ARW and the other two types of passive recovery was significant, and the ARW showed lower values. There was no significant difference between the PRW and PRL. <bold><italic>Conclusion.</italic></bold> Mere immersion in water is not enough to maximize the removal of blood lactate. This study demonstrates that active recovery held in water is effective for the removal of blood lactate in cyclists.</abstract>

Load Evaluation Laboratory, Federal University of Minas Gerais - Brazil

The Josef Pilsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw

Effect of Different Types of Recovery on Blood Lactate Removal After Maximum Exercise

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
<bold><italic>Introduction.</italic></bold> The primary purpose of the present study was to investigate whether providing knowledge of results (KR) on more accurate trials enhanced motivation and self-confidence or whether providing KR on less accurate trials reduced those variables. We also investigated whether anxiety was affected by the provision of feedback.
<bold><italic>Material and Methods.</italic></bold> Participants performed a volleyball serve over four days of practice under one of two conditions: After each block of six trials, one group received feedback on the three most accurate (MA) trials, whereas the other group received feedback on the three least accurate (LA) trials. One week following practice, participants performed a retention test without feedback. Participants also completed the intrinsic motivation inventory (IMI) and the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 (CSAI2).
<bold><italic>Results.</italic></bold> Results indicated that the MA group had more effective learning as well as higher motivation and self-confidence scores than the LA group. Additionally, the MA group had lower scores on cognitive and somatic anxiety compared to the LA group. The MA group had higher motivation and self-confidence scores and lower anxiety compared to the values reported on the pre-test. Conversely, the LA group had lower motivation and self-confidence scores relative to the pre-test values, and tended to have increased cognitive and somatic anxiety following practice.
<bold><italic>Conclusions.</italic></bold> The results of this study demonstrate that providing augmented feedback about more accurate trials facilitates motor learning and increases motivation and self-confidence whilst lowering levels of somatic anxiety.
</abstract>

Knowledge of Results About More Accurate Versus Less Accurate Trials: Differential Effects on Psychological Variables and Motor Learning in Adolescent Females

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
<bold><italic>Introduction.</italic></bold> Collaborative Learning (CL) is a group learning method that involves mutual support and assistance among individual students to achieve learning goals. The purpose of this study is to assess the effectiveness of a 14-week Physical Education (PE) class using the CL method in enhancing the physical development of 11th-grade students.
<bold><italic>Material and Methods.</italic></bold> Eighty healthy students were randomly selected and divided into two groups: the experimental group with 40 students applying the CL method in PE classes, and the control group with 40 students studying PE using conventional methods. In this study, five fitness tests were used such as a 30-s sit-up test, a 30-m sprint test, a 4 × 10-m shuttle run test, a standing long jump test, and a 5-min running field test.
<bold><italic>Results.</italic></bold> After 14 weeks of experimentation, independent t-test results indicated a significant difference in the mean values between the experimental and control groups at the threshold of p &lt; 0.05. Paired t-test results for the mean values before and after the experiment in both groups also showed a difference, with the physical fitness growth rate of the experimental group being higher than that of the control group. Particularly, the control group exhibited a post-experiment value that had a negative significance.
<bold><italic>Conclusions.</italic></bold> This demonstrates that the experimental results serve as an illustration, confirming the effectiveness of the CL method in high school PE classes. Teachers should enhance the use of CL in the future to achieve higher learning goals.
</abstract>

The Effectiveness of Physical Education Classes Through Collaborative Learning Methods for the Physical Development of 11th-Grade Students in Vietnam

