<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
Juvenile delinquency represents a serious social problem, and as such should be understood by society, considering the seriousness, importance, danger, and long-term consequences that this problem can have.
Crime as a negative phenomenon has always aroused the interest of society because through criminal actions the most basic goods of humanity are damaged.
It is undeniable that today crime is a fundamental problem that society must face to prevent it. Criminality as a negative social phenomenon is not only characteristic of the adult population, but often also minors appear as actors of criminal behaviour (Sahiti and Murati, 2013).
The problem becomes even greater when minors appear as perpetrators of criminal acts, due to their specific age and not fully formed personality. In this context, juvenile delinquency is a sensitive and delicate phenomenon for many reasons.
Minors who still do not understand and weigh their actions sufficiently are presented as actors of delinquent behaviour, for that reason they are more likely to fall into conflict situations more often.
When we treat juvenile delinquency as a problem and try to solve it in the most efficient and useful way, we must consider many other factors that have a dominant role in juvenile delinquency and thus the delinquency of minors is presented to us as a chain of problems in the links of which there are many factors that require solutions.
Juvenile criminality is an integral part of general criminality. However, due to the age of minors as well as many other characteristics - sociological, psychological, criminological - political, legal, etc., minor perpetrators of criminal offenses have a more lenient, more favourable treatment compared to major criminal perpetrators (Salihu, 2018).
Adolescence is that stage of a person’s life, in which he is formed, and which is accompanied by a large number and variety of physiological and psychological changes. Minors as an integral part of society represent a relatively special world, with special ways and special reactions to the external world’s stimuli.
Therefore, special care should be taken in dealing with them, both when undertaking preventive and repressive measures.
Young people are the future of a society, and with this in mind every society is interested in creating better conditions for life to enable young people to grow and develop properly, resulting in a healthy and capable youth to face life’s challenges.
</abstract>

Fundamental characteristics of juvenile delinquency

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
The increased awareness of the key role of effective management for the success of modern organizations in conditions of globalization has led to numerous questions about the mechanisms that determine the variability of this significant phenomenon. The purpose of this paper is to understand the factors that influence the process of effective management, with a focus on communication skills. This paper investigated the influence of communication skills among managers on effective management in organizations in the Republic of North Macedonia. The paper has a theoretical and empirical character, and the research is oriented towards determining the connection between the communication competencies of managers and management styles. The findings confirm that communication competences are a prerequisite for effective management that includes leadership, and that managers with different levels of communication competence will prefer different management styles. The findings suggest significant links between the three-dimensional integrated management model that is theoretically and operationally defined as a combination of transformational, transactional and liberal management styles with the communication model. These findings speak about the importance of communication skills, which increase with the level of a managerial position where transformational management styles dominate and confirmed the assumption that good and creative communication plays an important role in effective management and becomes crucial in today’s world at all organizational levels.
</abstract>

Communication and creativity of managers in the context of effective management in organizations in the Republic of North Macedonia

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
Role playing in German as a foreign language is very important in understanding its context. This manuscript consists of the following sections:
<list list-type="custom">
<list-item><label>-</label> Definition of role play;</list-item>
<list-item><label>-</label> How does it help students of German language?</list-item>
<list-item><label>-</label> What does role play offer to students?</list-item>
<list-item><label>-</label> Do we find role play exercises in books?</list-item>
</list>
Regarding these issues a google form survey was distributed to students of German language. In this context main purpose of this survey is to check whether the role play exercises are part of the lesson, unit and therefore the learning process.
</abstract>

The use of role-playing in German as a foreign language class in Albania

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
Current advances in technology without any doubt bring numerous advancements to mankind, but also introduce new challenges in regard to human rights. This is particularly true in the context of data protection. Clearly, in the current digital age, data has great value. However, there are great concerns in regard to data collection, processing and its use. These concerns are related to privacy, transparency and accountability. In the technology era, the protection of data rights is crucial for upholding human rights in a digital society, as the widespread collection, storage, and use of personal data pose significant challenges to privacy, autonomy, and non-discrimination. This paper explores the intersection of human rights and data rights, analyzes the legal and ethical dimensions of data protection, and proposes strategies to ensure the effective safeguarding of data rights in order to uphold fundamental human rights principles in the digital age.
</abstract>

