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Serological evidence of influenza D virus circulation among cattle in Poland

Małgorzata Kwaśnik

Małgorzata Kwaśnik

Department of Virology and Viral Animal Diseases, National Veterinary Research InstitutePuławy, Poland
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Kwaśnik, Małgorzata
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Jerzy Rola

Jerzy Rola

Department of Virology and Viral Animal Diseases, National Veterinary Research InstitutePuławy, Poland
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Rola, Jerzy
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Magdalena Larska

Magdalena Larska

Department of Virology and Viral Animal Diseases, National Veterinary Research InstitutePuławy, Poland
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Larska, Magdalena
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Wojciech Rożek

Wojciech Rożek

Department of Virology and Viral Animal Diseases, National Veterinary Research InstitutePuławy, Poland
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Rożek, Wojciech
  
Sep 09, 2025
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Published Online: Sep 09, 2025
Received: Apr 25, 2025
Accepted: Sep 08, 2025
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/jvetres-2025-0048
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© 2025 Małgorzata Kwaśnik et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Fig. 1.

Voivodeship map of Poland. Grey shading indicates the regions of origin of cattle tested for anti–influenza D virus antibodies. The number of cattle tested and corresponding seroprevalence are provided for each region
Voivodeship map of Poland. Grey shading indicates the regions of origin of cattle tested for anti–influenza D virus antibodies. The number of cattle tested and corresponding seroprevalence are provided for each region

Fig. 2.

Scatter plots of influenza D virus antibody titres obtained by haemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay and virus neutralisation (VN) test. The positive slope (1.6558) suggests that an increase in HI titre was associated with a corresponding increase in VN titre
Scatter plots of influenza D virus antibody titres obtained by haemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay and virus neutralisation (VN) test. The positive slope (1.6558) suggests that an increase in HI titre was associated with a corresponding increase in VN titre

Fig. 3.

Box plot diagrams of the distribution of haemagglutinin inhibition (HI) and virus neutralisation (VN) titres in three age groups of cattle (A) and with regard to the origin of the animals tested (B); only positive HI and VN titres were considered. The whiskers are the 25th and 75th quartiles. The lines across the middle of the boxes identify the median values of titres
Box plot diagrams of the distribution of haemagglutinin inhibition (HI) and virus neutralisation (VN) titres in three age groups of cattle (A) and with regard to the origin of the animals tested (B); only positive HI and VN titres were considered. The whiskers are the 25th and 75th quartiles. The lines across the middle of the boxes identify the median values of titres

Analysis of influenza D virus seroprevalence in relation to cattle age, sex and voivodeship of origin

Variable Seroprevalence in cattle in haemagglutination inhibition assay
n/N1 % (95% CI2) Chi-squared P-value
Age group
Calves (≤1 year old) 11/98 11.2 (5.7–19.2) 55.2 <0.001
young adults 2–4 years old) 202/381 53.0 (47.9–58.1)
older adults (≥5 years old) 128/276 46.4 (40.4–52.4)
Sex
female 71/283 25.1 (20.1–30.6) 2.5 <0.1
male 4/32 12.5 (3.5–29.0)
missing data 266/440 60.4 (55.7–65.0)
Voivodeship
Dolnośląskie 30/169 17.8 (12.3–24.3) 123.5 <0.001
Lubelskie 44/105 41.9 (32.2–51.9)
Podkarpackie 1/41 2.4 (0.1–12.8)
Wielkopolskie 266/440 60.4 (55.7–65.0)
Language:
English
Publication timeframe:
4 times per year
Journal Subjects:
Life Sciences, Molecular Biology, Microbiology and Virology, Life Sciences, other, Medicine, Veterinary Medicine
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