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
<bold><italic>Introduction.</italic></bold> With the evolution of sport, the level of athletes is increasing. To be able to win it is necessary to understand what factors influence performance in competition and training. Sports performance analysis has evolved in accordance with data collection in competition practice, with performance indicators related to actions connected to performance outcome.
<bold><italic>Material and Methods.</italic></bold> We intend to verify the importance of task analysis in the performance analysis procedures. The review starts with task definition, then task analysis procedures and sports science application to finish with examples of performance analysis with task analysis.
<bold><italic>Results.</italic></bold> Each task has one or more goals with actions to be carried out and with task, performer, and environment constraints that influence it. Task analysis is a methodology to have information about technique, productivity and safety that allows developing training programmes. Sports task analysis has a preparatory phase, a description (phase analysis), assessment, and an intervention. Performance analysis was based on biomechanical and notational analysis including performance indicators and afterwards reinforced with the ecological dynamics approach with an emphasis on the performer-environment relationship. Similarities between actions from different sports could be observed with performance analysis using task analysis (phase analysis with description of the segmental actions and mechanical principles).
<bold><italic>Conclusions.</italic></bold> Performance task analysis could support evidence-based training programmes with a replication of key features and performance indicators in dry-land training tasks. Future research should identify task constraints and performance indicators with technological devices and make performance analysis more coach friendly.
</abstract>

Is Task Analysis a Contributing Factor to Performance Analysis?

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
<bold><italic>Introduction.</italic></bold> Fighting effectiveness of combat sports athletes depends, among other factors, on response time. Athletes must react swiftly to various actions of their opponents during the combat. Understanding the determinants of response time can provide valuable insights and optimize the sports training process. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of Led Lighting Training (LLT) on response time of athletes representing extremely different combat sports.
<bold><italic>Material and Methods.</italic></bold> Elite taekwon-do athletes aged 26.67 ± 7.79 years with training experience of 13.67 ± 6.75 years, and elite wrestlers aged 26.0 ± 3.74 years with training experience of 13.0 ± 3.74 years, participated in the study. Each participant performed a 6-minute physical exertion requiring concentration and proper decision-making as part of LLT. It consisted of three two-minute motor tasks performed on Batak Lite. Response time was recorded during the exercise, with one-minute breaks between motor tasks.
<bold><italic>Results.</italic></bold> Among taekwon-do athletes, the lowest level of response was noted during the first LLT task, whereas the highest was observed in the third task. Response time significantly improved with time of exertion among taekwon-do athletes, while it remained similar among wrestlers after 2, 4, and 6 minutes of the test. Only in the first round did taekwon-do athletes and wrestlers significantly differ in response time (p = 0.0025). Response time and training experience did not reveal a significant correlation.
<bold><italic>Conclusions.</italic></bold> The specificity of training, which is determined by the specificity of combat, does not differentiate elite taekwon-do athletes and wrestlers based on their response abilities. Taekwon-do athletes should control the type and duration of warm-up exercises before combat.
</abstract>

Changes in Response Time in Elite Taekwon-Do Athletes and Wrestlers Resulting From Led Lighting Training

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
<bold><italic>Introduction.</italic></bold> There is a discourse in the international literature regarding the impact of large sporting events on the place where they are held. In the last few years, particular emphasis has been laid on intangible effects, including social impacts that may occur not only in the case of mega sporting events but also in smaller sporting events. Therefore, the main aim of this paper is to estimate the monetary value of intangible social benefits of differently sized sporting events held in two sporting arenas in Gdańsk, Poland, using the contingent valuation method.
<bold><italic>Material and methods.</italic></bold> The research concerns four sporting events of various sizes organised in Gdańsk in 2012-2023. In each case, a hypothetical event scenario was used to determine the willingness to pay among the surveyed inhabitants of Gdańsk. A tobit model was used to determine the statistical relationship between the proposed monetary offers and social impacts.
<bold><italic>Results.</italic></bold> It was found that sporting events, regardless of their size, determine the occurrence of social impacts among host city residents. Even though aggregated values are lower in the case of smaller events, when added together, they constitute a higher percentage of actual public expenditure incurred on the construction of sports facilities.
<bold><italic>Conclusions.</italic></bold> By valuing intangible effects, it is possible, at least partially, to justify the spending of public funds for the organisation of sporting events. At the same time, smaller sporting events have more significant potential for host city residents than mega sporting events.
</abstract>

Is Smaller Better? The Valuation of Social Impacts of Differently Sized Sporting Events. The Case of Gdańsk.