Human rights in the technology era – Protection of data rights

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
The article aims to present the contextual translation by Fan Noli, in the translation of the tragedy of ‘Macbeth’ written by William ‘Shakespeare’. It will be analyzed that the process of translation is not only the knowledge of the language, but also the knowledge of the culture for which the text was written. The manuscript also presents that a text in order to be translated from one language to another must be made from a series of guesses on the meaning of the text, giving the context. In this article it will be presented that Noli’s translation does not depend only on the linguistic context, but also on something that lies beyond the text. It shows that it has absolutely great information about the world.
The article will present that Noli’s contextual translation aims to reproduce the original text in a contextual way, adapting to the grammatical structure of the target language. Through contextual translation, Noli aimed to be completely faithful to the intention and realization of the original text of the writer. We will present that Noli’s contextual translation is absolutely flexible and allows his intuition and sensitivity towards the original text. The used methodology is the comparative approach method.
</abstract>

A comparative view between Shakespeare’s “Macbeth” and Fan Noli’s Albanian translation of “Macbeth”

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
Diversion refers to the measures used for children in conflict with law without resorting to criminal prosecution or trial. Therefore, a child or a youth committing a criminal offense may be subjected to specific measures or programs other than the criminal prosecution and trial. Of course, different jurisdictions provide different legal requirements and conditions to be complied with when deciding to apply a diversion measure instead of prosecuting the child or the youth in conflict with law.
In general, children in conflict with law who are under the age of 18 do usually benefit from the diversion measures when all the required conditions are fulfilled in accordance with the national Juvenile Justice Code. From the point of international law, the imposition of diversion measures for children in conflict with law may be considered as a legal obligation deriving from the United Nation Convention on the Rights of the Child and the Beijing Rules.
In Albania, the diversion measures tend to divert children away from the formal proceedings and give priority to the restorative justice or other rehabilitation programs. This paper aims to provide a general overview of the diversion measures and their importance for the well-being of the children involved in criminal activities.
The scope of the paper is focused on the diversion measures provided by the new Albanian Criminal Justice for Children Code with the aim to repair the harm caused by the offence and rehabilitate the children in conflict with law. In conclusion, the paper highlights the benefits of the diversion measures compared to punitive measures and traditional justice by providing such alternatives as the best way to promote the well-being of children in conflict with law and their inclusion in society.
</abstract>

A comprehensive review of the diversion of children in conflict with law from judicial proceedings in Albania: Assessing alternatives to traditional justice

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
The donation contract, as delineated in the Albanian Civil Code, symbolizes the altruistic and compassionate ethos upon which is founded. Its primary aim is to embody acts of generosity and selflessness, reflecting the donor’s relinquishment of ownership for the benefit of the recipient. The motivation behind entering this legal relationship is rooted in the donor’s desire to enhance the recipient’s assets, a sentiment essential for the contract’s efficacy.
The transition in Albania’s political landscape has brought forth a new legislative ethos, prompting adaptations to legal provisions in alignment with contemporary requirements. As property relations evolve, influenced by political and historical shifts, so too does the donation contract. Addressing the challenges encountered in donation contracts, Albanian legal scholars have sought solutions that align with evolving social dynamics. While current legislation offers broader provisions for donation contracts compared to previous iterations, ambiguities persist. Thus, there’s a recognized need for enhancements and clarifications, achieved through comparative analysis of Albanian and Italian legislation on donations. This comparison aims to elucidate critical yet ambiguous aspects of donation contracts for readers and scholars. One such issue pertains to categorizing donations accurately, determining whether they stem from unilateral acts or real contracts. The Civil Code unequivocally designates donation as a contractual arrangement. Regarding the grounds for revoking donation contracts, Albanian law delineates only two cases wherein donors can revoke donations, in contrast to Italian law, which affords donors this right in numerous circumstances. Italian jurisprudence and the previous Albanian Civil Code, unlike the current one, recognize another ground for revocation: the birth of the donor’s children. This provision aims to safeguard donors who, had they known about impending births at the time of donation, might have reconsidered their decision.
</abstract>

A Comparative Analysis of Donation Contract in Albanian and Italian Contract Law

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
The Entrepreneurship contract is one of the most widespread contracts in the domestic market. It is the most useful contract, for the investors or the entrepreneur which intend to develop their projects. It is a contract which has served for decades as a mechanism of economic development due to the characteristics it carries. In this contract, one party (entrepreneur) is obliged, with its own resources and assuming the risk, to perform an act (job), or to accomplish a work or service while the other party is obliged to accept it against the price specified in the contract. The professional practice of this contract has often been transformed, or modified, approaching its special nature. This paper aims to reveal practices and approaches to legislation through interventions by means of legal and by-laws, which distort the contract, the obligations that hinder the parties, the unavoidable risks that affect the project, and in general all situations that cause legal instability. This manuscript will try to make some proposals, in two aspects. The first aspect has to do with clauses which give more legal certainty to the existing system. Second, it will try to challenge legislators by exposing potential developments that could end standards confrontations or legal ambiguities.
</abstract>

