Nondestructive Test Technology Research for Yarn Linear Density Unevenness

Bin Zhou; Huiling Wang; Ke Wang; Jumei Zhao; Hongtao Zhou; Shihui Huang

Journal & Issue Details

Autex Research Journal

Journal Details

Format: Journal
eISSN: 2300-0929
First Published: 19 Oct 2012
Publication timeframe: 4 times per year
Languages: English

Yarn linear density and linear density unevenness between fragments involve the mass and mass variation of yarn per unit length, which are important indices to reflect the uniformity of yarn thickness. Aiming at the shortcomings of the traditional testing method, which uses a yarn length tester to test these indices by counting length first and then cutting and measuring weight, a testing device that measures weight and counts length synchronously is designed and developed, so that the yarn can be continuous, recyclable, and reusable. Length counting is conducted by a length-counting disk connected to a photoelectric coded disk, and the result of length counting can be accurate to 0.01 m. The original skein frame with a perimeter of 1 m is replaced, so that the error caused by yarn overlapping is avoided. Through program control, the testing of a plurality of groups of linear density values can be completed at one time to calculate the linear density unevenness of different fragments of yarn, and the yarn can be led to a recovery spool through a yarn guide cylinder to form a new package. Polyester/viscose 65/35 blended yarn was taken as a test sample and subjected to statistical analysis using SPSS software. It is found that the results of the newly developed device are closer to the arbitration value; the whole experiment is completed at one time, which avoids the secondary error and reduces the labor intensity; and the raw materials can be recycled, which saves labor and raw material costs. The device has high value for industrialization and popularization.

Keywords

Yarn linear density
fragment unevenness
weight measurement
length counting
synchronization testing
nondestructive recovery

Article

Introduction

Yarn is a semi-finished textile product, and its fineness and fineness unevenness are essential to the physical and mechanical properties, hand feeling, style, and other performance aspects of textiles [1]. They are important indices for the testing of conventional structural parameters of textile products and important bases for product design. Yarn fineness can be expressed in terms of yarn diameter, cross-sectional area, and linear density [2,3,4]. Lin ear density is a physical quantity that represents the mass of an object per unit length. Because yarn is a flexible body, which has filoplume on the surface and irregular cross-section and is easy to deform under the influence of external forces, the yarn thickness expressed by diameter involves its apparent diameter under certain bulky conditions [5, 6]. The measurement of cross-sectional area of yarn is time-consuming and laborious, and it is troublesome to make slices [7]. The refore, the yarn fineness is often expressed by linear density in practice. The length and weight of yarn must be measured during the testing of yarn linear density, which is called a length-counting and weight-measuring method, and also called a cutting and weight-measuring method. In general, yarn of a specified length is taken as a test unit, and is dried, weighed, and converted into a mass value under commercial moisture regain, so that the yarn linear density can be calculated [8,9,10,11]. Unevenness of linear density between yarn fragments translates to mass variation of yarn per unit length, and is an important index to reflect the uniformity of yarn thickness. The length-counting and weight-measuring method is also the most basic and simplest method for measuring the uniformity of yarn thickness, especially the unevenness of medium- and long-fragment yarn. In this method, the yarn to be tested is cut into the required number of fragments with the length as similar to each other as possible, according to the actual situation and the requirements of test accuracy. The fragments are weighed, respectively, and then the mean difference unevenness H (mean difference coefficient), the average variance coefficient CV, and the range coefficient J are calculated using the characteristic indices that measure the discreteness in mathematical statistics [12,13,14]. At present, the fineness unevenness of strips, rough yarn, and fine yarn is generally determined by the length-counting and weight-measuring method in textile mills, which can detect the mass unevenness of yarn fragments of various lengths. This method is still widely used in general productive long-fragment testing, and has important application value for the research requiring high accuracy, the correction of readings of other unevenness testing devices, and the comprehensive analysis and evaluation in conjunction with other devices [15,16,17].

In accordance with the requirements of relevant testing standards such as GB/T4743 Textiles - Yarn from packages - Determination of linear density (mass per unit length) by the skein method (China) and ISO 2060 Textiles - Yarn from packages - Determination of linear density (mass per unit length) by the skein method, a yarn length tester is often used for length counting and weight measurement of yarn (cutting and weight-measuring method) (Figure 1). However, this testing method has the following defects: 1. The length counting is not accurate. As can be seen from Figure 1(a), the skein frame with a perimeter of 1m is used for yarn winding; the yarn on the skein frame overlaps seriously as the number of winding turns increases; as a result, the actual testing length of the sample is excessive, and the final experimental results are also excessive. 2. Length counting and weight measurement are carried out separately. After being wound to the set number of turns, the yarn shall be cut off from the frame and then put on an electronic balance for weighing. It is easy for this to result in secondary error. For the experiment of linear density unevenness, 30 to 50 groups of data need to be independently tested, which takes a long time and has high labor intensity. 3. Yarn fragments of different lengths can be obtained by setting the number of turns of the device according to the actual needs, but due to the limitation of the perimeter of the yarn frame, it is not possible to obtain yarn fragments of less than 1 m long. 4. Raw materials cannot be recycled, leading to serious waste. The reeled yarn is twisted into a ball after being cut off and weighed. It is basically not worth recycling for utilization and can only be treated as waste yarn, which results in serious waste of raw materials.