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
<bold><italic>Introduction.</italic></bold> Along with the progress of civilization, we observe changes in the growth environment of children and youth. Lifestyle changes translate into the morphofunctional development of adolescents. The aim of the study was to show the influence of underweight and overweight on gross motor skills and physical fitness.
<bold><italic>Material and methods.</italic></bold> A total of 435 five-year-old children participated in the study. Body height and weight were measured. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated. The research material was divided into three groups: underweight, with normal BMI, and overweight. The Test of Gross Motor Development TGMD II was used to assess motor skills. Fitness was assessed with the Sekita physical fitness test for preschoolers. For all test samples, arithmetic means and standard deviation were calculated. The statistical significance of differences between the groups taking into account the size of BMI was assessed using ANOVA and the Newmann-Keuls test. Moreover, the percentage of underweight and overweight girls and boys as well as those with normal BMI was estimated. Sexual dimorphism between the groups was calculated using the χ2 test.
<bold><italic>Results.</italic></bold> There were no statistically significant differences in the locomotor skills and the ability to handle sports equipment in 5-year-olds with different BMI. On the other hand, a trend of better motor skills was observed in children with normal BMI compared to their underweight and overweight peers. Such significant correlations were not found in motor skills.
<bold><italic>Conclusions.</italic></bold> It can be assumed that the 5th year of life is still too early a period in ontogenesis to search for significant correlations between motor skills, physical fitness, and body build.
</abstract>

Physical Fitness and Motor Skills of Five-Year-Olds with Different Weight-Height Proportions

<abstract xml:lang="en"><title style='display:none'>The Shape of Anterior-Posterior Curvatures of the Spine in Athletes Practising Selected Sports</title><bold><italic>Introduction.</italic></bold> Practising sport at the professional level brings about considerable spinal loads. As a result of an intensive effort, the adaptation abilities of vertebrae, intervertebral discs, ligaments and muscles decrease, which, in turn, influences the size of physiological curvatures of the spine and at the same time the quality of body posture. The aim of the work was to evaluate the shape of anterior-posterior curvatures of the spine and to define the frequency of occurrence of body posture types in athletes practising selected sports. <bold><italic>Material and methods.</italic></bold> The research was conducted among 46 athletes from the following sections: athletics, handball, volleyball and taekwondo. Inclination angles of the curvatures of the spine were defined with the use of a posturometer: α angle (upper-thoracic segment), β angle (thoracic-lumbar segment), γ angle (lumbar-sacral segment) as well as the level of thoracic kyphosis (χ) and lumbar lordosis (λ). Every athlete's body posture type was defined. <bold><italic>Results.</italic></bold> It was revealed that in the shape of anterior-posterior curvatures of the spine in the examined athletes the level of thoracic kyphosis was higher than the level of lumbar lordosis. In all the athletes the biggest values were observed in the inclination of the upper-thoracic segment, whereas the lowest ones (except for taekwondo competitors) in the inclination of the lumbar-sacral segment. The most common types of body posture were kyphotic and balanced types. No type-III kyphosis and type-III lordosis were observed. Athletes practising selected sports generally had a proper body posture. An improper posture, especially a wrong posture, was observed in few athletes. <bold><italic>Conclusion.</italic></bold> The specificity of movements performed during the training applied in a particular sport may influence the shape of anterior-posterior curvatures of the spine and thus the type of body posture.</abstract>

The Shape of Anterior-Posterior Curvatures of the Spine in Athletes Practising Selected Sports