Reflection on the entrepreneurship contract in the current market conditions in Albania

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
A recent trend in employee management reveals a new and modern tool for enhancing motivation at work. Gamification is the use of game elements in a non-game environment, not only to create a better experience for users, but also to better administer in that setting. Gamification elements could virtually satisfy employees’ psychological need, hence – according to Self-Determination Theory (SDT), help with employee motivation. The research shows that gamification may be able to positively influence employees’ sense of achievement, work affiliation, and recognition. Further research is needed to clarify and testify this notion.
</abstract>

Exploring how gamification potentially motivates employees - A research in Vietnamese businesses

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
More than three decades after the totalitarian regime collapse, Albania is still categorized as a hybrid democracy despite having made consistent strides toward becoming a liberal democracy. Most local political leaders have remained antagonistic towards liberal democratic principles. In 2019, relations between the European Union (EU) and Albania were at a special stage of development. After a difficult period and tensions in the EU, the European Council decided to postpone the decision to start membership talks with Albania and North Macedonia. Apart from this issue, Albania had other challenges in 2019, including institutional and political conflict, justice reform, the fight against corruption, and the consolidation of democratic structures. This article examines the intricate connections that Albanian political representatives and institutions maintain with foreign organizations and entities. It specifically highlights the role that the EU Delegation played in mediating the political and institutional crises of 2019. Although the external incentives models provide a useful foundation for understanding Albania’s Europeanization process, other factors that may be relevant and encourage the ongoing democratization and rule adoption are indicated by the country’s low membership credibility.
</abstract>

Prospects for integration and Obstacles to democracy - EU’s role in the Albanian political crisis

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
Time limits for preliminary investigation and it’s duration is part of the right to a regular legal process, provided for by Article 42 of the Constitution of the Republic of Albania.<xref ref-type="fn" rid="j_ejels-2024-0009_fn_001">1</xref>
The deadline of the preliminary investigation begins from the date that the name of the person whom the criminal offence is attributed to has been written in the register of notification of criminal offence and ends at the moment the investigations are completed with the relevant acts, the end of the investigations, etc. The duration of the preliminary investigations are different, depending on the prosecution, so in the general jurisdiction prosecution, the preliminary investigation period is 3 months and in the special jurisdiction prosecution it is 6 months. Extension of the preliminary investigation can be done periodically every 3 months, with a maximum term of 2 years, by the prosecutor of the concrete case. In addition to this 2-year period, the deadline can be extended by one more year by the General Prosecutor for the prosecutors of the general jurisdiction and by the Head of the Special Prosecution against Organized Crime and Corruption, for the prosecutors of this prosecution.
The goal of the legislator who has set deadlines for the preliminary investigation is not only the completion of the investigation within a reasonable period, but also the legality, validity of all acts and the usefulness of all the evidence obtained during this period of the preliminary investigation. In this way, the legislator has disciplined the preliminary investigation and its validity. Thus, in order for the investigation to be valid, all evidence and procedural acts must be done within this validity period.
But what happens if the investigative actions are carried out after the preliminary investigation period? What about the procedural acts that the prosecutor compiles at the end and beyond the deadline of the preliminary investigation, will they be valid and usable? These and other will be part of the analysis of this article.
</abstract>

Preliminary investigation and invalidity of investigative actions

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
Constitution of the World Health Organization defines health as “a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.” According to latest Global Cancer Data there are more than 20 million new cancer cases and it is predicted to increase to 77% by 2050. The incidence of kidney impairment in patients with cancer is high and it is related with reduced cancer survival. These numbers confirm that both conditions impact health quality of life and need a multidisciplinary approach in order to provide professional care. Onco-Nephrology is a new evolving sub-speciality that addresses the intersection between oncology and nephrology. In this manuscript we aim to highlight the essential role of approved and specialised knowledge as a need of the hour among these patients, to the fullest attainment of health.
</abstract>

Onco-Nephrology - The need of the hour for kidney care in cancer patients

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
The discourse on transitional justice and coming to terms with the past following 32 years of regime change in post-communist Albania continues to cause further polarization within society. The timeline of nearly thirty years has been fueled by extreme debates and harsh statements which have resulted in the division of society in two camps of public judgment-the communists and the anti-communists. The number of studies conducted on the impact of transitional justice on democratic backsliding is quite limited, and similarly, there is a paucity of research on the correlation between transitional justice and polarization within the country. Albania’s transitional justice dynamic can be better understood by contextualizing it in terms of regime change and consolidation, which would bring significant insights. The primary objective of this paper is to concentrate on the theoretical and conceptual framework of transitional justice, and to discuss its primary differences in how it deals with the past. In the second part of the paper, a detailed analysis of the discourse of the elite will be presented, aimed at addressing the fundamental question posed in this paper, which is “to what extent has the political domain utilized TJ to polarize society”?
</abstract>