Length-counting and weight-measuring using yarn length tester

In this paper, a testing device for linear density and linear density unevenness that “measures weight and counts length synchronously, and is nondestructive, keeping yarn continuous, recyclable and reusable” is designed and developed to solve such problems as “inaccurate length counting due to yarn overlapping, and discontinuous and non-recoverable yarn due to separate length counting and weight measurement” in the process of length counting and weight measurement of the yarn length tester. Typical yarn samples are tested and analyzed.

Experimental Design

2.1

Machine design

The functional units of the device are designed following the idea that “the weight is measured first and then the length is counted, the weight measurement and length counting are carried out synchronously and completed at one time, and nondestructive recovery of the yarn can be realized.” As shown in Figure 2 and Figure 3, the device mainly consists of four parts, including an electronic weight measurement unit, an electronic length-counting unit, a yarn recovery unit and a computing control unit. Among them, the electronic weight measurement unit and the electronic length-counting unit send the mass and length values of a yarn sample under testing to the computing control unit before and after winding, respectively, for linear density and linear density unevenness index conversion, and the yarn recovery unit re-rolls and recycles the wound yarn.

(1)

Electronic weight measurement unit. The core component of this unit is an electronic balance, which transmits the values of the mass of bobbin yarn or cheese yarn before and after winding to the computing control unit. The electronic balance has an accuracy of 0.01 g and a range of 2200 g, which meets the mass requirements of conventional cheese yarn or other rolled yarn.

(2)

Electronic length-counting unit. Figure 4 and Figure 5 show the electronic length-counting unit. The unit consists of a length-counting device, above and below which there is a yarn tension device and a yarn guide hook, respectively. The length-counting device has a length-counting disk, which is connected to a photoelectric coded disk through a rotating shaft. The coded disk has a resolution of 50, and is able to accurately count the number of turns of the length-counting disk, and the counting result can be accurate to 0.02 turn. The coded disk of a different resolution can also be used according to a different test accuracy requirement. The length-counting disk replaces the original skein frame with a perimeter of 1 m of the yarn length tester, which avoids the error caused by yarn overlapping. The periphery of the length-counting disk is designed as a groove, the perimeter of the groove is 30±0.1 cm, and the friction coefficient of the groove is relatively large. The length-counting disk is provided with a pair of yarn tension devices and a pair of yarn guide hooks which hold the yarn to be tested, so as to prevent the yarn in the groove from loosening and slipping and ensure the accuracy of length counting. The actual winding length is the product of the number of turns of the length-counting disk and the perimeter of the groove. Before weighing with the balance, the tension of the lower yarn tension device is released to ensure that the yarn is loose and prevent tension on the yarn from interfering with the weighing of the electronic balance, so as to avoid excessive results.

(3)

Yarn recovery unit. This unit is the source of power throughout the testing. As shown in Figure 6, the unit consists of a yarn guide cylinder, a spool, and a variable frequency motor. The yarn guide cylinder is connected to the variable frequency motor through a rotating shaft, and the variable frequency motor controls the rotational speed of the yarn guide cylinder. During winding, the yarn guide cylinder rotates at a high speed, and drives the spool to rotate by its surface friction. The surface of the yarn guide cylinder is provided with closed left and right spiral grooves, which can guide the yarn to reciprocate along the axial direction of the spool, so as to achieve uniform winding around the spool and finally form a good package.

(4)

Computing control unit. With a Windows CE human-machine dialogue processing system for program control, the electronic weight measurement unit transmits the data of the electronic balance before and after yarn winding to the computing control unit in real time, the electronic length-counting unit transmits the collected number of turns of the length-counting disk to the computing control unit, which can be completed automatically, and the computing control unit automatically calculates the yarn linear density and linear density unevenness according to the input experimental parameters.

Device appearance structure chart (left: main view, middle: side view, right: physical picture)

Schematic diagram of electronic length-counting unit

Images of electronic length-counting device

2.2

Testing methods

The testing of yarn linear density and linear density unevenness mainly includes the following steps:

Power-on self-test and automatic zero setting of the electronic balance. Input basic parameters to the computing control unit to set the winding length and the number of times of testing.

Put bobbin yarn or cheese yarn to be tested on the weighing disk of the electronic balance, lead out the thrum, discard the first 2 to 3 meters of thrum, pass the yarn through the yarn tension device (lower), the yarn guide hook (lower), the length-counting disk, the yarn tension device (upper) and the yarn guide hook (upper) successively, and then guide the yarn to the recovery spool through the yarn guide cylinder. Adjust the yarn tension device according to GB/T4743-2009 (China), and set the yarn tension, so as to ensure that the yarn is straight but not elongated.

Transmit the mass G_f of the yarn sample to be tested before winding to the computing control unit after the electronic balance is stabilized.

