<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
<sec>
<title style='display:none'>Objectives</title>
Big data has revolutionized nursing and health care and raised concerns. This research aims to help nurses understand big data sets to provide better patient care.
</sec>
<sec>
<title style='display:none'>Methods</title>
This study used big data in nursing to improve patient care. Big data in nursing has sparked a global revolution and raised concerns, but few studies have focused on helping nurses understand big data to provide the best patient care. This systematic review was conducted based on PRISMA guidelines. PubMed, MEDLINE, CINAHL, Google Scholar, and ResearchGate were used for 2010–2020 studies.
</sec>
<sec>
<title style='display:none'>Results</title>
The most common use of big data in nursing was investigated in eight papers between 2015 and 2018. All research showed improvements in patient outcomes and healthcare delivery when big data was used in the medical-surgical, emergency department, critical care unit, community, systems biology, and leadership applications. Big data is not taught to nurses.
</sec>
<sec>
<title style='display:none'>Conclusions</title>
Big data applications in nursing and health care improve early intervention and decision-making. Big data provides a comprehensive view of a patient’s status and social determinants of health, allowing treatment using all metaparadigms and avoiding a singular focus. Big data can help prepare nurses and improve patient outcomes by improving quality, safety, and outcomes.
</sec>
</abstract>

Big data can help prepare nurses and improve patient outcomes by improving quality, safety, and outcomes

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title><sec id="j_fon-2018-0043_s_006_w2aab3b7c10b1b6b1aab1c18b1Aa"><title style='display:none' id="d1089171e11508_w2aab3b7c10b1b6b1aab1c18b1aAa">Objective</title>The aim of this study was to assess the management of early mobilization (EM) in Chinese intensive care units (ICUs).</sec><sec id="j_fon-2018-0043_s_007_w2aab3b7c10b1b6b1aab1c18b2Aa"><title style='display:none' id="d1089171e11516_w2aab3b7c10b1b6b1aab1c18b2aAa">Methods</title>This survey used a cross-sectional, observational design. A total of 65 tertiary and secondary hospitals were enrolled by convenience sampling and investigated using self-designed questionnaires.</sec><sec id="j_fon-2018-0043_s_008_w2aab3b7c10b1b6b1aab1c18b3Aa"><title style='display:none' id="d1089171e11525_w2aab3b7c10b1b6b1aab1c18b3aAa">Results</title>We identified 69 ICUs in Jiangsu, China (response rate: 94.2%). 74.2% (1,004/1,353) of the nurses and nursing managers from 65 ICUs reported mobility practice. For the mobility level, 98.1% (1,327) reported use of in-bed exercise, 5.7% (77) sitting on a side of bed, 21.7% (294) transfer to chair, and 2.4% (33) walking. The most frequently reported barriers to early mobility were unplanned extubation, nursing resource, and absence of physical therapist. Nurses’ educational backgrounds, nursing experience, the lack of nursing resources, absence of physician, and the weakness of patient were the factors that influenced ICU early rehabilitation (<italic>P</italic>&lt;0.01).</sec><sec id="j_fon-2018-0043_s_009_w2aab3b7c10b1b6b1aab1c18b4Aa"><title style='display:none' id="d1089171e11537_w2aab3b7c10b1b6b1aab1c18b4aAa">Conclusions</title>Although implementation rates for EM in critically ill patients are high, the activity level is generally poor in most of the involved ICUs.</sec></abstract>

Management of early mobilization in intensive care units: a multicenter cross-sectional study