Transitional Justice as a tool for polarization in Albania

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
EU-NATO relations have come to the spotlight particularly due to the increasing focus of the EU on strengthening its military dimension as part of its evolving Common Security and Defense Policy. In this context, Kosovo provides a very interesting case concerning the level of cooperation between the EU and NATO in the area of crisis management given that the EU maintains in Kosovo the largest civilian mission launched to date (i.e. EULEX) which can also make use of a limited number of executive powers whereas NATO has deployed KFOR as a peacekeeping mission in Kosovo since 1999. This article aims at elucidating the relations between EULEX and KFOR on the ground amidst the lack of a formal agreement on the coordination of strategic efforts between NATO and the EU at the military strategic level.
</abstract>

EU-NATO Cooperation in the Area of Crisis Management: Case of Kosovo

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
Corporate transactions form the foundation of modern business activities, including mergers, acquisitions, partnerships and commercial agreements. Such transactions are supported by contractual relationships that define rights, obligations and expectations between multiple parties. This paper uses a methodology that integrates a comprehensive literature review with a legal analysis, surrounding contract formation, interpretation, performance and remedies in the corporate context. The legal analysis component examines relevant contract law principles and precedents, examining their application and relevance to corporate transactions. This analysis identifies the legal complexities and challenges inherent in these transactions and assesses the effectiveness of contract law in addressing them. This analysis verifies that contract law is an essential aspect of learning and engaging in corporate transactions. It demonstrates how the principles of contract law provide a framework for negotiation, execution and resolution of disputes within these transactions. It underlines the importance of knowledge of contract law in mitigating risks and ensuring the successful implementation of corporate transactions. In conclusion, contract law plays an important role in learning and conducting corporate transactions.
</abstract>

Law of Contracts: Their presence in corporate transactions learning

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
The 2008 financial crisis has required new methods for portfolios diversification. In the same year, Maillard, Roncalli and Teiletche (2008) suggested a method that maximizes the diversification which is called Risk Parity or Equally weighted Risk Contribution strategy. The most common method to use the Risk Parity approach is to use the standard deviation as risk measure. In this paper, we describe a method to apply Risk Parity to the Expected shortfall or also known as Conditional Value at Risk using a numerical approximation from discrete historical observation. The expected shortfall can use the advantage of being a coherent measure, not to forget that it is also a convex measure, which is very useful in the optimization. Another advantage is that the Risk Parity approach doesn’t need the estimation of the expected return as an input. Usually, the models that require the expected returns, such as the Markowitz, model have higher concentration in a smaller number of assets. This will bring a very high turnover and drawdown of the performance. The performance analysis in this paper is applied in mixed portfolios composed by stock, bonds and commodities. They show also how better this model performs in case of the crisis. We also identify not only the strong points but also the week points of these models.
</abstract>

Numerical approximation in the application of Risk Parity with Conditional Value at Risk in case of mixed portfolios

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
The right to private and family life is difficult to define, since it encompasses a wide range of overlapping and interrelated rights that protect the individual’s freedom from state interference. This means that the individual has the right to live free from state interference, placing the individual in a higher position compared to the state in the enjoyment of this right. The right to private and family life is protected both at the international level by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the International Convention on Civil and Political Rights, the European Convention on Human Rights and at domestic level starting with the Constitution of the Republic of Albania and the legal framework. This right may be limited under specific conditions for the interest of others, provided that the interference is not arbitrary or unlawful. The article deals with the development of the right to private and family life in Albania at the constitutional level, at different periods of time, highlighting the range and the progress of this right compared to international legal framework. The article highlights one of the aspects of the right to private and family life such as data protection, on the challenges faced by the development of technology and the digital environment. The analysis is accompanied with the jurisprudence of European Court of Human Rights which elucidates the engagement undertaken by Albania as a contracting party of the European Convention to raise the standards of protection of human rights.
</abstract>

The right to private and family life and the need for protection against the digital environment

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European Journal of Economics, Law and Social Sciences

European Journal of Economics, Law and Social Sciences is an international journal published in Austria focused on interdisciplinary research. The need for interdisciplinary approaches as...

European Journal of Economics, Law and Social Sciences is an international journal published in Austria focused on interdisciplinary research. The...