The computing control unit drives the variable frequency motor to operate, the variable frequency motor drives the yarn guide cylinder to draw yarn, and the yarn drives the length-counting disk to rotate. The number of turns of the length-counting disk is obtained by the coded disk, and the data are transmitted to the computing control unit. The actual winding length is the product of the number of turns of the length-counting disk and the perimeter of the groove. When the winding length is 10 meters shorter than the set length, the variable frequency motor is made to operate at a low speed (20 r/min) until the winding length reaches the set value, so as to avoid excessive winding of yarn. Whenever the electronic balance is used to measure the mass, the lower yarn tension device falls down to relax the tensioned yarn, ensuring that the weighing result of the electronic balance is not affected by the yarn tension. Transmit the mass G_s of the yarn sample to be tested after winding to the computing control unit after the electronic balance is stabilized.

The Windows CE human-machine dialogue system automatically calculates the linear density value of the yarn under testing according to formula 1 based on the mass difference ΔG before and after yarn winding, the set yarn length L, and the actual moisture regain W_s. The previous testing procedures will be automatically repeated until the testing data of the N_th sample are obtained, and the linear density unevenness CV between fragments of the yarn under testing is calculated according to formula 2 (or formula 3). (1) $N_{tex} = \frac{(G_{f} - G_{s})}{L} \times \frac{1 + W_{k}}{1 + W_{s}} \times 1000$ {{\rm{N}}_{{\rm{tex}}}} = {{\left( {{{\rm{G}}_{\rm{f}}} - {{\rm{G}}_{\rm{s}}}} \right)} \over {\rm{L}}} \times {{1 + {{\rm{W}}_{\rm{k}}}} \over {1 + {{\rm{W}}_{\rm{s}}}}} \times 1000 where N_tex is the yarn linear density (Tex), G_f is the yarn mass (g) before winding, G_s is the yarn mass (g) after winding, W_k is the commercial moisture regain (%) of the yarn, and W_s is the actual moisture regain of the yarn. (2) $CV = \frac{\sqrt{\frac{\sum_{i = 1}^{N} {(Δ G_{i} - \bar{Δ G_{i}})}^{2}}{N}}}{\bar{Δ G_{i}}} \times 100 %$ {\rm{CV}} = {{\sqrt {{{\sum\limits_{{\rm{i}} = 1}^{\rm{N}} {{{\left( {\Delta {{\rm{G}}_{\rm{i}}} - \overline {\Delta {{\rm{G}}_{\rm{i}}}} } \right)}^2}} } \over {\rm{N}}}} } \over {\overline {\Delta {{\rm{G}}_{\rm{i}}}} }} \times 100\% where CV is the linear density unevenness (%) between fragments, ΔG_i is the testing mass (g) of each group of yarn, and $\bar{Δ G_{i}}$ \overline {\Delta {{\rm{G}}_{\rm{i}}}} is the average value of testing mass (g) of each group of yarn. Formula 3 shall be used for calculation when the test sample is less than 50 times. (3) $CV = \frac{\sqrt{\frac{\sum_{i = 1}^{N} {(Δ G_{i} - \bar{Δ G_{i}})}^{2}}{N - 1}}}{\bar{Δ G_{i}}} \times 100 %$ {\rm{CV}} = {{\sqrt {{{\sum\limits_{{\rm{i}} = 1}^{\rm{N}} {{{\left( {\Delta {{\rm{G}}_{\rm{i}}} - \overline {\Delta {{\rm{G}}_{\rm{i}}}} } \right)}^2}} } \over {{\rm{N}} - {\rm{1}}}} } } \over {\overline {\Delta {{\rm{G}}_{\rm{i}}}} }}\times 100\%

Results and discussion

3.1

Analysis of testing accuracy

The linear density value of the yarn sample is tested as the arbitration value according to the operational requirements specified in GB/T 29256.5-2012 Textiles - Woven Fabrics - Construction - Method of Analysis - Part 5: Determination of Linear Density of Yarn Removed from Fabric. The real length of the yarn sample can be tested by means of a sample holding assembly on a yarn twist counter, or a simple self-built device. After being straightened under the pre-tension specified by the standard, the yarn between the two holding ends can be cut off by a blade as a yarn sample with known length.

As shown in Figure 7, both ends of a yarn sample are clamped on two holders, the distance between the holders is L (m), and the holder 2 is moved leftward to gradually straighten the yarn sample until the tension value sensed by a sensor reaches the pre-tension value specified in the standard. At this point, the yarn is straightened but not elongated, and the moving distance of the holder 2 plus L (m) is the length of the yarn between the two holders. Cut off the yarn sample by a blade as a test sample, weigh the sample and then calculate the linear density.

Real length test device of yarn sample (left: structure chart, right: physical picture)

In this paper, polyester/viscose (65/35) blended yarn was used as a sample to test the linear density and unevenness. The results are shown in Table 1 to Table 6.