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title><italic><bold>Introduction</bold></italic>. The efficient collection and analysis of information from both the central and the peripheral field of vision may affect human coordination motor abilities. An analysis of the literature on the subject suggests that coordination motor abilities interact with one another, and it is only their combined effect that allows athletes to achieve technical mastery. The main aim of the study was to assess specific coordination motor abilities and to determine how visual perception and reaction time correlate with time-movement anticipation in elite female basketball players.<italic><bold>Material and methods</bold></italic>. The study participants comprised 17 female basketball players from the Polish National Team aged 18.1 ± 0.8 years. The study involved three ability tests from the Vienna Test System: the Reaction Test (RT, S1), the Peripheral Perception test (PP), and the Time/Movement Anticipation test (ZBA, S2).<italic><bold>Results</bold></italic>. The analysis of the results obtained proves that the best-developed ability in participants is reaction time, while the other abilities show average development. Study participants were able to develop their response abilities to such high levels by means of practice. A correlation coefficient was found between motor time and tracking deviation (r=0.56), and between time anticipation and the number of correct responses to stimuli appearing in the left (r=0.92) and right (r=0.88) field of vision. Athletes who achieved better results in time anticipation omitted fewer visual stimuli (r=0.7) in the peripheral field of vision. Statistically significant correlations were observed between movement anticipation and reaction time to stimuli in the central field of vision (r=0.58).<italic><bold>Conclusions</bold></italic>. Perception abilities have a significant effect on time anticipation. The range of one's field of vision does not determine the reaction time to a visual stimulus. Perception efficiency and divided attention, in conjunction with time and movement anticipation, create a complex of specific psychomotor abilities that is indispensable for achieving success in team sports.</abstract>

Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Faculty of Physical Education, Department of Gymnastics and Sports for All

Visual Perception And Its Effect On Reaction Time And Time-Movement Anticipation In Elite Female Basketball Players

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title><bold>Introduction</bold>. The aim of the study was to compare CMAs in elite wrestlers and taekwon-do competitors. <bold>Material and methods</bold>. Forty-nine Greco-Roman wrestlers and ITF taekwon-do competitors were included in the study. The wrestlers were 21.9±2.74 years old, while the taekwon-do competitors were 22.7±5.78 years old. The former group had between 7 and 14 years' training experience and the latter group had from 6 to 16 years' experience. All subjects were elite sportspeople (between first class and international master class levels). Five CMAs were assessed using 14 indices. Computer tests from the Vienna Test System were employed in the study. <bold>Results</bold>. It was shown that there were no significant differences in CMA levels between wrestlers and taekwon-do competitors. Wrestlers from higher sports classes outperformed competitors who possessed lower sports classes in the majority of CMA indices. Statistically significant differences were observed for simple reaction, movement coupling and high frequency of movements. Taekwon-do competitors at the international master sports class (IM) level scored better than athletes who were at national master class (NM) and first class (I) levels in spatial orientation, reaction time, movement coupling and high frequency of movements. Regardless of the type of combat sport, competitors demonstrated high individual differences in CMAs, which may indicate that a focus on coordination improvement could increase training effectiveness. <bold>Conclusions</bold>. Further research on identifying predominant CMAs in sportspeople at different levels of competition, particularly in those achieving significant sports successes may be conducted. Tests to thoroughly diagnose coordination should be employed in such investigations.</abstract>

Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Department of Sports Theory, 2 Akademicka Street, 21-500 Biała Podlaska, tel.: +48 83 3428751, fax: +48 83 3428800

The Josef Pilsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport in Biała Podlaska, Department of Combat Sports and Weightlifting

The Josef Pilsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport in Biała Podlaska, Department of Biomedical Bases of Physiotherapy and Cosmetology

Faculty of Physical Education and Sport in Biała Podlaska, Department of Medical Rehabilitation

Selected Coordination Motor Abilities in Elite Wrestlers and Taekwon-Do Competitors

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title><bold><italic>Introduction.</italic></bold> The topic of economic significance of sport events attracts substantial attention in the fields of sport event management and economics. The main objective of this article is to review international literature on economic impact of sport events, and in particular, to give a special thought to key features of primary economic impact studies and potential sources of bias.<bold><italic>Material and methods.</italic></bold> The paper builds upon an extensive international literature survey.<bold><italic>Results.</italic></bold> This paper provides an overview of studies on economic impact of events as well as it serves as a reference guide for further studies including empirical attempts. Notably, the latter is of great value for local decision makers and students who attempt to calculate direct economic impact of various sport events but are at the same time facing the lack of reference in this regard.<bold><italic>Conclusions.</italic></bold> The review concludes that (a) assessing the economic impact of an event is a non-trivial task and (b) there is still much to be learned about how to conduct economic impact assessment in a reliable manner.</abstract>

