Volumen 22 (2012): Heft 1 (June 2012)

Combat missions of both a single multi-role manned aircraft (MMRA) and a group of aircraft. Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and operations thereof. Airspace for combat missions. Issues of UAV control. Scenarios of air operations with MMRA and UAVs engaged. The risk of collision in the airspace. Probability that flight routes overlap and hence, the risk of collision.

A system to support maintenance, approached with respect to particular maintenance actions. The modelling of a smart system to support maintenance of multi-role aircraft. Diagnostic- properties determining accomplishment of an air operation. A standard maintenance cycle. A maintenance programme targeted at the multi-role aircraft fleet.

Combat missions of both a single multi-role aircraft and a group of aircraft. Scenarios of air operations. Probabilistic models of air-to-air and air-to-surface operations (AAO and ASO, respectively). Probability that air combat missions of the AA and AS types prove successful.

Combat missions of both a single multi-role aircraft and a group of aircraft. Compatibility and readiness - properties determining accomplishment of an air operation. Scenarios of air operations. Models of air-to-air and air-to-surface operations (AAO and ASO, respectively). Computer modelling of air missions.

This paper presents the procedure to be followed in order to determine the optimal time of non-repair component of the air operator's aircraft fleet. This problem is very important because of the losses that may occur as a result of too late the decision to replace and the damaged might occur during the operation of the airplane. On the other hand, the operator suffers losses because of too frequent replacements. These losses are generated by very early replacement of the efficient equipment and in addition generate excessive workload sharing on its assessment, the impact of human factors and increase the aircraft downtime. There is thus an optimal solution for which the objective function is to maximize the technical and operational readiness expressing the ratio of aircraft downtime and the time of its use as intended uptime with minimal costs. The optimal condition for the data component of the failure rate was determined and presented in this paper. The resulting replace component of the optimal interval must then be correlated with other work to do on an airplane as Maintenance Programme - MP.

The paper presents forward-looking approach to airframe design and development by integrated design philosophy with the philosophy of sustainability management service in terms of quality, taking into account the whole life cycle of the aircraft and the interactions between the different phases. The approach has been presented pro-quality. The determinants of quality and relationships has been identified. The concept of an advisory system logistics support airframe design using artificial intelligence methods.

The paper proposes a selected key issues in the efficient formation of the airframe structure. The issues of concern design lifetime, manufacturing, command of the durability proposed in the accelerated tests and management of sustainability in the operation. A key importance is of the creating a durability of the airframe, which affects to choice materials and construction solutions. A key problem is modeling the system of exploitation and the inclusion of all the factors influencing the persistence in the aspect of aviation regulatory requirements. A key area influencing the prevention after air accidents, causes by loss of structural coherence of the airframe macroscopic structure. A key importance is the use of accelerated durability testing. A key issue is to determine if the concept of durability and viability are separate or similar in characteristics of durability. The key is to determine the diamonds of quality. A key importance is attributed to diagnostics, including integrated to airframe structure, defining a continuous condition of the aircraft through research pre-fault symptoms. These studies provide the knowledge which determines prevention activities.

Algorithms of solutions to navigational problems usually comprise elements for numerical calculations. Apart from random errors, numerical errors of varying nature can be found in them. These errors are due to the level of precision of input data, the approximability of computing methods and errors generated by the computing very process itself in a computer. The latter category includes numerical precision (floating point of a numerical notation) and rounding off of numbers. These errors are analyzed as absolute and relative errors, rounding off errors and are regarded as random errors with a triangular distribution. Over the last decade or more the interval analysis of rounding off errors has been dynamically developing. Despite increased computing effort (costs), in some cases such analysis is necessary, particularly when we want to get a result of specific precision. It can be extended as an analysis of random errors with uniform distribution.

The paper presents fundamentals of an innovative diagnostic method using operation information (imported in the form of dimensionless number of points). This process consists in the fact that for any change in the signal (depending on the signal value and the time when the change occurs) appropriate number of points determined by the by experts is assigned. The existing methods of assesing the operability include summing of all the points and then determining the current state and maintance level [10]. The proposed method uses these signals expressed in the form of points to determine the coupled interaction equations [3] defining parameters of the control and technical states, which are the basis for the assessment of the plant’s operability. In addition, the changes in control and technical states can be used to identifiy the parametric and momentary failures, and thus for the continuous monitoring of plants operability [7].