Table 1

Liner density results of polyester/viscose 65/35 blended yarn (Tex)

Experiment Number	Ntex (Yarn Length Tester)	Ntex (Developed Device)	Ntex (Abitration Value)	Experiment Number	Ntex (Yarn Length Teste)	Ntex (Developed Device)	Ntex (Abitration Value)
1	38.96	37.68	37.59	51	38.76	37.45	37.38
2	38.66	37.54	37.59	52	39.05	37.63	37.64
3	39.11	37.82	37.60	53	39.20	37.86	37.46
4	38.64	37.47	37.44	54	38.84	37.63	37.34
5	38.92	37.85	37.46	55	38.87	37.46	37.56
6	39.09	37.51	37.67	56	39.19	37.50	37.54
7	38.81	37.48	37.67	57	39.14	37.62	37.59
8	39.11	37.43	37.48	58	38.51	37.89	37.32
9	38.66	37.75	37.45	59	38.65	37.78	37.78
10	39.03	37.49	37.59	60	38.96	37.72	37.50
11	38.51	37.58	37.37	61	39.20	37.82	37.79
12	38.72	37.66	37.44	62	38.71	37.47	37.70
13	38.60	37.88	37.46	63	38.51	37.81	37.74
14	39.05	37.85	37.74	64	38.58	37.63	37.66
15	38.75	37.74	37.32	65	38.52	37.67	37.58
16	39.15	37.81	37.52	66	38.78	37.83	37.48
17	38.89	37.51	37.37	67	39.16	37.42	37.73
18	39.11	37.50	37.51	68	38.88	37.74	37.64
19	39.11	37.70	37.50	69	38.71	37.44	37.60
20	38.77	37.44	37.37	70	38.97	37.42	37.35
21	38.88	37.65	37.79	71	38.79	37.86	37.40
22	38.99	37.81	37.48	72	39.18	37.81	37.76
23	38.54	37.43	37.79	73	38.98	37.89	37.42
24	38.78	37.73	37.35	74	38.60	37.71	37.60
25	38.94	37.76	37.37	75	38.66	37.52	37.44
26	38.60	37.65	37.35	76	39.13	37.74	37.75
27	38.96	37.65	37.76	77	38.84	37.47	37.49
28	38.88	37.78	37.40	78	39.18	37.72	37.50
29	38.88	37.81	37.66	79	38.79	37.88	37.66
30	38.56	37.88	37.60	80	38.69	37.70	37.44
31	38.65	37.55	37.47	81	39.20	37.78	37.53
32	38.76	37.75	37.64	82	39.14	37.72	37.39
33	38.64	37.41	37.48	83	38.73	37.71	37.80
34	38.64	37.41	37.79	84	38.78	37.66	37.72
35	39.18	37.64	37.33	85	39.03	37.62	37.75
36	39.16	37.88	37.65	86	38.67	37.54	37.76
37	38.86	37.86	37.60	87	38.55	37.81	37.65
38	38.66	37.76	37.38	88	39.12	37.82	37.59
39	39.00	37.45	37.71	89	38.66	37.76	37.44
40	38.97	37.42	37.31	90	38.82	37.60	37.63
41	39.01	37.63	37.60	91	38.53	37.72	37.60
42	38.72	37.70	37.57	92	39.14	37.59	37.38
43	38.93	37.84	37.45	93	38.84	37.84	37.38
44	39.18	37.52	37.66	94	39.02	37.82	37.70
45	38.85	37.52	37.42	95	38.85	37.83	37.59
46	38.74	37.81	37.32	96	38.53	37.50	37.80
47	38.77	37.74	37.72	97	39.12	37.71	37.72
48	38.94	37.85	37.55	98	38.59	37.88	37.62
49	38.51	37.46	37.77	99	39.09	37.45	37.42
50	38.61	37.74	37.31	100	38.91	37.48	37.67
Average Value					38.86	37.67	37.55
Standard Deviation					0.21	0.15	0.15

Linear density test data of polyester/viscose 65/35 blended yarn are shown in Table 1. As can be seen from the data in the red box in Table 1, the average value of linear density measured by the developed device is less than the measurement value of the yarn length tester and is close to the arbitration value data, indicating that the electronic length-counting unit used by the developed device can effectively overcome the problem of excessive results caused by yarn overlapping on the skein frame of the yarn length tester. At the same time, the results of linear density standard deviation show that the dispersion of measurement results of the developed device is consistent with that of the arbitration method, both of which are less than the dispersion of the measurement data of the yarn length tester, indicating that the developed device has higher stability.

In statistics, significant difference is commonly used to evaluate the data difference. It is generally believed that there is a statistical difference between data when P is less than 0.05, there is a significant statistical difference between data when P is less than 0.01, and there is an extremely significant statistical difference between data when P is less than 0.001. SPSS 25.0 software is used to compare the significant difference between the two sets of yarn linear density measured by the yarn length tester and the developed device, and the results are shown in Table 2.

Table 2

Independent sample tests between yarn length tester group and developed device group (polyester/viscose blended yarn)

	Levene's Variance Equivalence Test			Mean Equivalence t Test
									95% Confidence Interval of Difference
		F	Significance	t	Degree of Freedom	Sig. (2-tailed)	Mean Difference	Standard Error Difference	Lower Limit	Upper Limit
Linear Density	Equal Variances Assumed	15.121	0.000138	45.677	198	4.2104E-107	1.19080	0.02607	1.13939	1.24221
Linear Density	Equal Variances Not Assumed			45.677	178.921	1.4646E-100	1.19080	0.02607	1.13939	1.24224

In SPSS software, Sig is the abbreviation of Significance, so in SPSS software, the Sig value is the P value [18, 19]. As can be seen from the data in the red circle in Table 2, the Sig value (P value) next to F is 0.000138, which is obviously less than 0.001, indicating that there is an extremely significant statistical difference between the variances of the two sets of data measured by the yarn length tester and the developed device. In other words, it is considered that the assumed variances are not equal. In this case, we only need to pay attention to the data in the red box in the table. In the red box in Table 2, Sig (2-tailed) is 1.4646E-100, which is obviously less than 0.001, that is, P value is less than 0.001, indicating that there is an extremely significant statistical difference between the two sets of data measured by the yarn length tester and the developed device. The statistical analysis results show that unlike the traditional method using the yarn length tester, the developed device uses a different measuring principle to test the linear density of polyester/viscose blended yarn, so there is a significant difference between the two sets of test data.