Economic Impact of Events and Festivals on Host Regions - Methods in Practice &amp; Potential Sources of Bias

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title><bold><italic>Introduction</italic></bold>. This article is devoted to sports tourism. The purpose of this article is to examine theoretical material on sports tourism, to analyze sports tourism in Russia and to search for promising areas for the study of sports tourism in our country. <bold><italic>Material and methods</italic></bold>. In this part the authors develop the idea of the role of doing sports and keeping fit. For anyone who really wants to be healthy, fitness has become an integral part of their lives. <bold><italic>Results</italic></bold>. The purpose of this research is to study theoretical material on sports tourism, to analyze sports tourism in Russia and to search for promising areas for the study of sports tourism in our country. On the basis of their research the authors come to the conclusion that sports and tourism are interconnected. There are important factors affecting the situation of sports tourism in Russia. The paper examines sports tourism attractions in Russia. <bold><italic>Conclusion</italic></bold>. The authors conclude that there exists a high correlation dependence of foreign and domestic development of sports tourism on resources allocated for sports infrastructure. All in all, sports tourism tours draw visitors to their favorite sporting event, facility, or destination throughout the world.</abstract>

Moscow State University of Tourism and Service, Department of Foreign Language

Moscow State University of Tourism and Service, Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences

Moscow State University of Tourism and Service, Department of Service

Moscow State University of Tourism and Service, Department of Foreign History

Sports Tourism

<abstract xml:lang="en"><title style='display:none'>The Estimation of the RAST Test Usefulness in Monitoring the Anaerobic Capacity of Sprinters in Athletics</title><bold><italic>Introduction.</italic></bold> In athletic high-speed-forced competitions one of basic monitored parameters of the preparation is the level of the anaerobic capacity. The aim of the work was the qualification of the usefulness of the RAST (Running-based Anaerobic Sprint Test) in the estimation of the anaerobic capacity of athletes of sprint athletic competitions. <bold><italic>Material and methods.</italic></bold> 37 athletes (12 Female and 25 Male) specializing in sprint racing (100 m, 100 m hurdles, 110 m hurdles, 200 m) and the prolonged sprint (400 m and 400 m hurdles) partook in the research. The anaerobic capacity was evaluated by means of the RAST test and the Wingate test. <bold><italic>Results.</italic></bold> In the RAST test competitors obtained significantly higher values of the maximum power (p&lt;0.001) and the average power (p&lt;0.001), with relation to the Wingate test. Among women such dependences were not ascertained. The fundamentally lower (p&lt;0.001) fatigue index in the RAST test characterized in turn both groups, which can testify about the better adaptation to the run effort. For both tests one ascertained significant dependence between the average power and the maximum power. Moreover, the significant dependence between the fatigue index (FI) and the average and maximum power in the Wingate test was shown. For the RAST test such dependence appeared among FI, and the maximum power. <bold><italic>Conclusions.</italic></bold> The RAST test gave statistically comparable results only in the case of the average and maximum power among women. The smaller physical load for competitors and decidedly easier organization of the research causes that the RAST test can be used for regular monitoring of the anaerobic capacity level of competitors of athletic run competitions.</abstract>

The Estimation of the RAST Test Usefulness in Monitoring the Anaerobic Capacity of Sprinters in Athletics

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Polish Journal of Sport and Tourism

The Journal of Jozef Pilsudski University of Physial Education in Warsaw, Faculty of Physical Education and Health in Biala Podlaska

The Polish Journal of Sport and Tourism (ISSN: 1899-1998, e-ISSN: 2082-8799) publishes manuscripts in Polish and English encompassing external various fields of medical...

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The Polish Journal of Sport and Tourism (ISSN: 1899-1998, e-ISSN: 2082-8799) publishes manuscripts in Polish and English...