Comments from the Editor in Chief

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
<sec>
<title style='display:none'>Objective</title>
Faculty incivility is a growing problem in nursing schools that disrupts the learning process and affects nursing care of patients. Fostering and managing faculty incivility requires knowing this problem using a valid and reliable instrument. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the validity and reliability of the faculty’s perceived incivility questionnaire in the Iranian community.
</sec>
<sec>
<title style='display:none'>Methods</title>
In this methodological study, the participants involved were 357 nursing students. They were selected between October and December 2019. The faculty’s perceived incivility questionnaire was evaluated in terms of content and construct validity. McDonald’s omega and Cronbach’s alpha coefficients were calculated. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were conducted to evaluate the construct validity of the questionnaire.
</sec>
<sec>
<title style='display:none'>Results</title>
The content validity index (CVI) was 0.86–0.91 for the items and 0.87 for the whole instrument. In factor analysis, two factors of violent and irresponsible behaviors were extracted. These factors explained &gt;41.769% of the variance. Model fit indices (Parsimonious Comparative Fit Index [PCFI] = 0.783, Parsimonious Normed Fit Index [PNFI] = 0.756, root mean square error of approximation [RMSEA] = 0.051, Goodness-of-Fit Index [GFI] = 0.955, Adjusted Goodness-of-Fit Index [AGFI] = 0.932, Comparative Fit Index [CFI] = 0.955, χ2/df = 2.26) indicated the proportion of factors. Internal consistency was 0.87–0.93.
</sec>
<sec>
<title style='display:none'>Conclusions</title>
Faculty’s perceived incivility questionnaire is a valid and reliable tool with two factors that can be used to evaluate the incivility in Iranian faculty members.
</sec>
</abstract>

Psychometric evaluation of Iranian version of nursing faculty’s incivility questionnaire<xref ref-type="fn" rid="j_fon-2023-0028_fn_001">†</xref>

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>Anxiety is often mentioned in people’s daily life, especially in the field of medicine and psychology. For nursing, a clear understanding of anxiety is conducive to clinical nursing practice and research. Under the guidance of the Walker and Avant method, this article conducts a concept analysis of anxiety that provides a comprehensive and rounded analysis of anxiety and helps nurses gain a better understanding of anxiety.</abstract>

Anxiety: a concept analysis

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
<sec><title style='display:none'>Objective</title>
In today's world with sweeping changes, nurses are responsible for providing high-quality and cost-benefit care, which would almost be impossible unless they achieve their high professional status. To date, no precise and comprehensive definition of professionalism in nursing has been evidently proposed. In fact, many of the previously proposed definitions are either complicated or ambiguous. Moreover, there is no consensus in the literature on an exhaustive definition for “a professional nurse.” The present study aimed to illustrate the concept of professionalism in nursing and identify its defining characteristics.
</sec>
<sec><title style='display:none'>Methods</title>
In this study, concept analysis was conducted using Whittemore et al.'s method for the integrated review. A comprehensive search of electronic, scientific databases including Eric, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, EBSCO, PsychoINFO, Embass, MagIran, IranDoc, SID, and IRANMEDEX was carried out using the keywords such as professionalism, professional behavior, nursing professionalism (NP), professional attribute, and nursing.
</sec>
<sec><title style='display:none'>Results</title>
In the present study, a comprehensive search of 11 electronic databases retrieved 5738 articles. Then, 2837 duplicate articles were removed by endnote (version 8). Based on a preliminary examination of the titles and abstracts as well as the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 1517 articles were excluded. In addition, 137 articles were removed for scientific reasons. Finally, 52 articles in English and Persian were selected. Content analysis of the articles revealed four major themes, namely, <italic>individual prerequisite</italic>, <italic>professional prerequisite</italic>, <italic>appropriate structure</italic>, and <italic>socio-individual factors</italic>.
</sec>
<sec><title style='display:none'>Conclusions</title>
Professionalism in nursing is a major, multidimensional concept according to the literature that included individual prerequisites, professional prerequisites, appropriate structures, and socio-individual factors. In fact, professionalism in nursing comprises a wide range of personal characteristics, self-regulation, professional values, striving to acquire and enhance professional expertise, professional interactions, social, professional, and legal responsibility, and creation of a sense of belonging, and professional development.
</sec>
</abstract>