Table 3 shows the significant difference between the two sets of yarn linear density measured by the developed device and the arbitration method. As can be seen from the data in the red circle, the Sig value next to F is 0.618, which is obviously much larger than 0.05, indicating that there is no statistical difference between the variances of the two sets of data measured by the developed device and the arbitration method. The statistical analysis results show that there is no statistical difference between the developed device and the arbitration method during the measurement of the linear density of polyester/viscose blended yarn.

Table 3

Independent sample tests between developed device group and the arbitration group (polyester/viscose blended yarn)

	Levene's Variance Equivalence Test			Mean Equivalence t Test
									95% Confidence Interval of Difference
		F	Significance	t	Degree of Freedom	Sig. (2-tailed)	Mean Difference	Standard Error Difference	Lower Limit	Upper Limit
Linear Density	Equal Variances Assumed	0.249	0.618	5.384	198	2.0492E-7	0.11310	0.02101	0.07168	0.15452
Linear Density	Equal Variances Not Assumed			5.384	197.725	2.0519E-7	0.11310	0.02101	0.07168	0.15452

Table 4 shows the test data of weight unevenness of polyester/viscose 65/35 blended yarn. As can be seen from the data in the red box, the average value of linear density unevenness measured by the developed device is less than the test data of the yarn length tester and is consistent with the arbitration value data. At the same time, the results of linear density unevenness standard deviation show that the dispersion of measurement results of the developed device is consistent with that of the arbitration method, both of which are less than the dispersion of the measurement data of the yarn length tester, indicating that the developed device has higher stability.

Table 4

CV results of polyester/viscose 65/35 blended yarn (%)

Experiment Number	CV (Yarn Length Teste)	CV (Developed Device)	CV (Arbitration Value)	Experiment Number	CV (Yarn Length Teste)	CV (Developed Device)	CV (Abitration Value)
1	0.93	0.44	0.41	51	0.82	0.44	0.55
2	0.71	0.43	0.46	52	0.84	0.45	0.51
3	0.83	0.44	0.46	53	0.77	0.49	0.55
4	0.97	0.55	0.42	54	0.87	0.50	0.57
5	0.88	0.60	0.53	55	0.73	0.56	0.46
6	0.65	0.42	0.56	56	0.89	0.44	0.49
7	0.87	0.49	0.58	57	0.61	0.59	0.53
8	0.90	0.53	0.59	58	0.61	0.49	0.57
9	0.65	0.59	0.48	59	0.57	0.43	0.51
10	0.90	0.43	0.40	60	0.57	0.55	0.39
11	0.96	0.57	0.43	61	0.98	0.43	0.46
12	0.88	0.48	0.43	62	0.60	0.43	0.48
13	0.66	0.59	0.57	63	0.69	0.50	0.51
14	0.97	0.43	0.39	64	0.86	0.49	0.53
15	0.86	0.43	0.41	65	0.86	0.49	0.40
16	0.95	0.58	0.50	66	0.58	0.45	0.44
17	0.95	0.47	0.52	67	0.85	0.56	0.46
18	0.66	0.55	0.41	68	0.71	0.57	0.57
19	0.72	0.43	0.42	69	0.93	0.59	0.40
20	0.59	0.42	0.47	70	0.79	0.50	0.58
21	0.67	0.47	0.55	71	0.63	0.54	0.47
22	0.92	0.56	0.54	72	0.86	0.44	0.48
23	0.71	0.58	0.53	73	0.73	0.57	0.46
24	0.70	0.46	0.53	74	0.66	0.43	0.58
25	0.65	0.40	0.45	75	0.97	0.40	0.46
26	0.63	0.59	0.50	76	0.92	0.60	0.58
27	0.61	0.57	0.58	77	0.69	0.57	0.42
28	0.69	0.46	0.47	78	0.79	0.50	0.49
29	0.61	0.46	0.43	79	0.92	0.49	0.56
30	0.74	0.50	0.44	80	0.95	0.51	0.41
31	0.67	0.50	0.49	81	0.94	0.59	0.57
32	0.79	0.49	0.45	82	0.90	0.52	0.52
33	0.56	0.42	0.44	83	0.56	0.49	0.40
34	0.88	0.53	0.45	84	0.71	0.48	0.55
35	0.86	0.44	0.43	85	0.74	0.52	0.50
36	0.70	0.41	0.40	86	0.63	0.47	0.58
37	0.60	0.54	0.46	87	0.73	0.41	0.44
38	0.72	0.40	0.45	88	0.63	0.46	0.59
39	0.69	0.47	0.57	89	0.66	0.60	0.44
40	0.78	0.58	0.53	90	0.65	0.56	0.57
41	0.85	0.48	0.44	91	0.78	0.46	0.43
42	0.57	0.46	0.49	92	0.58	0.49	0.57
43	0.74	0.50	0.52	93	0.76	0.47	0.54
44	0.70	0.57	0.49	94	0.71	0.44	0.57
45	0.68	0.51	0.55	95	0.85	0.60	0.56
46	0.78	0.59	0.57	96	0.91	0.59	0.55
47	0.97	0.54	0.50	97	0.71	0.47	0.53
48	0.95	0.57	0.55	98	0.82	0.56	0.55
49	0.87	0.44	0.50	99	0.66	0.57	0.57
50	0.56	0.60	0.53	100	0.78	0.53	0.51
Average Value					0.76	0.50	0.50
Standard Deviation					0.12	0.06	0.06