The article discusses the opportunities of evaluation results of ball bearings diagnostic tests including signals from bearing and its environment. Diagnostic signals are obtained tribological methods, signals from environment functional methods. Relations between the two signals are described autocorrelation functions and cross. It has been shown that for a small number of measurements (3, 4) diagnostic thresholds μ+σ, μ+2σ, μ+3σ are reliable if covariance γ_xy² will be close to 1, and the strengthening of amplitude |A|² is close to 0.

The quality of being able to operate safely (S, in Polish - bezpieczność) and the quality of being hazard-prone (Z, in Polish - zagrożeniowość, zagrażalność), Z being the opposite of S, are important properties of any maritime vessel and/or aircraft, i.e. any engineering system/device (UT). The rates W_S and W_Z considered in terms of probability and remaining within the [0, 1] interval are measures of these properties. High value of W_S enables the engineering system/device (UT) to be operated with the possibly maximum safety. The sum of W_S and W_Z is one (unity), whereas the product thereof satisfies the following condition: W_S x W_Z ≤ 1. The derived equation of indeterminacy points out to the fact that any increase in the value of W_S by subsequent increments ΔWs, which makes the W_S approach the limit of unity, demands ever greater amount of power and abilities, i.e. energy (expenses).

At the beginning of the XXI century unmanned underwater vehicles such as ROV or AUV became common in use around the world. They are useful, practical and helpful in many underwater works. Moreover, in many cases they can be a good replacement for men. But to secure good man-machine cooperation or substitution high reliability is required as well as safety in everyday use - especially in the Navy. Therefore, beyond functionality, these two main factors are the most important in designing and then operating such vehicles. It can be achieved in many different ways, but one of the most sensitive and prone to damage elements is vehicle propulsion system. Commonly in use bare propellers are in danger of being damaged by many different things floating under the surface. To try to avoid such situation and find an alternative solution, there was an idea to design and build the ROV powered by a waterjet drive. This paper focuses on numerical drag prediction for underwater vehicle with two different propulsion systems. The pros and cons for each solution are also presented.

The paper presents a risk management of hazards for route between Ławica - Kobylnica - Bednary airports. The evaluation was performed using a TRANS-RISK method. The authors introduced these airports, described the route and identified sources of hazards, risk and their consequences. To estimated the risk authors used risk assessment methodology - MICE SCORE. In summary, the identified risks are characterized by risk category defined as acceptable, tolerable or not acceptable.

The paper presents the results of emission research city buses fueled by compressed natural gas and diesel. The exhaust emission tests were performed under actual traffic conditions on a regular bus line. For the measurement was used a mobile exhaust analyzer for the group of PEMS - SEMTECH DS by Sensors Inc. Based on the obtained of the result the test determined the impact of applied compressed natural gas to reduce exhaust emissions for a vehicle fueled by diesel.

The paper presents discusses the application of photovoltaic cells and provides information on solar energy in Poland. Article presents examples of research emission two buses, one of them was equipped with additional auxiliary photovoltaic system. Measurements was carried out in on-road, in urban traffic - bus line public transport. For measurement was used mobile gas analyzer included in Portable Emissions Measurement Systems (PEMS). The results have been developed in such a way as to determine the relative influence of the system implemented on the total environmental performance of the vehicle.

The article presents the results of emission test Sport Utility Vehicle (SUV) with diesel engine, equipped with start-stop system. Measurements was carried out in on-road conditions in urban traffic. Article presents a method of work implemented start-stop system, and the characteristics of the implemented battery Absorbent Glass Mat (AGM). Analysis of the results allowed to indicate the effectiveness of the system and its impact on emission per second. In addition was determined road emission and fuel consumption from performed test. For measurement was used mobile gas analyser SEMTECH DS included in Portable Emissions Measurement Systems (PEMS)

Turbojet engine is a complex technical object. It fulfils an important role in the civil and military aviation. Its undesired operation can lead to tragic accidents. Hence the large role takes the proper preparation for work and adequate regulation. The correctness of the engine work is tested periodically during ground tests. During the ground tests the responses to set engine control lever (DSS) shift is examined, thus means that the engine is examined from the "set point". During ground testing is not possible to reflect the impact of changing conditions during engine operation in flight so the engine is not tested on the noise signal. It turns out that it is the properties of the noise signal often have a decisive effect on the engine operation correctness and by that on the safety of the flight. Hence there is a need to develop methods to assess the state of the engine control signal from noise on the basis of standard ground test from the set point (delivered by the DSS).