Redefining the concept of professionalism in nursing: an integrative review

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
<sec>
<title style='display:none'>Objective</title>
This study aimed to translate the Academic Nurse Self-Efficacy scale (ANSE), assess its appropriateness for use in Korean nursing students, and evaluate the Korean Version of the Academic Nurse Self-Efficacy scale’s (K-ANSE) validity and reliability.
</sec>
<sec>
<title style='display:none'>Methods</title>
The data of 444 nursing college students at 10 universities across the country were collected from November 1, 2020 to June 8, 2021. The K-ANSE was analyzed utilizing SPSS 25.0 and AMOS 25.0 programs. The K-ANSE’s content validity, construct validity, convergent/discriminant validity, criterion-related validity, and reliability were evaluated.
</sec>
<sec>
<title style='display:none'>Results</title>
Internal emotion management, auto-regulatory behavior, external emotion management, and sociality were established. The Cronbach’s α for the overall scale was 0.87, and that of the 4 subscales ranged from 0.70 to 0.89.
</sec>
<sec>
<title style='display:none'>Conclusions</title>
The Korean version of the ANSE seems to be a valid and reliable instrument to measure Korean bachelor-level nursing students.
</sec>
</abstract>

Translation and psychometric validation of the Korean version of the academic nurse self-efficacy scale for Korean bachelor-level nursing students

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
<sec>
<title style='display:none'>Objective</title>
The concept of family resilience of cancer patients was discussed through literature review, which provided reference for nursing of cancer patients.
</sec>
<sec>
<title style='display:none'>Methods</title>
China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Wanfang Database, SinoMed, PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase were systematically searched, and the concept analysis method proposed by Walker and Avant was adopted.
</sec>
<sec>
<title style='display:none'>Results</title>
In this study, we defined the concept of family resilience, identified attributes, and analyzed the antecedents and consequences. The proposed operational definition of family resilience was: After a family member is diagnosed with cancer, the whole family can actively explore its own unique internal and external resources and advantages, strengthen self-regulation, jointly cope with the crisis by establishing close family relationships, providing mutual support to family members, and interacting with the outside world.
</sec>
<sec>
<title style='display:none'>Conclusions</title>
The definition of family resilience of cancer patients is conducive to the development of measurement tools and the improvement of family outcomes of adult cancer patients by intervening family resilience factors.
</sec>
</abstract>

Family resilience of cancer patients: a concept analysis

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
<sec>
<title style='display:none'>Objective</title>
This study aimed to assess breast cancer (BC) awareness among reproductive women in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), identify influencing factors, and propose feasible interventions or programs.
</sec>
<sec>
<title style='display:none'>Methods</title>
We followed a 5-step process using a modified version of Arksey and O’Malley framework methodology. A comprehensive search was conducted on the Embase, PubMed, and CINAHL electronic databases for literature published within 10 years (from 2012 to 2022).
</sec>
<sec>
<title style='display:none'>Results</title>
Thirty-three papers published between 2012 and 2020, spanning 18 countries, were included. Of these, 45.6% described a good level of knowledge, while 24.2% reported that women at reproductive ages had good awareness. Twelve influencing factors were identified in 3 categories: socio-demographic (family history, personal history, marital status, age, religion, income status, living place, and occupation), personal (self-efficacy, education, and perceived level), and external (advertisements promoting awareness). Educational programs were recommended in most (&gt;72%) of the included studies.
</sec>
<sec>
<title style='display:none'>Conclusions</title>
While most studies reported high levels of knowledge and awareness, some found low prevalence among certain groups. Factors affecting knowledge and awareness were classified into socio-demographic, personal, and external categories, with socio-demographic factors such as age, education, income, and marital status being the most frequently cited. The studies recommended implementing educational programs, health prevention strategies, and social interventions to increase BC knowledge and awareness
</sec>
</abstract>