Table 5 shows the significant difference between the two sets of yarn linear density unevenness measured by the yarn length tester and the developed device. As can be seen from the data in the red circle, the Sig value (P value) next to F is 2.9024E-15, which is obviously less than 0.001, indicating that there is an extremely significant statistical difference between the variances of the two sets of data measured by the yarn length tester and the developed device. In other words, it is considered that the assumed variances are not equal. In this case, we only need to pay attention to the data in the red box in the table. In the red box in Table 5, Sig (2-tailed) is 2.7472E-40, which is obviously less than 0.001, that is, P value is less than 0.001, indicating that there is an extremely significant statistical difference between the two sets of data measured by the yarn length tester and the developed device. The statistical analysis results show that unlike the traditional method using the yarn length tester, the developed device uses a different measuring principle to test the linear density unevenness of polyester/viscose blended yarn, so there is a significant difference between the two sets of test data.

Table 5

Independent sample tests between yarn length tester group and developed device group (polyester/viscose blended yarn)

	Levene's Variance Equivalence Test			Mean Equivalence t Test
									95% Confidence Interval of Difference
		F	Significance	t	Degree of Freedom	Sig. (2-tailed)	Mean Difference	Standard Error Difference	Lower Limit	Upper Limit
Weight Unevenness	Equal Variances Assumed	73.469	2.9024E-15	18.705	198	1.2246E-45	0.26060	0.1393	0.23313	0.28807
Weight Unevenness	Equal Variances Not Assumed			18.705	143.280	2.7472E-40	0.26060	0.1393	0.23306	0.28814

Table 6 shows the significant difference between the two sets of yarn linear density unevenness measured by the developed device and the arbitration method. As can be seen from the data in the red circle, the Sig value next to F is 0.836, which is obviously much larger than 0.05, indicating that there is no statistical difference between the variances of the two sets of data measured by the developed device and the arbitration method. The statistical analysis results show that there is no statistical difference between the developed device and the arbitration method during the measurement of the weight unevenness of polyester/viscose blended yarn.

Table 6

Independent sample tests between developed device group and the abitration group (polyester/viscose blended yarn)

	Levene's Variance Equivalence Test			Mean Equivalence t Test
									95% Confidence Interval of Difference
		F	Significance	t	Degree of Freedom	Sig. (2-tailed)	Mean Difference	Standard Error Difference	Lower Limit	Upper Limit
Linear Density	Equal Variances Assumed	0.043	0.836	0.658	198	0.511	0.00560	0.00851	−0.01118	0.02238
Linear Density	Equal Variances Not Assumed			0.658	197.880	0.511	0.00560	0.00851	−0.01118	0.02238

Conclusions

The conventional measurement of linear density and linear density unevenness between fragments is carried out step by step in the mode of counting length first and then cutting and measuring weight [20, 21], which has high labor intensity and low efficiency and can easily result in secondary error. Yarn overlapping will lead to excessive results, and because length counting and weight measurement are carried out separately, the yarn sample is discontinuous and not worth recycling for utilization, resulting in serious waste of yarn. The developed device is so designed that the weight is measured first and then the length is counted. It reasonably integrates the weight measurement unit, length-counting unit, recovery unit, and control unit. The measurement can be carried out continuously, and especially when 30 to 50 groups of yarn fragments will undergo testing for linear density unevenness, the developed device has obvious advantages. Common polyester/viscose 65/35 blended yarn was taken as a test sample and subjected to statistical analysis using SPSS software. Results show that the operation is simple, the whole experiment can be completed at one time, avoiding secondary error, the results are closer to the real value, and the raw materials can be recycled, saving labor and raw material costs. The developed device can replace the existing yarn length tester, and has high value for industrialization and popularization.