Breast cancer awareness in reproductive women in the low- and middle-income countries: a scoping review

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
<sec>
<title style='display:none'>Objective</title>
This study aimed to determine the effect of the relaxation breathing exercise (RBE) on fatigue and cortisol levels among Indonesian women with gynecological cancer undergoing chemotherapy.
</sec>
<sec>
<title style='display:none'>Methods</title>
This pilot study consecutively recruited 44 gynecological cancer patients to receive RBE (22) or usual care (22). Cortisol level was measured before and after completion of the intervention (day 8). Fatigue was measured using the Piper Fatigue Scale (PFS). Anxiety and depression were assessed using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) at the baseline days of the study for days 1, 4, and 8. The obtained data were analyzed using Fisher’s exact test, the independent <italic>t</italic>-test, and the Mann–Whitney <italic>U</italic> test.
</sec>
<sec>
<title style='display:none'>Results</title>
There were significant increases in cortisol levels within the groups, either the intervention or control groups, respectively (<italic>P</italic>-value = 0.0003 and 0.001). Despite there being no statistical significance between the intervention and control groups, there were noticeable differences in the cortisol levels, indicating the extreme increase in cortisol levels in the control group (Median [IQR1– IQR3]: 2.30 [0.99–9.09]; Min–Max: 0.43–23.38) compared with the intervention group (Median [IQR1–IQR3] = 2.97 [1.26–5.18]; Min–Max = 0.39–6.91).
</sec>
<sec>
<title style='display:none'>Conclusions</title>
RBE helps prevent a significant increase in cortisol levels that can alleviate fatigue for women with gynecological cancer. Further research was recommended to compare several intervention modalities for fatigue and cancer-related symptom management based on cortisol level changes.
</sec>
</abstract>

Effects of relaxation breathing exercise on fatigue and cortisol level among Indonesian gynecological cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy: a pilot study<xref ref-type="fn" rid="j_fon-2024-0022_fn_001">†</xref>

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
<sec>
<title style='display:none'>Objective</title>
This article aims to elaborate the recent research status of perioperative nutrition optimization, in order to help clinical practice.
</sec>
<sec>
<title style='display:none'>Methods</title>
This study employed a comprehensive and systematic method to search prominent databases, including PubMed and Web of Science, using carefully selected keywords. Following meticulous screening, the inclusion of high-quality studies was prioritized, and a thorough review of the references was conducted to comprehensively analyze the latest evidence on perioperative nutrition optimization.
</sec>
<sec>
<title style='display:none'>Results</title>
The main contents include preoperative nutritional risk screening and assessment, nutritional support pathway, immune enhancing nutrition, preoperative and postoperative nutritional management, as well as personalized nutrition optimization strategies for specific populations (such as children, bariatric surgery patients, and cancer patients).
</sec>
<sec>
<title style='display:none'>Conclusions</title>
In clinical practice, the importance of perioperative nutrition should be emphasized, and personalized nutrition management plans should be developed based on the characteristics and needs of patients. Further research and promotion of perioperative nutrition optimization strategies will help improve the overall prognosis and quality of life of surgical patients.
</sec>
</abstract>

Perioperative nutrition optimization: a review of the current literature<xref ref-type="fn" rid="j_fon-2024-0014_fn_001">†</xref>

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
<sec>
<title style='display:none'>Objective</title>
The study aims to review and discuss the outcomes of emergency preparedness training programs among nursing students.
</sec>
<sec>
<title style='display:none'>Methods</title>
A scoping review was conducted based on the guidelines of Arskey and O’Malley. Databases through PubMed, Science Direct, and Google Scholar were used to obtain the relevant articles within the scoping review.
</sec>
<sec>
<title style='display:none'>Results</title>
The researchers found 1175 articles. After manual review, 28 articles were identified and assessed. The review reported that the emergency preparedness training program significantly affects preparedness, knowledge, performance, self-efficacy, learning motivation, self-confidence, satisfaction, critical decision-making, and problem-solving.
</sec>
<sec>
<title style='display:none'>Conclusions</title>
Emergency training effectively increases knowledge, skills, confidence, satisfaction, and team performance.
</sec>
</abstract>