Figures & Tables

CV results of polyester/viscose 65/35 blended yarn (%)

Experiment Number	CV (Yarn Length Teste)	CV (Developed Device)	CV (Arbitration Value)	Experiment Number	CV (Yarn Length Teste)	CV (Developed Device)	CV (Abitration Value)
1	0.93	0.44	0.41	51	0.82	0.44	0.55
2	0.71	0.43	0.46	52	0.84	0.45	0.51
3	0.83	0.44	0.46	53	0.77	0.49	0.55
4	0.97	0.55	0.42	54	0.87	0.50	0.57
5	0.88	0.60	0.53	55	0.73	0.56	0.46
6	0.65	0.42	0.56	56	0.89	0.44	0.49
7	0.87	0.49	0.58	57	0.61	0.59	0.53
8	0.90	0.53	0.59	58	0.61	0.49	0.57
9	0.65	0.59	0.48	59	0.57	0.43	0.51
10	0.90	0.43	0.40	60	0.57	0.55	0.39
11	0.96	0.57	0.43	61	0.98	0.43	0.46
12	0.88	0.48	0.43	62	0.60	0.43	0.48
13	0.66	0.59	0.57	63	0.69	0.50	0.51
14	0.97	0.43	0.39	64	0.86	0.49	0.53
15	0.86	0.43	0.41	65	0.86	0.49	0.40
16	0.95	0.58	0.50	66	0.58	0.45	0.44
17	0.95	0.47	0.52	67	0.85	0.56	0.46
18	0.66	0.55	0.41	68	0.71	0.57	0.57
19	0.72	0.43	0.42	69	0.93	0.59	0.40
20	0.59	0.42	0.47	70	0.79	0.50	0.58
21	0.67	0.47	0.55	71	0.63	0.54	0.47
22	0.92	0.56	0.54	72	0.86	0.44	0.48
23	0.71	0.58	0.53	73	0.73	0.57	0.46
24	0.70	0.46	0.53	74	0.66	0.43	0.58
25	0.65	0.40	0.45	75	0.97	0.40	0.46
26	0.63	0.59	0.50	76	0.92	0.60	0.58
27	0.61	0.57	0.58	77	0.69	0.57	0.42
28	0.69	0.46	0.47	78	0.79	0.50	0.49
29	0.61	0.46	0.43	79	0.92	0.49	0.56
30	0.74	0.50	0.44	80	0.95	0.51	0.41
31	0.67	0.50	0.49	81	0.94	0.59	0.57
32	0.79	0.49	0.45	82	0.90	0.52	0.52
33	0.56	0.42	0.44	83	0.56	0.49	0.40
34	0.88	0.53	0.45	84	0.71	0.48	0.55
35	0.86	0.44	0.43	85	0.74	0.52	0.50
36	0.70	0.41	0.40	86	0.63	0.47	0.58
37	0.60	0.54	0.46	87	0.73	0.41	0.44
38	0.72	0.40	0.45	88	0.63	0.46	0.59
39	0.69	0.47	0.57	89	0.66	0.60	0.44
40	0.78	0.58	0.53	90	0.65	0.56	0.57
41	0.85	0.48	0.44	91	0.78	0.46	0.43
42	0.57	0.46	0.49	92	0.58	0.49	0.57
43	0.74	0.50	0.52	93	0.76	0.47	0.54
44	0.70	0.57	0.49	94	0.71	0.44	0.57
45	0.68	0.51	0.55	95	0.85	0.60	0.56
46	0.78	0.59	0.57	96	0.91	0.59	0.55
47	0.97	0.54	0.50	97	0.71	0.47	0.53
48	0.95	0.57	0.55	98	0.82	0.56	0.55
49	0.87	0.44	0.50	99	0.66	0.57	0.57
50	0.56	0.60	0.53	100	0.78	0.53	0.51
Average Value					0.76	0.50	0.50
Standard Deviation					0.12	0.06	0.06

Independent sample tests between yarn length tester group and developed device group (polyester/viscose blended yarn)

	Levene's Variance Equivalence Test			Mean Equivalence t Test
									95% Confidence Interval of Difference
		F	Significance	t	Degree of Freedom	Sig. (2-tailed)	Mean Difference	Standard Error Difference	Lower Limit	Upper Limit
Weight Unevenness	Equal Variances Assumed	73.469	2.9024E-15	18.705	198	1.2246E-45	0.26060	0.1393	0.23313	0.28807
Weight Unevenness	Equal Variances Not Assumed			18.705	143.280	2.7472E-40	0.26060	0.1393	0.23306	0.28814

Independent sample tests between developed device group and the abitration group (polyester/viscose blended yarn)

	Levene's Variance Equivalence Test			Mean Equivalence t Test
									95% Confidence Interval of Difference
		F	Significance	t	Degree of Freedom	Sig. (2-tailed)	Mean Difference	Standard Error Difference	Lower Limit	Upper Limit
Linear Density	Equal Variances Assumed	0.043	0.836	0.658	198	0.511	0.00560	0.00851	−0.01118	0.02238
Linear Density	Equal Variances Not Assumed			0.658	197.880	0.511	0.00560	0.00851	−0.01118	0.02238

Liner density results of polyester/viscose 65/35 blended yarn (Tex)