Preparedness training programs improved the emergency response and crucial outcomes among nursing students: a scoping review

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title><sec id="j_fon-2018-0032_s_006_w2aab3b7ab1b6b1aab1c17b1Aa"><title style='display:none' id="d1089171e27391_w2aab3b7ab1b6b1aab1c17b1aAa">Objectives</title>To examine the best practice evidence of the effectiveness of the flipped classroom (FC) as a burgeoning teaching model on the development of self-directed learning in nursing education.</sec><sec id="j_fon-2018-0032_s_007_w2aab3b7ab1b6b1aab1c17b2Aa"><title style='display:none' id="d1089171e27398_w2aab3b7ab1b6b1aab1c17b2aAa">Data sources</title>The relevant randomized controlled trial (RCT) and non-RCT comparative studies were searched from multiple electronic databases including PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), Wanfang Data, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), and Chinese Science and Technology Periodical Database (VIP) from inception to June 2017.</sec><sec id="j_fon-2018-0032_s_008_w2aab3b7ab1b6b1aab1c17b3Aa"><title style='display:none' id="d1089171e27405_w2aab3b7ab1b6b1aab1c17b3aAa">Review methods</title>The data were independently assessed and extracted for eligibility by two reviewers. The quality of included studies was assessed by another two reviewers using a standardized form and evaluated by using the Cochrane Collaboration’s risk of bias tool. The self-directed learning scores (continuous outcomes) were analyzed by using the 95% confidence intervals (CIs) with the standard deviation average (SMD) or weighted mean difference (WMD). The heterogeneity was assessed using Cochran’s <italic>I</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="j_fon-2018-0032_ref_002_w2aab3b7ab1b6b1ab1b6b2Aa">2</xref> statistic.</sec><sec id="j_fon-2018-0032_s_009_w2aab3b7ab1b6b1aab1c17b4Aa"><title style='display:none' id="d1089171e27418_w2aab3b7ab1b6b1aab1c17b4aAa">Results</title>A total of 12 studies, which encompassed 1440 nursing students (intervention group = 685, control group = 755), were eligible for inclusion in this review. Of 12 included studies, the quality level of one included study was A and of the others was B. The pooled effect size showed that compared with traditional teaching models, the FC could improve nursing students’ self-directed learning skill, as measured by the Self-Directed Learning Readiness Scale (SDLRS), Self-Directed Learning Readiness Scale for Nursing Education (SDLRSNE), Self-Regulated Learning Scale (SRL), Autonomous Learning Competencies scale (ALC), and Competencies of Autonomous Learning of Nursing Students (CALNS). Overall scores and subgroup analyses with the SRL were all in favor of the FC.</sec><sec id="j_fon-2018-0032_s_010_w2aab3b7ab1b6b1aab1c17b5Aa"><title style='display:none' id="d1089171e27426_w2aab3b7ab1b6b1aab1c17b5aAa">Conclusions</title>The result of this meta-analysis indicated that FCs could improve the effect of self-directed learning in nursing education. Future studies with more RCTs using the same measurement tools are needed to draw more authoritative conclusions.</sec></abstract>

Effectiveness of the flipped classroom on the development of self-directed learning in nursing education: a meta-analysis

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title><sec><title style='display:none'>Objective</title>The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of mindfulness meditation (MM) on anxiety, depression, stress and mindfulness in nursing students.</sec><sec><title style='display:none'>Methods</title>A comprehensive search and screening procedures were conducted to locate all MM interventions implemented with nursing students. For randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in accordance with the inclusion criteria, a search was conducted in PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Medline, PsycINFO, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health (CINAHL), Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), China Biology Medicine (CBM), Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) and Wanfang. Databases were retrieved from inception through August 2018. Additional studies were identified through hand searches and Internet searches. Two reviewers collected relevant data of eligible articles according to the data extraction tables. Based on <italic>Cochrane Handbook</italic>, critical appraisal of the methodological quality was assessed by two other reviewers. An Excel form was used to extract main characteristics of included RCTs. Meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis (TSA) were carried out using software RevMan 5.3 and TSA 0.9.</sec><sec><title style='display:none'>Results</title>Five RCTs with 257 nursing students were included. Only two studies were assessed as high quality and three studies were evaluated as moderate quality. Meta-analysis showed that, comparing with the control group, MM could significantly improve anxiety (SMD = −0.45, 95% CI −0.73 to −0.17, <italic>P</italic> = 0.001) and stress (SMD = −0.69, 95% CI −0.97 to −0.40, <italic>P</italic> &lt; 0.001). TSA results confirmed that the outcome of the merger is credible. It could also significantly improve depression level of nursing students after 8 weeks intervention duration (SMD = −0.70, 95% CI −1.14 to −0.26, <italic>P</italic> = 0.002). However, there was no beneficial effect on depression level of nursing students with 1 week intervention duration (SMD = 0.09, 95% CI −0.42 to 0.59, <italic>P</italic> = 0.74) and its effects on mindfulness level of nursing students also did not show statistical significance (SMD = 0.37, 95% CI −0.04 to 0.77, <italic>P</italic> = 0.07). No definitive conclusions were drawn from the TSA.</sec><sec><title style='display:none'>Conclusions</title>The results of this meta-analysis indicated that MM could effectively reduce the level of anxiety and stress of nursing students. TSA confirmed that the results of meta-analysis are credible. For depression, it could also significantly improve depression of nursing students with 8 weeks intervention, but there was no significant effect on nursing students with 1 week intervention duration. There was also no beneficial effect on mindfulness level of nursing students. However, TSA indicated that the accumulated evidence is still inconclusive. We suggest that more well-designed clinical trials with large sample and higher quality would be required in future to draw a definitive conclusion.</sec></abstract>

Effects of mindfulness meditation on anxiety, depression, stress, and mindfulness in nursing students: a meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis of randomized controlled trials

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title><sec id="j_fon-2018-0011_s_006_w2aab3b7b9b1b6b1aab1c18b1Aa"><title style='display:none' id="d965974e6508_w2aab3b7b9b1b6b1aab1c18b1aAa">Objective</title>Problem-solving should be a fundamental component of nursing education because it is a core ability for professional nurses. For more effective learning, nursing students must understand the relationship between self-directed learning readiness and problem-solving ability. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationships among self-directed learning readiness, problem-solving ability, and academic self-efficacy among undergraduate nursing students.</sec><sec id="j_fon-2018-0011_s_007_w2aab3b7b9b1b6b1aab1c18b2Aa"><title style='display:none' id="d965974e6517_w2aab3b7b9b1b6b1aab1c18b2aAa">Methods</title>From November to December 2016, research was conducted among 500 nursing undergraduate students in Tianjin, China, using a self-directed learning readiness scale, an academic self-efficacy scale, a questionnaire related to problem-solving, and self-designed demographics. The response rate was 85.8%.</sec><sec id="j_fon-2018-0011_s_008_w2aab3b7b9b1b6b1aab1c18b3Aa"><title style='display:none' id="d965974e6525_w2aab3b7b9b1b6b1aab1c18b3aAa">Results</title>For Chinese nursing students, self-directed learning readiness and academic self-efficacy reached a medium-to-high level, while problem-solving abilities were at a low level. There were significant positive correlations among the students’ self-directed learning readiness, academic self-efficacy, and problem-solving ability. Furthermore, academic self-efficacy demonstrated a mediating effect on the relationship between the students’ self-directed learning readiness and problem-solving ability.</sec><sec id="j_fon-2018-0011_s_009_w2aab3b7b9b1b6b1aab1c18b4Aa"><title style='display:none' id="d965974e6534_w2aab3b7b9b1b6b1aab1c18b4aAa">Conclusions</title>To enhance students’ problem-solving ability, nursing educators should pay more attention to the positive impact of self-directed learning readiness and self-efficacy in nursing students’ education.</sec></abstract>