Experiment Number	Ntex (Yarn Length Tester)	Ntex (Developed Device)	Ntex (Abitration Value)	Experiment Number	Ntex (Yarn Length Teste)	Ntex (Developed Device)	Ntex (Abitration Value)
1	38.96	37.68	37.59	51	38.76	37.45	37.38
2	38.66	37.54	37.59	52	39.05	37.63	37.64
3	39.11	37.82	37.60	53	39.20	37.86	37.46
4	38.64	37.47	37.44	54	38.84	37.63	37.34
5	38.92	37.85	37.46	55	38.87	37.46	37.56
6	39.09	37.51	37.67	56	39.19	37.50	37.54
7	38.81	37.48	37.67	57	39.14	37.62	37.59
8	39.11	37.43	37.48	58	38.51	37.89	37.32
9	38.66	37.75	37.45	59	38.65	37.78	37.78
10	39.03	37.49	37.59	60	38.96	37.72	37.50
11	38.51	37.58	37.37	61	39.20	37.82	37.79
12	38.72	37.66	37.44	62	38.71	37.47	37.70
13	38.60	37.88	37.46	63	38.51	37.81	37.74
14	39.05	37.85	37.74	64	38.58	37.63	37.66
15	38.75	37.74	37.32	65	38.52	37.67	37.58
16	39.15	37.81	37.52	66	38.78	37.83	37.48
17	38.89	37.51	37.37	67	39.16	37.42	37.73
18	39.11	37.50	37.51	68	38.88	37.74	37.64
19	39.11	37.70	37.50	69	38.71	37.44	37.60
20	38.77	37.44	37.37	70	38.97	37.42	37.35
21	38.88	37.65	37.79	71	38.79	37.86	37.40
22	38.99	37.81	37.48	72	39.18	37.81	37.76
23	38.54	37.43	37.79	73	38.98	37.89	37.42
24	38.78	37.73	37.35	74	38.60	37.71	37.60
25	38.94	37.76	37.37	75	38.66	37.52	37.44
26	38.60	37.65	37.35	76	39.13	37.74	37.75
27	38.96	37.65	37.76	77	38.84	37.47	37.49
28	38.88	37.78	37.40	78	39.18	37.72	37.50
29	38.88	37.81	37.66	79	38.79	37.88	37.66
30	38.56	37.88	37.60	80	38.69	37.70	37.44
31	38.65	37.55	37.47	81	39.20	37.78	37.53
32	38.76	37.75	37.64	82	39.14	37.72	37.39
33	38.64	37.41	37.48	83	38.73	37.71	37.80
34	38.64	37.41	37.79	84	38.78	37.66	37.72
35	39.18	37.64	37.33	85	39.03	37.62	37.75
36	39.16	37.88	37.65	86	38.67	37.54	37.76
37	38.86	37.86	37.60	87	38.55	37.81	37.65
38	38.66	37.76	37.38	88	39.12	37.82	37.59
39	39.00	37.45	37.71	89	38.66	37.76	37.44
40	38.97	37.42	37.31	90	38.82	37.60	37.63
41	39.01	37.63	37.60	91	38.53	37.72	37.60
42	38.72	37.70	37.57	92	39.14	37.59	37.38
43	38.93	37.84	37.45	93	38.84	37.84	37.38
44	39.18	37.52	37.66	94	39.02	37.82	37.70
45	38.85	37.52	37.42	95	38.85	37.83	37.59
46	38.74	37.81	37.32	96	38.53	37.50	37.80
47	38.77	37.74	37.72	97	39.12	37.71	37.72
48	38.94	37.85	37.55	98	38.59	37.88	37.62
49	38.51	37.46	37.77	99	39.09	37.45	37.42
50	38.61	37.74	37.31	100	38.91	37.48	37.67
Average Value					38.86	37.67	37.55
Standard Deviation					0.21	0.15	0.15

Independent sample tests between developed device group and the arbitration group (polyester/viscose blended yarn)

	Levene's Variance Equivalence Test			Mean Equivalence t Test
									95% Confidence Interval of Difference
		F	Significance	t	Degree of Freedom	Sig. (2-tailed)	Mean Difference	Standard Error Difference	Lower Limit	Upper Limit
Linear Density	Equal Variances Assumed	0.249	0.618	5.384	198	2.0492E-7	0.11310	0.02101	0.07168	0.15452
Linear Density	Equal Variances Not Assumed			5.384	197.725	2.0519E-7	0.11310	0.02101	0.07168	0.15452

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Autex Research Journal

Nondestructive Test Technology Research for Yarn Linear Density Unevenness

Bin Zhou,Bin Zhou,Huiling Wang,Huiling Wang,Ke Wang,Ke Wang,Jumei Zhao,Jumei Zhao,Hongtao Zhou andHongtao Zhou andShihui HuangShihui Huang

Published Online: 05 Dec 2021

Volume & Issue: AHEAD OF PRINT

Page range: -

Autex Research Journal

Keywords

Figure 1

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Figure 7

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Figure 2

Figure 3

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Figure 7

CV results of polyester/viscose 65/35 blended yarn (%)

Independent sample tests between yarn length tester group and developed device group (polyester/viscose blended yarn)

Independent sample tests between developed device group and the abitration group (polyester/viscose blended yarn)

Liner density results of polyester/viscose 65/35 blended yarn (Tex)

Independent sample tests between developed device group and the arbitration group (polyester/viscose blended yarn)

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Bin Zhou,
Bin Zhou,
Huiling Wang,
Huiling Wang,
Ke Wang,
Ke Wang,
Jumei Zhao,
Jumei Zhao,
Hongtao Zhou and
Hongtao Zhou and
Shihui Huang
Shihui Huang