Role of academic self-efficacy in the relationship between self-directed learning readiness and problem-solving ability among nursing students

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title><sec><title style='display:none'>Objective</title>To describe the development of interpretive profiles for a hermeneutic phenomenological research study.</sec><sec><title style='display:none'>Methods</title>literature review was conducted to identify research that has used interpretive profiles. An initial interpretive profile was constructed.</sec><sec><title style='display:none'>Results</title>The final outcome was an interpretive profile that contained a case summary and addressed the aims of the researcher's study. The interpretive profile contained background material, coded excerpts, and interpretive comments.</sec><sec><title style='display:none'>Conclusions</title>Interpretive profiles can assist emerging scholars in describing self-world relations and experiential variations within and across participants. Interpretive profiles can facilitate the writing of dissertations and manuscripts since the data is systematically archived and easily retrievable.</sec></abstract>

Analysis methods in hermeneutic phenomenological research: interpretive profiles

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title><sec id="j_fon-2018-0028_s_006_w2aab3b7b5b1b6b1aab1c17b1Aa"><title style='display:none' id="d7278785e9149_w2aab3b7b5b1b6b1aab1c17b1aAa">Objective</title>This meta-analysis aimed to examine the effects of parental involvement in infant care in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs).</sec><sec id="j_fon-2018-0028_s_007_w2aab3b7b5b1b6b1aab1c17b2Aa"><title style='display:none' id="d7278785e9158_w2aab3b7b5b1b6b1aab1c17b2aAa">Methods</title>PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Wanfang database, and VIP database were searched till November 2017. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and controlled clinical trials (CCTs) examining the effect of parental involvement in the NICU were considered for inclusion.</sec><sec id="j_fon-2018-0028_s_008_w2aab3b7b5b1b6b1aab1c17b3Aa"><title style='display:none' id="d7278785e9167_w2aab3b7b5b1b6b1aab1c17b3aAa">Results</title>We included 10 studies (three RCTs, seven CCTs) with a total of 1,851 participants. The meta-analysis demonstrated that there were no statistically significant differences on nosocomial infection between two groups (risk ratio [RR] = 0.90, 95% CI 0.63–1.30, <italic>P =</italic> 0.58). Compared with no parental involvement groups, parental involvement groups showed more weight gain (mean difference [MD] = 1.47, 95% CI 0.65–2.29, <italic>P &lt;</italic> 0.05), higher breast-feeding rate (RR = 1.38, 95% C11.25–1.53, <italic>P &lt;</italic> 0.05), lower readmission rate (RR = 0.35, 95% CI 0.15–0.80, <italic>P &lt;</italic> 0.05), and higher satisfaction rate (RR = 1.09, 95% CI 1.02–1.16, <italic>P&lt;</italic> 0.05).</sec><sec id="j_fon-2018-0028_s_009_w2aab3b7b5b1b6b1aab1c17b4Aa"><title style='display:none' id="d7278785e9191_w2aab3b7b5b1b6b1aab1c17b4aAa">Conclusions</title>Parental involvement in the NICU interventions could not increase the rate of nosocomial infection of neonates, but could improve their weight gain, breast-feeding and parental satisfaction and decrease their readmission. However, since the conclusion of this meta-analysis was drawn based on the limited number of high-quality RCTs, more high-quality studies should be conducted in the future to confirm its positive intervention effects.</sec></abstract>

Effects of parental involvement in infant care in neonatal intensive care units: a meta-analysis

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